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Sushil seminar ctev
1. CTEV : PaThoanaTomy and managEmEnT
īdR. SUShIL PaUdEL
īdR. PRaTyUSh
īdR. Shah aLam Khan
2. Definition
īDevelopmental deformation
of foot
ī Rotational subluxation of
talocalcaneonavicular joint
complex with talus in plantar
flexion & subtalar complex in
medial rotation & inversion
īClinically characterized by
ī Equinus & varus of heel
ī Forefoot adduction
ī Midfoot supination
3. Classification (Attenborough 1966)
Type Type
I(Extrinsic) II(Intrinsic)
Non Rigid Rigid
Foot size Normal Smaller
Heel īĩNormal size īĩSmall, elevated
īĩCan be brought īĩCannot be brought
down with ease down with ease
īĩMinimal varus īĩMarked varus
Creases More or less normal Deep medial,
posterior and lateral
creases
Reduced creases
laterally
4. Definitions in clubfoot
īRigid or resistant atypical clubfoot : Stiff, short,chubby
with a deep crease in sole of foot and behind ankle,
shortening of the first metatarsal with hyperextension of
the metatarsal phalangeal joint; occurs in otherwise
normal infant
īSyndromic clubfoot: The clubfoot part of a syndrome
īTeratologic clubfoot â such as congenital tarsal
synchondrosis
īNeurogenic clubfoot â associated with a neurological
disorder such as meningomyelocele
6. Pathogenesis
ī Unknown at this stage
ī Gray et al (1981) : increase in % of type I fibres in soleus muscle;
suggested defective neural influence
ī Recent study*: no evidence of type I fiber grouping
ī Hypoplasia or absence of the anterior tibial artery in majority of CTEV
patients**
ī Absence of the dorsalis pedis pulse in the parents of children with
clubfoot#
ī Primary germ plasm defect in the talus: continued plantar flexion and
inversion of this bone, with subsequent soft-tissue changes in the
joints and musculotendinous complexes
*Sodre H et al. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10:101-4.
**Muir L et al. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77:114-6
# Milan B MD et al. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 26(1):91-93, 2006 .
7. ī Wynne-Davies : polygenic inheritance
ī Multifactorial inheritance established by genetic epidemiologic
research by Idelberger
ī 32.5% concordance rate among monozygotic twins as compared to
2.9% among dizygotic twins
ī Major gene effect (inherited in recessive manner) with additional
polygenes and environmental factors
ī Tachdjian
ī Patient with CTEV that has one child affected then 25% chance of
another affected
ī If both parents are normal & have affected child then chance of
another is 5%
Idelberger K. et al 1939; 33:272â276
9. Bony abnormalities
ī Talus:
ī Head & neck deviated medially
& plantarward
ī Body rotated externally in the
ankle mortise
ī Body extruded anteriorly
ī Smaller than normal
10. īNavicular:
ī Medially displaced
ī Close to medial malleolus
ī Articulates with medial
surface of head of talus
īCalcaneus
ī Anterior portion lies beneath
the head of talus causin
gvarus and equinus of heel
ī In equinus
ī Rotated medially
11. īCuboid
ī Displaced medially on
the dysmorphic distal
end of the calcaneus
īTalonavicular joint
ī In inversion
17. ī 2. Features 3. General
ī Curved lateral border of foot ī Calf atrophy
ī Devilâs thumbprint over the ī Calf shortening
lateral malleolus ī Restricted ankle motion
ī Medial & Lateral skin creases
ī Navicular fixed to medial ī Other Conditions should be
malleolus excluded
ī Os calcis fixed to the lateral ī Spinal Dysraphism
malleolus ī Arthrogryposis
ī Heel small & high ī Neuromuscular Disorders
18. Radiology
īPlain radiograph: Can be assessed prior to treatment
with A-P & Lateral of foot
īFoot held in position of best correction, with weight-
bearing, or simulated weight-bearing
ī AP view: Taken with foot in 30° of plantar flexion and
tube at 30° from vertical
īLat. View: Transmalleolar with the fibula overlapping the
posterior half of the tibia; foot in 30° of plantar flexion
20. AP radiograph: Talo-Calcaneal angle
ī Lines drawn through
center of the long axis of
talus (parallel to medial
border) and through the
long axis of calcaneum
(parallel to lateral border),
and they usually subtend
an angle of 25-40°.
