SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 22
Example Case Study Solution Project 2. 2011
The Case Study 	Ahmed has a job and earns Dhs 20,000 per month.  He has loans for his car and a personal loan to repay and also some credit card bills and well and his rent and telephone and food and other expenses to pay.  The problem is that there are many things that Ahmed would like to have and he has realized that to get many of them he will need  either increase his loan or use his credit card again. 	In particular he wants to get a tabled computer like the iPad or the Galaxy Tab by Samsung.  He thinks the iPad is cool but then again a lot of people have them and he likes to be a bit different and also the Galaxy has some good features as well.  He does not have the cash for either to buy either of them.   	Explain the above case using some of the economic theories covered in class.
Theory One Basic Economic Problem
Basic Economic Problem Unlimited Wants Limited Resources
Scarcity
Basic Economic Problem
Ahmed Ahmed’s income in limited His wants are unlimited
Ahmed’s Solution He borrows money to try and fulfill more of his needs.
The Problem This makes things worse  - not better, as he now has to repay that money plus the cost of borrowing.
Cycle of Debt
Choices Ahmed does have choices.
Cost / Benefit 	He needs to evaluate the costs & benefits of each choice.
Cost  / Benefit
The cost of what you give up
Everything has an Opportunity Cost
Ahmed Choices 1. Whether to buy any tablet computer at all? 2. Which tablet computer to buy?
Free Market Economy 	Ahmed is free to decide how to use his limited resources. 	These choices are his. 	In a Command Economy he would not get this choice at all.
Choice 1 can be shown in a PPF
A model of an economy 	How do goods get to the shops? 	How do households get the money to buy them? How do Firms get the Factors of Production? Let’s look at an Economic Model of this…
Where does Ahmed get his salary?
Get the idea? 	There are several more theories I could cover in this case study. 	But I am sure that you get the idea.
References Rice Photograph; http://www.treehugger.com/hands-rice.jpg Basic Problem Model; http://www.newlearner.com/courses/hts/cia4u/images/scarcity.jpg Debt Image ; http://www.thedigeratilife.com/blog/debt-solutions-debt-cycle/ Cost / Benefit image; http://www.12manage.com/images/picture_cost_benefit_analysis.gif Opportunity cost 1 http://www.intuitivewu.com/images/opportunity-cost.jpg Opportunity cost 2 https://mrski-apecon-2008.wikispaces.com/file/view/comics_clip_image001.gif/41674117/comics_clip_image001.gif PPF: http://i.investopedia.com/inv/dictionary/terms/ppf.gif CFI image :  http://www.oxfam.org.uk/education/resources/milking_it/milkingit/images/agricultural_prob/circular_flow_of_income.gif

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Baromètre Webanalyse et Tag Management 2016
Baromètre Webanalyse et Tag Management 2016Baromètre Webanalyse et Tag Management 2016
Baromètre Webanalyse et Tag Management 2016Converteo
 
Assessment Centre Case Study - An Introduction by JobTestPrep
Assessment Centre Case Study - An Introduction by JobTestPrepAssessment Centre Case Study - An Introduction by JobTestPrep
Assessment Centre Case Study - An Introduction by JobTestPrepJobTestPrep
 
Nursing case-study-dhf-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever-philnursingstudent
Nursing case-study-dhf-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever-philnursingstudentNursing case-study-dhf-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever-philnursingstudent
Nursing case-study-dhf-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever-philnursingstudentpinoy nurze
 
Nursing case-study-burns-philnursingstudent
Nursing case-study-burns-philnursingstudentNursing case-study-burns-philnursingstudent
Nursing case-study-burns-philnursingstudentpinoy nurze
 
Sample case study report format
Sample case study report formatSample case study report format
Sample case study report formatIan Paolo
 
Top 9 case interview questions answers
Top 9 case interview questions answersTop 9 case interview questions answers
Top 9 case interview questions answershudsons168
 
Major League Baseball - Case Study
Major League Baseball - Case StudyMajor League Baseball - Case Study
Major League Baseball - Case StudyDarshit Paun
 
