#linguistic #codeswitching #social class #english

1. Language Choice in
Multilingual
Communities
Danil Wanda
Efa Susanti
Florentina Patricia

2. J. A. Fishman  who speaks (or write)
what language (or what language
variety), to whom and when, and to what
end?
 People interact with each other and any
particular languages or codes will be used
on the basis of who they are
communicating with in a certain situation
and what objective or purpose they
expect by speaking in such certain
languages or codes.


3. It is the practice of using two languages
interchangeably
 It is closely related to the cultural aspects
of the community
 Example: different speech levels used by
Javanese people
 People have to speak different codes (i.e.
languages)  code switching/mixing
occurs

Bilingualism

4. A neutral term that refer to language,
dialect, sosiolect, or language variety
(Sumarsono & Partana, 2002).
 Tanner (in Pride & Holmes eds., 1972)
It includes language and intra-language
distinctions called varieties (speech levels,
dialects, and style).

The term “code”

5. 
includes not only a language people use,
but also the varieties of the language,
including dialect, speech level, and style.
In other words, code is a system that is
used by at least two people to
communicate with each other.
Code

6. Crystal  code, or language switching occurs
when an individual who is bilingual alternates
between two languages during his/her
speech with another bilingual person.
 code switching entails that the language
codes are used intersententially
 code switching is the alternation of the use
of at least two languages or their varieties or
styles in the same conversation in a bilingual
community, and structurally it is intersentential. It is also functional (done on
purpose)

Code switching

7. A: Yanis, tu veux du "gado-gado"? (1) (Yanis,
would you like gado-gado?)
B: Mais oui, je veux aussi du "es dawet".
Quand on travaille dur, on a toujours faim.
(2) (Yes, I’d like es dawet too. When we work
hard, we are always hungry.)
A: Pak Mar, tolong pesen gado-gado kalih, es
dawet kalih. (3) (Pak Mar, please bring us
two gado-gado and es dawet.)
C: Inggih, inggih. (4) (Alright.)
(Cited from http://www.apfipppsi.com/alihkode.html)
Example

8. 



the change of codes within a simple
utterance without any associated topic
change
occurs when you incorporate small units
(words or short phrases) from one language
to another one. It is often unintentional and
is often in word level.
the language codes are used intrasententially
in code mixing there is a base code that is
used and has its own function and autonomy,
whereas the other codes involved are not
more than pieces without having function or
autonomy as a code.
Code mixing

9. 
Awas. Hati-hati! Dalam meng-cover berita
itu terutama headline, kamu harus
correct, balance, jernih, lugas. Jangan
memihak, jangan memvonis. Hal ini
penting, jangan terjadi trial by the press.
(Cited from http://www.apfipppsi.com/alihkode.html)
Example

10. Grosjean’s List of Factors Influencing the Code
Choice

11. Metaphorical  topic change (formal to
informal, official to personal, serious to
humorous, and politeness to solidarity)
 Situational  based on the situations
where the speakers find that they speak
one language in one situation and another
in different one, no topic change
 Internal  ngoko-krama or vice versa
 External  Indonesian-English or vice
versa

The kinds of code switching

12. 
When you change language intentionally
and you do it because of specific purposes
(e.g. the presence of third person that
does not share the same language, or the
change of topic or situation), in other
word the switch is functional, that
means you code-switch. When you insert
a piece of word other than that of your
language, and you have no specific
purpose or intention when doing that,
that means you code-mix.
In sum…