ī Any angle less than 20°
considered abnormal
21. Lateral view
ī Talocalcaneal view
ī Calcaneal-first metatarsal
view
ī Tibiocalcaneal
ī Tibiotalar angle
ī Talus-first metatarsal angle
ī Talocalcaneal index (Kite's
angles from AP and Lateral
views added)
22. Piraniâs severity scoring
īSix parameters : 3 of midfoot and 3 of hindfoot
īEach parameter is given a value as follows:
ī 0: normal
ī 0.5: moderately abnormal
ī 1: severely abnormal
Pirani s et al. A method of evaluating virgin clubfoot with substantial interobserver reliability. Annual
meeting of Pediatric orthopaedic society of North America 1995
25. Uses of Piraniâs score
īAssessment of progress by serial plotting of the score
īPredicting need for tenotomy (hs>1& ms<1)
īEstimation of probable no. of casts reqd*
īVery good interobserver reliability and reproducibility**
* J. Dyer et al Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume, Vol 88-B, Issue 8, 1082-
1084P.
** Flynn JM, Donohoe M, Mackenzie WG. J Pediatr Orthop 1999;18:323-7
26. International Clubfoot Study Group Score
īIntroduced by Henri Bensahel et al in 2003
īFound to have good interobserver reliability and
reproducibility**
īMorhological (12 pts), functional (24 pts) &
radiological (12 pts) parameters
īMaximum of 60 for most deformed and 0 for normal
feet
ī**Celebi L et al J Pediatr Orthop B. 2006;15:34-36.
32. Grade Type Score Reducibility
i Benign 1-4 >90%
ii Moderate 5-9 >50%, soft-stiff,
reducible, partially
resistant
iii Severe 10-14 >50%, stiff-soft,
resistant, partially
reducible
iv Very severe 15-20 <10% stiff-
stiff,resistant
33. Aims of treatment
īAfter sucessful treatment foot should
ī Look good
ī Feel good
ī Move good
ī Measure good
35. Outline of Ponseti regimen
īSerial casting of lower
limb using a strictly
defined technique and
weekly change of casts
īPercutaneous tenotomy of
tendo achilles for âhind
foot stallâ
īOnce foot corrected, an
abduction foot orthosis
worn full time for 12
weeks, and then at nights
and naps, up to age of four
36. Manipulation and cast application
1.Manipulation
īManipulation: start as
soon after birth as possible
īSetup for casting includes
calming the child with a
bottle or breast feeding
ī Assistant holds the foot
while the manipulator
performs the correction
37. īTarsal joints functionally
interdependent
īMovement of each tarsal
bone involves
simultaneous shifts in the
adjacent bones
īNecessiates
SIMULTANEOUS
correction of adduction,
varus and inversion.
38. 2. Correction of cavus
ī Cavus results from pronation of
the forefoot in relation to
hindfoot â THE PRONATION
TWIST â
ī Attempting to correct the
supination of hindfoot before
correction of varus results in an
iatrogenic increase in cavus
ī Corrected by supinating the
forefoot to place it in proper
alignment with the hindfoot.
43. Casts and foot Adequate abduction
īBest sign of sufficient
abduction: ability to
palpate the anterior
process of the calcaneus as
it abducts out from
beneath talus
īAbduction of approx.70
degrees in relationship to
the frontal plane of the
tibia possible
44. Complications of casting
īTight cast
īRocker bottom deformity
īCrowded toes
īFlat heel pad
īSuperficial sores
īDeep sores
īPressure sores
īInjury to distal tibial physis
45. Common errors(Kite errors)
īNo manipulation
īPronation/eversion of 1st
metatarsal
īPremature dorsiflexion
of heel
īCounterpressure at
calcaneocuboid joint
īExternal rotation
īBelow knee casts
īShort splints
46. Rocker bottom deformity
īDorsiflexion via midfoot
before correction of
hindfoot varus
īDorsal dislocation of
navicular on talus
īFixed equinus of
calcaneus
47. Correction of equinus and tenotomy
ī No direct attempt at equinus correction is made
until heel varus is corrected
ī Equinus deformity gradually improves with
correction of adductus and varus- calcaneus
dorsiflexes as it abducts under talus
ī Residual equinus- manipulation and casting +/-
percutaneous tenotomy
īTenotomy : Indicated to correct equinus when cavus,
adductus, and varus fully corrected but ankle
dorsiflexion remains less than 10 degrees above
neutral
48. Percutaneous tenotomy under LA
ī Foot held in max dorsiflexion by an assistant
ī Tenotomy done 1.5 cm above calcaneal insertion
ī Additional 25-30 deg dorsiflexion obtained