Etsy Business case presentation
Etsy Business case presentationEtsy Business case presentation
Etsy Business case presentationkatymorgan89
 
Hotel F&B Case Studies, Examples & Fresh Ideas
Hotel F&B Case Studies, Examples & Fresh IdeasHotel F&B Case Studies, Examples & Fresh Ideas
Hotel F&B Case Studies, Examples & Fresh IdeasAaron Allen
 

Viewers also liked (16)

Baromètre Webanalyse et Tag Management 2016
Baromètre Webanalyse et Tag Management 2016Baromètre Webanalyse et Tag Management 2016
Baromètre Webanalyse et Tag Management 2016
 
Kes study sem_3
Kes study sem_3Kes study sem_3
Kes study sem_3
 
Strategic management (sony)
Strategic management (sony)Strategic management (sony)
Strategic management (sony)
 
An Approach To Case Analysis
An Approach To Case AnalysisAn Approach To Case Analysis
An Approach To Case Analysis
 
Assessment Centre Case Study - An Introduction by JobTestPrep
Assessment Centre Case Study - An Introduction by JobTestPrepAssessment Centre Case Study - An Introduction by JobTestPrep
Assessment Centre Case Study - An Introduction by JobTestPrep
 
Nursing case-study-dhf-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever-philnursingstudent
Nursing case-study-dhf-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever-philnursingstudentNursing case-study-dhf-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever-philnursingstudent
Nursing case-study-dhf-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever-philnursingstudent
 
Nursing case-study-burns-philnursingstudent
Nursing case-study-burns-philnursingstudentNursing case-study-burns-philnursingstudent
Nursing case-study-burns-philnursingstudent
 
Sample case study report format
Sample case study report formatSample case study report format
Sample case study report format
 
Top 9 case interview questions answers
Top 9 case interview questions answersTop 9 case interview questions answers
Top 9 case interview questions answers
 
Baseball Case Presentation
Baseball Case PresentationBaseball Case Presentation
Baseball Case Presentation
 
Major League Baseball - Case Study
Major League Baseball - Case StudyMajor League Baseball - Case Study
Major League Baseball - Case Study
 
Case study format
Case study formatCase study format
Case study format
 
Etsy Presentation
Etsy PresentationEtsy Presentation
Etsy Presentation
 
Etsy Business case presentation
Etsy Business case presentationEtsy Business case presentation
Etsy Business case presentation
 
MLB Advanced Media
MLB Advanced MediaMLB Advanced Media
MLB Advanced Media
 
Hotel F&B Case Studies, Examples & Fresh Ideas
Hotel F&B Case Studies, Examples & Fresh IdeasHotel F&B Case Studies, Examples & Fresh Ideas
Hotel F&B Case Studies, Examples & Fresh Ideas
 

More from Mark A Curcher

Imagining E-Learning Futures at Tampere University of Applied Sciences
Imagining E-Learning Futures at Tampere University of Applied SciencesImagining E-Learning Futures at Tampere University of Applied Sciences
Imagining E-Learning Futures at Tampere University of Applied SciencesMark A Curcher
 
Professional Networks: Social Media in Education
Professional Networks: Social Media in EducationProfessional Networks: Social Media in Education
Professional Networks: Social Media in EducationMark A Curcher
 
North to South - A Finnish teacher education program in Brazil
North to South - A Finnish teacher education program in BrazilNorth to South - A Finnish teacher education program in Brazil
North to South - A Finnish teacher education program in BrazilMark A Curcher
 
Iwbas presentation 2014 at TAMK
Iwbas presentation 2014 at TAMKIwbas presentation 2014 at TAMK
Iwbas presentation 2014 at TAMKMark A Curcher
 
PDF Version of Prezi on social bookmarking and screencasting
PDF Version of Prezi on social bookmarking and screencastingPDF Version of Prezi on social bookmarking and screencasting
PDF Version of Prezi on social bookmarking and screencastingMark A Curcher
 
