The document outlines several philosophies that influenced education during the Renaissance period and modern times, including: 1. During the Renaissance, movements like Humanism, the Reformation, and Counter-Reformation shaped educational approaches, while Realism, Rationalism, and Nationalism influenced curriculum. 2. In modern times, philosophies like Idealism, Progressivism, and Existentialism defined different views on knowledge and the role of the teacher. 3. Additional philosophies discussed are Essentialism, which emphasizes teaching essential cultural ideas and skills, and Developmentalism, a child-centered view of education as natural growth.

1. The Philosophical Foundations of Education
Foundations of Education
1st Semester AY 2012-2013
Lorie-Ann V. Placido
MAIP

2. Topic Outline
The Philosophy of the
Renaissance Period
Modern Philosophies of
Education

3. Renaissance Period
Monalisa by Leonardo Pieta by Michelangelo
Da Vinci

4. Renaissance Period
C. Columbus discovered
Gutenburg Perfect Printing
America

5. Renaissance Period
Columbus discovers the
earth revolved around the Martin Luther founded a new
sun religion

6. The Philosophy of the Renaissance
Period
 Most authorities agree that modern times began with the
RENAISSANCE.
 It was a general re-awakening, a revival or rebirth of
learning.
 The renaissance upheld the dignity of the human being,
renewed the spirit of nationalism.
 It is also the time for increased trade among countries, and
a period of exploration.
 This lead to scientific research which was used to solve
problems.
 Books were printed and thus were made more widely
available.

7. Different movements that arise during
the Renaissance Period
 Humanism
 The Reformation
 Protestant Reformation
 Catholic-Counter Reformation
 Realism
 Disciplinism
 Rationalism
 Naturalism
 Nationalism
 Developmentalism

8. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period -
HUMANISM
 Derived from studia humanitatis which means
“studies of humanity”
 This movement started in the early part of the 14th
century.
 This period was marked by a revival of the
classical influences of the Romans and Greeks,
expressed in the flowering of the arts and
literature as well as the beginning of modern
science (Duca:1998)

9. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period -
HUMANISM
 It was a way of life concerned with the fullest
realization of human development.
 It may be traced to the saying of Protagoras,
“Man is the measure of all things, of those that
are, that they are, of those that are not, that they
are not” (Tulio:1999)

10. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period -
HUMANISM
 Humanistic Education was the outgrowth of the
renaissance. It identified two phases:
1. Italian or individual humanism
2. Social humanism

11. 1. Italian or
individual
humanism
This stressed
personal
culture,
individual
freedom and
the development
of the elite group.

12. Popular Humanist during this time:
DANTE
ALIGHIERI
Author of Divine
Comedy

13. Popular Humanist during this time:
Petrarch
A prolific writer
and a progressive
thinker

14. Popular Humanist during this time:
Da Feltre
A scholar and
educator who
opened the schools
for the poor

15. 1. Social
Humanism
this gave more
emphasis on moral
and social reforms
as the best means
for providing rich
and full lives for all

16. Popular Humanist during this time:
Erasmus
- a Dutch scholar
- Known for his
educational works
“Liberal Education
of children” & On
the Order of Study”

17. HUMANISM contributed the following to
education:
1. Allowed the development of educational talent.
2. Encouraged involvement and participation in all
educational opportunities.
3. Encouraged students toward actualization and
self fulfillment.
4. Placed a premium on humanity and individual
potential.
5. Introduced innovations in teaching methods.
6. Stimulated creativity and independence among
students.
7. Increased person to person interaction.

18. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– THE REFORMATION
 This was one of the movements during the 16th
century directed against the practices of Roman
Catholic Church.
 Reformation was not merely a reform in religious
doctrine. It involved political, economic, moral,
philosophical and institutional changes.
 Credit to its success was MARTIN LUTHER, an
Augustinian monk and professor of theology at
the newly-established University of Wittenburg.
 He was threatened with excommunication from
the Catholic faith,
 LUTHER and other protestant reformers, formed
a movement called “Protestant Reformation”

19. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– THE REFORMATION – Protestant
Reformation
• The aim of Protestant Reformers was religious
moralism – living a worthy life would guarantee
a glorious after life.
• Education must provide adequate training in the
duties at home.
• It also promoted parental discipline and a sound
family life as a foundations of a good
government.

20. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– THE REFORMATION – Protestant
Reformation
3 Types of Protestant Schools
1. Vernacular school. This was organized for popular
education. The educational system was
compulsory.
2. Secondary School. The protestant reformation
gained greatest strides in the secondary level.
3. University School. Trained the masses and other
future leaders.