ī Cast with the foot abducted 60 to 70 degrees with respect to the frontal plane of
the ankle, and 15 degrees dorsiflexion for 3 weeks
49. Foot Abduction braces
īShoes mounted to bar in
position of 70° of ER and 15°
of dorsiflexion in B/L cases
and incase of U/L cases 30 to
40° of ER in normal side,
distance between shoes set
at about 1Ë wider than width
of shoulders
ī Knees left free, so the child
can kick them âstraightâ to
stretch gastrosoleus tendon
50. Bracing protocol
īWorn 24 hours each day for first 3 months
īFor 12 hours at night and 2 to 4 hours in middle of day for
a total of 14 to 16 hours during each 24-hour period
īContinued until the child is 3 to 4 years of age
īHaft et al: noncompliance with bracing protocol â the
most common cause of recurrence in children on Ponseti
regimen
Haft, Geoffrey F. MD; Walker, Cameron G. PhD; Crawford,Haemish A. FRACS.J Bone Joint Surg Am, Volume 89-
A(3).March 1, 2007.487â493
53. CTEV Splint
ī Straight inner border to prevent
forefoot adduction
ī Outer shoe raise to prevent
fooot inversion
ī No heel to prevent equinus
ī Slight(1/8â) lateral sole raise
ī Inner iron bar
ī Outer t trap
ī Walking age to 5 yrs of age
54. Results of Ponseti method
Cooper and Dietz in 1995:
ī Reviewed a group of 45 adults, with 71 clubfeet, who had
been managed with the Ponseti method, 30 years after
treatment
īResults compared with NORMAL CONTROLS.
īBased on structured examination, radiographs,
electrogoniometry and measurements using a
pedobarography.
īUsing the Laaveg and Ponseti score, the results in the
normal controls and in those with treated clubfeet same
ī Radiographs showed :feet not completely corrected, but
functioned well despite this
Cooper DM, Dietz FR. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1995;77-A:1477-89.
55. Results of Ponsetiâs method..
īStudy from Iowa (2004) : short-term results of a more
recent series of 256 feet
īCorrection obtained in 98% with one to seven casts
ī 2.5% required extensive corrective surgery.
īPercutaneous tenotomy in 86%.
ī Mean angle of dorsiflexion : 20° (0° to 35°)
ī Minor cast complications in 8%
īRate of relapse: 10%.
Morcuende JA, Dolan LA, Dietz FR, Ponseti IV. Radical reduction in the rate of extensive
correctivesurgery for clubfoot using the Ponseti method. Pediatrics 2004;113:376-80.
56. Khan et al
ī Evaluated results of Ponseti's method in 21 children (25 feet) with neglected
club feet
ī Underwent percutaneous tenotomy of Achilles tendon
ī Mean age at the time of treatment 8.9 years
ī Mean follow-up period 4.7 years
ī Average Dimeglio score at start of treatment 14.2 compared with an average
score of 0.95 at the end of treatment at 1-year follow-up
ī 18 feet (85.7%) full correction, recurrence in 6 feet (24%)
ī At 4-year follow-up, average Dimeglio score for 19 feet 0.18.
ī Recommend Ponseti's method as initial treatment modality for neglected
clubfeet
J Pediatr Orthop B.2010 Sep;19(5):385-9.
Ponseti's manipulation in neglected clubfoot in children more than 7 years of age: a prospective evaluation of 25 feet with
long-term follow-up. Khan SA, Kumar A
57. Modifications of Ponsetiâs method
ī Accelerated Ponseti
ī Morcuende et al , (2005) 7 day Vs 5 day interval
ī Average time to tenotomy: 16 days in 5 day group and 24
days in 7 day group
Morcuende JA, Abbasi D, Dolan LA, Ponseti IV. Results of an accelerated Ponseti protocol for
clubfoot. J Pediatr Orthop 2005;25:623-6
58. Kite method
īBelieved heel varus would correct simply by everting
calcaneus
īDid not realize calcaneus can evert only when it is
abducted (i.e., laterally rotated) under the talus
īEach component corrected separately ( adduction, heel
varus and equinus)
īForefoot overcorrected into mild flatfoot
īCalcaneus rolled out of inversion by placing plantar
surface of a slipper cast on glass plate to flatten the sole
īDorsiflexion of foot with wedging casts
59. The French method
Bensahel/Dimeglio regime
īDaily manipulations by a skilled physiotherapist and
temporary immobilisation with elastic and non-elastic
adhesive taping
īMobilisation during the hours of sleep with CPM machine
īSuccessful in 51% of cases ( of which 9% req TA tenotomy)
; 49% Reqd extensive soft tissue release -29% post release
and 20% comprehensive posteromedial release**.
