Vitamins are organic compounds which are needed in small quantities to sustain life.
Get from food, because the human body either does not produce enough of them, or none at all
Vitamins as coenzymes, different forms and deficiency disorders
1. Vitamins as coenzymes, different
forms and deficiency disorders
By –Lovnish Thakur
ASU2014010100099
BSBT-513(METABOLISM& METABOLOMICS)
2. Vitamins
• Vitamins are organic compounds which are
needed in small quantities to sustain life.
• Get from food, because the human body
either does not produce enough of them, or
none at all
8. Coenzymes
• small organic non-protein molecules
Loosely attached to apoenzymes, seperated easily by dialysis
they are often called co-substrate or secondary substrate
Reaction involving:
oxidoreduction,
group. transfer,
Isomerization and
covalent bond formation
9. Why vitamin act as a coenzyme
• group transfer agents
• carrying electrons
• chemical groups such as acyl groups, methyl
groups, etc., depending on the coenzyme
12. BIOTIN
• Biotin is a prosthetic coenzyme that catalyzes
carboxyl-group transfer
• ATP-dependent carboxylation reactions
13. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol)
• Vitamin E is an important lipid-soluble
antioxidant that helps protect
polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane
phospholipids from oxidative damage
• Vitamin E probably picks up electrons from
lipid free radical species.
14. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) in FAD and
FMN
critically important electron carriers for a wide
variety of biological processes
15. Vitamins of B complex group acting as co-
enzymes
vitamins active form (co-enzyme)
Thiamine Vitamin B 1 TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate)
Riboflavin Vitamin B 2 FMN, FAD
Niacin Vitamin B 3 NAD,NADH
Pantothenic acid Vitamin B 5 component of coenzyme A
Biotin Biotin
Folic acid THF (Tetrahydrofolate)
Cobalamine Vitamin B 12 cobamide
17. Production of riboflavin by metabolically
engineered Corynebacterium ammoniagenes
Improved strains for the production of riboflavin were
constructed through metabolic engineering using
recombinant DNA techniques in Corynebacterium
ammoniagenes.
Ammonia genes strain harboring a plasmid containing its
riboflavin biosynthetic genes accumulated 17-fold as much
riboflavin as the host strain.
They are now used for industrial synthesis of riboflavin based
coenzyme.
Riboflavin was produced at the level of 15.3 g for 72 h in a
fermentor without any end product inhibition
Koizumi, S.; Yonetani, Y.; Maruyama, A.; Teshiba
18. Reference
• Vitamins: What Vitamins Do I Need
(http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/195878.php)
• Vitamins That Function As Coenzymes
(http://www.livestrong.com/article/291313-vitamins-that-function-as-
coenzymes/)
• https://www.rose-hulman.edu/~brandt/Chem330/Vitamin.pdf
• "Coenzymes and Vitamins
("http://www.uwyo.edu/molecbio/courses/molb3610/files/chapter%2
07%20coenzymes%20and%20vitamines.pdf)
• Regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis and transport genes in bacteria by
transcriptional and translational attenuation
(https://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/14/3141.full)
• Production of riboflavin by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium
ammoniagenes
(Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology . Jun2000, Vol. 53 Issue 6)