8. SPINA BIFIDA
It is a NTD where there is an incomplete closure
of the vertebrae and neural tube.
SB is a malformation of spine, in which posterior
portion of lamina of vertebrae fail to close with or
defective development of spinal cord.
1 or 2 per 1000 live births
9. ETIOLOGY
Genetic: 15 times more chance if parents had
SB
Maternal Age: over 35 years or below 20 years
Environmental: Radiations, more in Europe
Diet: Folic acid deficiency in pregnant mothers
increases the risk
11. SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA (5%)
Failure of formation of bony arch around
the spinal cord.
Spinal cord & meninges are normal
Not visible externally
Asymptomatic
12.
13.
14. SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA
Defect in the closure of posterior vertebral arch
with protrusion of spinal cord and meninges
through the defect
15. MENINGOCELE
It is a sac like herniation through the bony
malformation, containing meninges and CSF
The covering of the sac maybe thin and
transluscent or membranous.
16.
17. MYELOMENINGOCELE
It is a sac- like protrusion of spinal cord ,
CSF and meninges through spinal cleft.
Most cases found in lumbar or lumbosacral
region.
18.
19. SB Cystica occurs in
- Lumbosacral region
- Lower lumbar region
- Upper lumbar region
- Sacral region
20. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Neural tube development start at 3rd week of
gestation
1. Depression forms at dorsal of ectoderm
2. Neural tube closes by end of 4th week.
3. Walls of neural tube thicken and become spinal
cord and brain.
4. Neural canal ventricles & central canal of SC
5. Vertebral coloumn is formed simultaneosly
21.
22. P/P CONT…
NTD occurs :
i. Neural Tube fails to close
ii. Neural tube ruptures after closing.
23. CLINICAL FEATURES
1. Spina Bifida Occulta
- Most of the patients are asymptomatic
- A dimple in the skin
- Growth of hair over malformed area (Tuft of hairs)
- May experience foot weakness
- Disturbance in bladder and bowel sphincter.
24. 2. Spina Bifida Cystica
a. MENINGOCELE
- Visible cystic defect at the back.
- Sac contains: meninges and CSF.
- Weakness of legs.
- Lack of sphincter control.
25. b. Myelomeningocele
- Depends on location of defect, higher the defect
more the neurological deficit.
- Herniated mass present over vertebral coloumn
- Associated hydrocephalus
- Loss of motor control
- Loss of sensation
- Thoracic lesion: Flaccid paralysis
- Sacral Lesion: Weakness of lower limbs
26. - Bowel and bladder may or may not be affected.
- UTI
- Skeletal anomalies
- Developmental delays
29. MANAGEMENT
- No intervention for SB
- occulta
- SB cystica requires surgery:
Laminectomy and closure of the defect or
removal of sac is done within 24-48 hours.
T- closure of skin graft is also done
30.
31. NURSING MANAGEMENT
1. Preventing injury to the sac.
2. Preventing skin break down
3. Prevention of Infection
4. Providing adequate nutrition
5. Preventing UTI
6. Parent education and support to reduce
parent’s anxiety
32. PROGNOSIS
Myelomeningocele can be surgically corrected in
most of the cases.
Length of the life is not affected
Quality of life can be improved
Can cause lower limb deformities in future
33. PREVENTION
Genetic counselling
Therapeutic abortion if detected during early
pregnancy
Incidence can be reduced if folic acid
supplementation is taken. 1mg folic acid/ day.