** Richards BS, Johnston CE, Wilson H. Nonoperative clubfoot treatment using the French physical
therapy method. J Pediatr Orthop 2005;25:98-102.
60. Atypical clubfoot
ī2-3% Feet highly resistant
to correction
īSevere plantarflexion of all
metatarsals, a deep crease
just above heel and across
the sole of the midfoot ,
short hyperextended big
toe, fibrotic muscles
īTreatment by
manipulation and Ponseti
method
61. ī When manipulating,index finger
should rest over posterior aspect of
lateral malleolus while thumb of
same hand applies counter pressure
over the lateral aspect of the talar
head
ī Do not abduct more than 30
degrees
ī After 30 degrees abduction is
achieved, change emphasis to
correction of the cavus and equinus.
ī All metatarsals are extended
simultaneously with both thumbs
ī Above-knee cast in 110 degrees
flexion
62. Follow up protocol
ī2 weeks: to troubleshoot compliance issues
ī3 months: to graduate to the nights and naps protocol
īEvery 4 months: until age 3 years to monitor compliance
and check for relapses
īEvery 6 months: until age 4 years.
īEvery 1 to 2 years: until skeletal maturity
63. Surgery in clubfoot
īResistant clubfoot( non-responsive to serial casting and
manipulation)
īPersistently deformed clubfoot(non-operative correction
inadequately done with/without compliant bracing)
īRelapsed clubfoot( initially satisfactorily corrected that
recurs in part or whole)
īNeglected clubfoot( no treatment given till age of 2 yrs)
64. General Principles
īGoal: address all pathoantomic structures
īDecision regarding timing, extent
īIndex surgery, the most important
īâA la carte" approach [Bensahel]
īTurcoâs âone size fits allâ approach
īPosteromedial-plantar-lateral release: all deformities
present
īPosterior release: straight lateral border, flexible forefoot
and hindfoot, and palpable gap between medial malleolus
and navicular tuberosity
66. Carollâs two incision technique
Medial incision - straight oblique incision
Straight lateral incision along the lateral
from first metatarsal, across tmedial
subtalar joint antr to distal fibula
malleolus to Achilles tendon
67. Extensile posteromedial and posterolateral release
īModified McKay
procedure
īCincinnati incision
Posterolateral release
ī Z lengthening of the TA
ī Posterior capsulotomy of
Ankle joint &Subtalar joint
68. ī Incise superior peroneal
retinaculum
ī Cut off calcaneofibular and
talofibular ligament
ī Incise talocalcaneal ligament
and lateral capsule of
talocalcaneal joint
ī EDB, inferior extensor
retinaculum and dorsal
calcaneocuboid ligamner cut
incase of severe clubfoot
69. Medial release
ī Dissect and protect N-V
bundle
ī Master knot of Henry
ī Z-lengthening of the
Tibialis Posterior & release
of sheath
ī Follow to navicular
insertion
ī Capsule of T-N joint
released
70. īMedial tibial navicular
ligament, dorsal
talonavicular ligamnet,
and plantar
calcaneonavicular
ligament cut
īCapsule of T-N cut all the
way around
71. ī Bifurcated ligament cut
ī Complete release of
talocalcaneal joint ligaments
except interosseous
ligaments
ī Detach origin of quadratus
plantae muscle from
calcaneus
ī Roll talus back into ankle
koint, if not incise post.
talofibular ligament, post.