Global Learn 2011 Presentation Melbourne
Global Learn 2011 Presentation MelbourneGlobal Learn 2011 Presentation Melbourne
Global Learn 2011 Presentation MelbourneMark A Curcher
 
Resources cfi animated
Resources cfi animatedResources cfi animated
Resources cfi animatedMark A Curcher
 
Social Bookmarking Global Learn Penang 2010
Social Bookmarking Global Learn Penang 2010Social Bookmarking Global Learn Penang 2010
Social Bookmarking Global Learn Penang 2010Mark A Curcher
 

More from Mark A Curcher (10)

Imagining E-Learning Futures at Tampere University of Applied Sciences
Imagining E-Learning Futures at Tampere University of Applied SciencesImagining E-Learning Futures at Tampere University of Applied Sciences
Imagining E-Learning Futures at Tampere University of Applied Sciences
 
Teaching Live Online
Teaching Live OnlineTeaching Live Online
Teaching Live Online
 
Professional Networks: Social Media in Education
Professional Networks: Social Media in EducationProfessional Networks: Social Media in Education
Professional Networks: Social Media in Education
 
Tamk Global Education
Tamk Global EducationTamk Global Education
Tamk Global Education
 
North to South - A Finnish teacher education program in Brazil
North to South - A Finnish teacher education program in BrazilNorth to South - A Finnish teacher education program in Brazil
North to South - A Finnish teacher education program in Brazil
 
Iwbas presentation 2014 at TAMK
Iwbas presentation 2014 at TAMKIwbas presentation 2014 at TAMK
Iwbas presentation 2014 at TAMK
 
PDF Version of Prezi on social bookmarking and screencasting
PDF Version of Prezi on social bookmarking and screencastingPDF Version of Prezi on social bookmarking and screencasting
PDF Version of Prezi on social bookmarking and screencasting
 
Global Learn 2011 Presentation Melbourne
Global Learn 2011 Presentation MelbourneGlobal Learn 2011 Presentation Melbourne
Global Learn 2011 Presentation Melbourne
 
Resources cfi animated
Resources cfi animatedResources cfi animated
Resources cfi animated
 
Social Bookmarking Global Learn Penang 2010
Social Bookmarking Global Learn Penang 2010Social Bookmarking Global Learn Penang 2010
Social Bookmarking Global Learn Penang 2010
 

Recently uploaded

Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for ParentsChoosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parentsnavabharathschool99
 
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4MiaBumagat1
 
THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONTHEORIES OF ORGANIZATION-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONHumphrey A Beña
 
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4JOYLYNSAMANIEGO
 
Student Profile Sample - We help schools to connect the data they have, with ...
Student Profile Sample - We help schools to connect the data they have, with ...Student Profile Sample - We help schools to connect the data they have, with ...
Student Profile Sample - We help schools to connect the data they have, with ...Seán Kennedy
 
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptxMULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptxAnupkumar Sharma
 
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docx
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docxTEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docx
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docxruthvilladarez
 
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17Celine George
 
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTSGRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTSJoshuaGantuangco2
 
Concurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management systemConcurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management systemChristalin Nelson
 
ClimART Action | eTwinning Project
ClimART Action    |    eTwinning ProjectClimART Action    |    eTwinning Project
ClimART Action | eTwinning Projectjordimapav
 
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdfVirtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdfErwinPantujan2
 
ICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdf
ICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdfICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdf
ICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdfVanessa Camilleri
 
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptxmary850239
 
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptxROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptxVanesaIglesias10
 
Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.ppt
Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.pptIntegumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.ppt
Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.pptshraddhaparab530
 
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptx
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptxQ4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptx
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptxlancelewisportillo
 
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designKeynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designMIPLM
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for ParentsChoosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
 
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
 
THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONTHEORIES OF ORGANIZATION-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
THEORIES OF ORGANIZATION-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
 
LEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
LEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptxLEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
LEFT_ON_C'N_ PRELIMS_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
 
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - CẢ NĂ...
 