21. Popular scholar during this time:
Melanchtion
- One of the greatest
Scholars who made a
Survey of what was in
Germany.
-the outcome of which
became the basis of the
SAXONY Plan to
establish a secondary
school in every town
under the control of the
state.

22. Popular scholar during this time:
Melanchtion
Methods used in school were:
 Reading
 Correct pronunciation of words
 Memorization of answers from the Gospel
 Hymns and Psalms
Eventually, classroom instruction became more
rigid, discipline was harsh and religious
Indoctrination was the chief method used.

23. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION
 This was another movement intended to clarify
doctrine and improve the practices of the catholic
practices of the Catholic Church.
 This aimed to develop an unquestioning
obedience to the authority of the church

24. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION
The different religious congregation also stressed
their own aims:
 The Jesuit schools were designated to train leaders
 The Christian Brothers
 Jansenists will teach spiritual salvation.

25. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION
Jesuits schools were designated to train leaders
through the following:
1. Doing a small amount of work at a time and
doing it well.
2. Two steps in the teaching method: pre selection
and repetition.
3. Adapting the lesson to the abilities and interests
of the children.
4. Student participation through the question and
answer method.
5. Repetition for mastery.
6. Review
7. Motivation by rivalry and emulation.

26. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– REALISM
 Realism maintained that education should be
concerned with actualization of life.
 They believed that the new type of education
should be developed to prepare the child for the
concrete duties of practical living.
 The difference between realist, humanist and
reformers gave rise to various groups of realists.

27. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– REALISM – various groups
1. Verbal Realist aimed at complete knowledge
and understanding of human society and to fit
the individual to the environment in which he
lived.
3 Famous verbal realists
a. Vives
b. Rabelais
c. Milton

28. Popular scholar during this time:
Vives (Spanish) believed that education
should develop personality. To do this a
teacher should study each pupil individually
adapt school work.

29. Popular scholar during this time:
Rabelais (French)
stressed that the aim of
learning was the
development of a whole
person

30. Popular scholar during this time:
Milton (English) said that
education was to prepare
for actual living

31. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– REALISM – various groups
2. Social Realists were members of the aristocracy
who claimed that education should best develop
man’s contact with people and their activities
rather than through books.

32. Popular scholar during this time:
Montaigne – a
famous social
realists. He
proposed a
broad social
education that
would make
young
aristocrats “men
of the world”

33. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– REALISM – various groups
3. Sense Realists emphasized a practical type of
education that stressed scientific training. They
favored democratic education and the uses of
vernacular.

34. Popular scholar during this time:
Comenius had
More symphathy
for the
masses and he
Championed
education for all.

35. Popular scholar during this time:
Mulcaster
emphasized that
children must be
Studied
thoroughly, their
innate abilities
should respected.
He recommends
that games, play,
exercise in
tandem with
Learning.

36. Popular scholar during this time:
Bacon
Stressed man’s
dominance over
things. He used
the inductive
method of
learning.

37. Popular scholar during this time:
Ratke
Emphasized the
development of a
natural method
of teaching.
Repetition he
insisted must be
done as often as
possible. He also
prescribed that
learning through
senses must first
Be done before
exploration.

38. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– DISCIPLINISM
It was the two doctrine characterized by two
reactions during the 1st half of the 18th century: the
rise of formal discipline; and the development of
reason or rationalism.

39. Popular scholar during this time:
John Locke
Strongly
Advocated the
disciplinary theory
of education in his
Some Thoughts
Concerning
Education
believing that the
mind of the child
at birth was a
blank tablet or
tabula rasa

40. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– RATIONALISM
It was the movement that upheld the right of each
individual to his own opinion, liberty of
conscience and freedom of thought.
This was considered as the age of REASON, some
times known as the AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT.

41. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– NATURALISM
The most influential movement of the 18th century
which stood for education in accordance with
nature.

42. Popular scholar during this time:
Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
Believed that the
basic tenet of
naturalism was
conviction and that
the natural growth
of children in a
Natural
Environment
Constituted
Adequate
education.

43. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– NATURALISM – Key Concepts and the Educators
role based on the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to
Tulio.
Key Concepts Naturalist Education
1. Education must satisfy the -it is the role of education to
basic needs of man as an provide knowledge and skills that
individual. are fundamental forces within the
individual to seek satisfaction.
2. Education is geared to -Believes that each child follows a
individual growth each child. logical pattern of growth and
development and that education
must be attuned to these natural
patterns.

44. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– NATURALISM – Key Concepts and the Educators
role based on the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to
Tulio.
Key Concepts Naturalist Education
3. Education is not simply mental -Advocates the education of both
in nature. mind and body. Encourages the
development of moral character,
discipline and physical well being.
4. Students educate themselves -Education involves self activity
Activities are offered for
exploratory purposes and for the
development of aesthetics and
self expression.

45. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– NATURALISM – Key Concepts and the Educators
role based on the Doctrine of Naturalism accdg, to
Tulio.
Key Concepts Naturalist Education
5. The teacher has an awareness -Awareness that natural
of the nature of the child. environment is responsible for the
development of the individual
differences, each child has a
distinct learning needs that
require individualized learning
activities.
6. Teacher as a guide in the -The education and instruction
intellectual process, used must be based on the
understanding level of the children
to naturally develop them
according to their needs and
interests.

46. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– NATIONALISM
The rapid rise of nationalism in the 19th century
stimulated the development of the state-
controlled and state supported public school
system because naturalism focused on the
patriotic citizenship.

47. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– NATIONALISM
The salient points brought about by naturalist
education.
1. Grammar became the leading subject in the
curriculum.
2. Acquisition of knowledge and skills through the
3r’s
3. Use of the “project method” which gave pupils a
chance to work on actual practical problems.
4. Increase in public funds to support colleges and
universities.

48. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– DEVELOPMENTALISM
This was a child centered theory that emphasized a
careful study of the child. Developmentalists
viewed education as a natural process, a growth
and unfolding of innate talents and potentials.

49. Popular scholar during this time:
Johann Heinrich
Pestalozzi
He combined
physical, moral,
intellectual and
manual work in his
aim to
“psychologize
education”.

50. Popular scholar during this time:
Johnann
Freidrich
Herbart
His central principle
was that ideas are
developed in the
mind through
external stimuli.

51. Popular scholar during this time:
Friedrich Froebel
His theory was
based on the
concept of the
absolute as a
creative force.

52. Different movements that arise during the Renaissance Period
– DEVELOPMENTALISM
Formulated 5 basic principles of teaching.
 The Principle of Self Activity
 The Principle of Interest
 The Principle of Apperception
 Principle of Individual Difference
 Principle of Socialization.

53. MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF
EDUCATION - Idealism
 This school of thought holds that knowledge is
independent of sense perception or experience.
 This also claims that man’s knowledge is based
on his mental state and the mental stimulus
perceived by man’s soul comes from an infinite
spirit which is God.
 The idealist expects the teachers to be role
models of intellectual, moral, aesthetic, and
vocational excellence to their students.
 They should teach by example.

54. MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF
EDUCATION - Progressivism
 This school of thought holds that knowledge is
independent of sense perception or experience.
 This also claims that man’s knowledge is based
on his mental state and the mental stimulus
perceived by man’s soul comes from an infinite
spirit which is God.
 The idealist expects the teachers to be role
models of intellectual, moral, aesthetic, and
vocational excellence to their students.
 They should teach by example.

55. MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF
EDUCATION - Existentialism
 It is a philosophical doctrine which emphasize
the freedom of human beings to make choices,
in a world where there is no absolute values
outside man itself.
 The decisions that a man makes will enable him
to realize what kind of person he will be and will
make him distinct from other people.
 And if a person has developed and is aware of
his own identity, he will be able to find meaning
and purpose for his existence.
 Education to the existentialist should enable
man to make choices for his life.

56. MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF
EDUCATION - Essentialist
 It is an philosophical theory that ascribes
ultimate reality to essence embodied in a thing
perceptible to the senses.
 In education, it is a philosophy holding that
certain basic ideas and skills or disciplines
essential to one’s culture are formulable and
should be taught to all alike by certain time-
tested methods.

57. MODERN PHILOSOPHIES
OF EDUCATION
 Idealism
 Pragmantism
 Progressivism
 Existentialism
 Essentialism

58. MODERN PHILOSOPHIES
OF EDUCATION
Pragmantism
• It claims that the child’s growth and
development as an individual depend on
his experiences and self activity.
• Emphasizes that educational concern
must be on the child’s interest, desires and
the learners freedom as a an individual
rather than the subject matter.
• Adheres to the ideas that thinking and
reasoning should be emphasized, and
that good