Portion of deep deltoid
ligament
72. īLine up medial side of
head and neck of talus
with medial side of
cuneiforms, medially push
calcaneus post. to ankle
joint
īK wire through
talonavicular
,talocalcaneal joints
73. īCheck for proper position
of foot
īLongitudinal plane of foot
85-90° to bimalleolar ankle
plane, heel under tibia in
slight valgus
īSuture all tendons with
foot in 20° dorsiflexion
īWound closure
74. Follow up :
ī Wound inspection done under sedation at 1 week
ī Foot held in neutral, plantigrade position and cast
applied â above knee
ī Cast kept for 4 â 6 weeks
ī Cast removed along with any K wires, if applied during
surgery for stabilisation
ī AFO given for 6 months
75. Residual deformities
īResidual hindfoot equinus : Achilles tendon
lengthening and posterior capsulotomy of ankle and
subtalar joints
īDynamic metatarsus adductus : Transfer of anterior
tibial tendon, either as split transfer or entire tendon
77. Neglected clubfoot
īNo / incomplete initial treatment till the age of 2 years
īModerately flexible, moderately stiff, and rigid
īModified Ponseti*: manipulation for 5-10 mins, two weekly
cast change, correction of foot to 30-40° abduction, and
AFO for 1 year
īExtensive soft tissue release upto 4 yrs
īDilwyn-Evans, Lichtblau procedure
īTriple arthrodesis
īIlizarov/ JESS
ī Lourenco et al . Correction of neglected club foot by ponseti method. JBJS Br. 2007
78. Bony procedures
Dwyer osteotomy
īOsteotomy of calcaneus
īOpening wedge medial
osteotomy to increase the
length and height of
calcaneus
īFor isolated heel varus
īModified method uses
lateral incisions
79. Litchblau procedure
īMedial soft tissue
release
īLateral closing wedge
osteotomy of calcaneus
īPrevents long term
stiffness of hindfoot
īShortens the lateral
column
80. Dilwyn Evans Osteotomy
īPosteromedial release
īCalcaneocuboid wedge
resection and
arthrodesis of the joint
īShortens lateral column
īStiffness at subtalar and
midfoot joints
īPreferred in older
children (4-8 yrs)
81. Salvage procedures
Triple arthrodesis
īSalvage procedure for pain after previous surgical
correction.
īCorrection of large degrees of deformity in neglected
clubfeet.
īNot performed before advanced skeletal maturity, at
age 10 to 12
īLateral closing wedge osteotomy through subtalar
and midtarsal joints
85. Ilizarov
ī Correction slow enough
to protect soft tissue
ī Correction at the focus
of deformity
ī Simultaneous three-
dimensional, multilevel
correction
ī Deformity correction
without shortening the
foot
86. Results with Ilizarov
īGood to excellent results reported by various
surgeons( Grill et al, Huerta et al, Bradish et al,
Heymann et al, Hosny et al) over the last 15 years
īRecent long term follow-up study** by Hari et al
(2007):74% good/excellent result
**Prem: J. pediatr. orthop., Volume 27(2).March 2007.220-224
87. JOSHI EXTERNAL STABILISATION SYSTEM
īDR.B.B. JOSHI, MUMBAI
ī2 to 4 transfixing wires in
prox tibia
īMetatarsal
Transfixing wire through
I &V MT; Medial half pin
through I, II, III MT; Lat
half pin throâ IV, V MT
ī2 transfixing and 1 axial
wire through calcaneum
88. JESS
īFractional, differential distraction used to Sequentially
correct deformities (Medial- 0.25 mm every 6 hours
,Lateral- 0.25 mm every 12 hours)
īDistraction continued until approximately 20 degrees of
dorsiflexion and overcorrection of the forefoot deformities
was achieved
īMaintained in this overcorrected position for twice as long
as the distraction phase by casts/braces
89.
90. Results with JESS
īGood or excellent results reported by Joshi in 84% of
his patients
īRecommended in all who have not responded to
serial plaster casting methods.
īSimilar good results have been reported by other
authors**
**Suresh et al,2003. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 2003: 11(2): 194â201
91. Complications of surgery
ī Neurovascular injury
ī Loss of foot (10% have atrophic dorsalis pedis artery bundle)
ī Skin dehiscence
ī Wound infection
ī AVN talus
ī Dislocation of the navicular
ī Flattening and breaking of the talar head
ī Undercorrection/ Overcorrection (esp with Cincinatti)
ī Forefoot adductus
ī Hindfoot varus
ī Severe scarring
ī Stiff joints
ī Weakness of the plantar flexors of the ankle
92. Conclusion
īProper understanding of the patho-anatomy a must
īPonseti method is now the standard treatment
method
īIndications of surgery limited but well defined
īTurcoâs posteromedial soft tissue release remains the
treatment of choice in most cases amenable to
surgical treatment