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
Daily Lesson Plan in Mathematics Quarter 4
 
Student Profile Sample - We help schools to connect the data they have, with ...
Student Profile Sample - We help schools to connect the data they have, with ...Student Profile Sample - We help schools to connect the data they have, with ...
Student Profile Sample - We help schools to connect the data they have, with ...
 
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptxMULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
 
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docx
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docxTEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docx
TEACHER REFLECTION FORM (NEW SET........).docx
 
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17
How to Add Barcode on PDF Report in Odoo 17
 
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTSGRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
GRADE 4 - SUMMATIVE TEST QUARTER 4 ALL SUBJECTS
 
Concurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management systemConcurrency Control in Database Management system
Concurrency Control in Database Management system
 
ClimART Action | eTwinning Project
ClimART Action    |    eTwinning ProjectClimART Action    |    eTwinning Project
ClimART Action | eTwinning Project
 
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdfVirtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
 
ICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdf
ICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdfICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdf
ICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdf
 
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
 
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptxROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
 
Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.ppt
Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.pptIntegumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.ppt
Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.ppt
 
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptx
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptxQ4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptx
Q4-PPT-Music9_Lesson-1-Romantic-Opera.pptx
 
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-designKeynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
 

For My Students - Example case study solution p2 2011

  • 1. Example Case Study Solution Project 2. 2011
  • 2. The Case Study Ahmed has a job and earns Dhs 20,000 per month. He has loans for his car and a personal loan to repay and also some credit card bills and well and his rent and telephone and food and other expenses to pay. The problem is that there are many things that Ahmed would like to have and he has realized that to get many of them he will need either increase his loan or use his credit card again. In particular he wants to get a tabled computer like the iPad or the Galaxy Tab by Samsung. He thinks the iPad is cool but then again a lot of people have them and he likes to be a bit different and also the Galaxy has some good features as well. He does not have the cash for either to buy either of them.   Explain the above case using some of the economic theories covered in class.
  • 3. Theory One Basic Economic Problem
  • 4. Basic Economic Problem Unlimited Wants Limited Resources
  • 7. Ahmed Ahmed’s income in limited His wants are unlimited
  • 8. Ahmed’s Solution He borrows money to try and fulfill more of his needs.
  • 9. The Problem This makes things worse - not better, as he now has to repay that money plus the cost of borrowing.
  • 11. Choices Ahmed does have choices.
  • 12. Cost / Benefit He needs to evaluate the costs & benefits of each choice.
  • 13. Cost / Benefit
  • 14. The cost of what you give up
  • 15. Everything has an Opportunity Cost
  • 16. Ahmed Choices 1. Whether to buy any tablet computer at all? 2. Which tablet computer to buy?
  • 17. Free Market Economy Ahmed is free to decide how to use his limited resources. These choices are his. In a Command Economy he would not get this choice at all.
  • 18. Choice 1 can be shown in a PPF
  • 19. A model of an economy How do goods get to the shops? How do households get the money to buy them? How do Firms get the Factors of Production? Let’s look at an Economic Model of this…
  • 20. Where does Ahmed get his salary?
  • 21. Get the idea? There are several more theories I could cover in this case study. But I am sure that you get the idea.
  • 22. References Rice Photograph; http://www.treehugger.com/hands-rice.jpg Basic Problem Model; http://www.newlearner.com/courses/hts/cia4u/images/scarcity.jpg Debt Image ; http://www.thedigeratilife.com/blog/debt-solutions-debt-cycle/ Cost / Benefit image; http://www.12manage.com/images/picture_cost_benefit_analysis.gif Opportunity cost 1 http://www.intuitivewu.com/images/opportunity-cost.jpg Opportunity cost 2 https://mrski-apecon-2008.wikispaces.com/file/view/comics_clip_image001.gif/41674117/comics_clip_image001.gif PPF: http://i.investopedia.com/inv/dictionary/terms/ppf.gif CFI image : http://www.oxfam.org.uk/education/resources/milking_it/milkingit/images/agricultural_prob/circular_flow_of_income.gif