CANOPY MANAGEMENT INCLUDE TRAINING AND PRUNING

1. TRAINING & PRUNING IN
HORTICULTURAL CROPS
SUBMITTED BY- LOVELY NAGRA

2. CANOPY MANAGEMENT
Training Pruning

3. It means developing a desired shape of
the tree with particular objectives by
controlling habit of growth.
Training is start from nursery stage of
plant.
Some fruit crops like grape vines, ber,
fig, guava etc require training.
Training

4. TRAINING SYSTEMS

5. 1.CENTRAL LEADER SYSTEM
• Main trunk extends from the soil surface to the total height of the
tree
• Several side branches grow at different heights in various
directions.
Advantages:
– Such trees are structurally best suited to bear crop load and to
resist the damage from strong winds.
Disadvantages:
– Trees under this system grow too tall and are less spreading.
– Tree management (spraying, pruning, thinning and harvesting) is
difficult.
– Shading effect on interior canopy (the lower branches of such
trees may be so much in shade that the fruit may not be able to
develop proper colour).

6. CENTRAL LEADER SYSTEM

7. CENTRAL LEADER SYSTEM IN APPLE & PEAR

8. 2.OPEN CENTRE SYSTEM
• Main trunk is allowed to grow upto 1.0 m by cutting within a year of
planting.
• 3-5 lateral branches are allowed to develop from short main stem.
• Widely used fro peaches and is good for mechanical harvesting.
Advantages:
– The trees so trained allow maximum sunshine to reach their branches.
– Better clouration of fruits on the interior side of the tree.
– Trees are more fruitful and low spreading tree greatly facilitate
operations like spraying, pruning, thinning and harvesting.
Disadvantages:
– Such trees are structurally weak, and their limbs are more likely to
break with crop load and strong winds.
– This system does not only need severe pruning to start with but also
constant effort to maintain its form through drastic pruning treatment.

9. OPEN CENTRE SYSTEM

10. 3.MODIFIED LEADER SYSTEM
• most acceptable for commercial fruit cultivation.
• combines the best qualities of the central leader and open centre
systems.
• A leader develops on the young tree until it reaches the height of
2-3 m and then the growth is restricted.
• Laterals are selected to ascent in a spiral fashion up the central
trunk and are cut until the proper number and distribution of
branches have been obtained.
Advantages:
– The branches are well distributed, allowing plenty of sunshine
to reach the interior of the tree.
– The trees is structurally strong and not prone to limb breakage.
– Owing to limited height of trees, spraying, pruning and
harvesting may be done easily.

11.  Pruning may be defined as the art and science of cutting
away of portion of plant to improve its shape, to
influence its growth , flowering and fruitfulness and to
improve the quality of the product. It is done to divert a
part of plant energy from one part to another part of
plant.
 It is done to
– make the plant more productive and bear quality fruits,
– increase longevity of the tree,
– make it into manageable shape and
– to get maximum returns from the orchard.
Pruning

12. 1.heading
back
2.thinning
out
Type of pruning cuts

13. 1.HEADING BACK CUTS
o Removal of a part of a shoot or branch It
removes terminal buds
 Apical dominance is weakened or lost
 Physiological effects
o Net result: increase in total shoot growth
o This method is often followed for hedges,
ornamental shrubs, first dormant pruning and
October pruning in grapes.
o This refers to pruning or cutting of main stem or
all or few of the branches leaving a basal portion.

14. HEADING BACK CUTS

15. 2.THINNING CUTS
Removal of an entire shoot or branch at
its junction with the trunk
•Ratio of terminal to lateral buds is not
disturbed
-Less physiological changes
•Net result: It does not increase shoot
growth as much as heading cuts

16. PRUNING THINNING CUTS

17. Before pruning & after pruning

18.  Producing a supporting framework for
the tree
 Allowing annual flower formation
 Developing a tree which allows
maximum fruit growth and quality
development
 Ease of management
Goals for training and pruning

19. Modification of apical dominance
Balance of root and top
Alteration of the growth phases
Modification of environmental
effects
principles of training and pruning

20. To control the direction of growth
To develop a strong framework
To control the amount of growth
To influence productiveness
To improve quality of product
To utilise space efficiently
To increase the usefulness of plants
Objectives of training and pruning

21. PRUNING TOOLS

22. Impact of
training and
pruning
a. Growth response
b. foliage area,
photosynthesis &
respiration
c. Hormonal pattern
d. Fruit setting
e. Regularity of
cropping
f. Fruit quality

24. KNOW WHERE THE FLOWER BUDS ARE LOCATED
Fruit Flowers borne on
Peach Lateral buds, 1 yr shoots
Apricot Lateral buds, 1 yr. Shoots + 2 yr.
Spurs
 Cherry(swt) Lateral buds, 2 yr. spurs
Cherry sour Lateral buds, 2 yr. spurs
Apple Terminal buds, 2yr.spurs
Pear Terminal buds, 2yr.spurs

25. THANK YOU