DOS Operating System

© Copyright Aj. Anjan Mahanta LCCT International Studies Program
1
Operating System
(O.S.)
Mr.Anjan Mahanta
LCCT, International Studies Program

2
What is an Operating System?
• A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
• Operating system goals:
– Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

3
Computer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU,
memory, I/O devices).
2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of
the hardware among the various application programs for
the various users.
3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video
games, business programs).
4. Users (people, machines, other computers).

4
Abstract View of System Components

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Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

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Multiprogrammed Batch Systems
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the
CPU is multiplexed among them.

7
What is a computer system?
• A computer system consists of hardware
and software that are combined to provide
a tool to solve specific problems.

8
Hardware Resources
• Processor (CPU):
– The brain of the computer. Executes instructions.
• Memory:
– Stores program and data.
• A typical memory hierarchy:
– Registers, Cache, Main Memory(RAM), Magnetic disk,
Magnetic Tape.
• Input / Output (I/O) controllers:
– Transfers data to and from I/O devices.
• Disk device:
– Long term storage for data.

9
Software Classification
• System Programs: Provides a general
environment in which programmers can
create specific applications.
– Operating System, Application Software’s
(compilers, editors, command interpreter, etc.)
• Application Programs: Intended to solve a
specific problem.
– Word processing, spread sheets, database
systems.

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Computer System
Application programs
System Programs
Hardware
Banking
System
Airline
reservation
Web
browser
Compilers
Editors Command
interpreter
Operating system
Machine language
Micro architecture
Physical devices

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Kernel
• Kernel is the central component of operating
systems (OS)
• Its responsibilities include managing the
system's resources (the communication
between hardware and software components).

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Computer-System Architecture

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MS-DOS Execution
At System Start-up Running a Program

14
General Structure of Client-Server

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Hardware and Software
Differences
• There are two parts to a computer system
– the hardware and
– the software
• Hardware refers to the physical components of
a computer. Examples monitor, keyboard and
mouse.
• Software represents the programs which
contain a set of instructions written to perform
a certain task on the computer.

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DOS
• Microsoft DOS was introduced in 1981
• DOS stands for Disk Operating System
• DOS controls the computer’s hardware and
provides an environment for programs to run
• This system program must always be present
when working with your computer

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Why we need DOS?
• Because
1. DOS controls the flow of information
between you and the computer (translator).
2. DOS allows you to retrieve information
stored on your computer.
3. DOS gives you access to all its function (i.e.
saving, copying, and printing files).

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What’s in DOS?
• The MS-DOS software consists of three files
– MS-DOS.SYS
– IO.SYS
– COMMAND.COM
• These are the system files necessary to
boot the computer system

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Commands
• Internal Commands
– The internal commands are stored
in COMMAND.COM
– Examples: DIR, DEL, TIME
• External Commands
– The external commands are stored
in MS-DOS.SYS
– Examples: FORMAT, DISKCOPY

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BIOS
• IO.SYS is the Basic Input Output
Services (BIOS) is a permanent program
stored in the memory.

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MS-DOS Commands
1. DATE
Purpose: To view the current system
date and change it, if required
Syntax: DATE

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MS-DOS Commands
2. TIME
Purpose: To view the current system
time and change it, if required
Syntax: TIME

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MS-DOS Commands
3. VER
Purpose: To display the MS-DOS
version number
Syntax: VER

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MS-DOS Commands
4. CLS
Purpose: To clear the screen
Syntax: CLS

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Files and Directories
• Files on a disk can be stored in a folder or
directories
• Each file and folder are assigned a name
• DOS provides a hierarchical structure of
directories and subdirectories
• The topmost directory is called as “root
directory”
• The root directory is denoted by a backslash ()

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Hierarchical Directory Structure

27

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Directory Commands
5. DIR
Purpose: Displays a list of a directory’s
files and subdirectories
Syntax: DIR [drive:][path][filename][/p][/w]

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Examples
• Example 1
C> DIR
To display a directory listing for drive C
• Example 2
C> DIR D:
To display a directory listing for drive D
• Example 3
C> DIR hello.doc
To display the document whose file name is hello.doc

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Examples
• Example 4
C> DIR /p
To display a directory listing one screen or one page
at a time
• Example 5
C> DIR /w
To display a directory listing in wide or window
format
• Example 6
C> DIR wordhello.doc
To display the document whose folder name is word
and the file name is hello.doc

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Exercise
1. What command is used to display the date?
2. What command is used to clear the screen?
3. What command is used to display the current
directory?
4. What command is used to view a file whose
name is student.doc?
5. What command is used to view a file which is
in subdirectory LCCT and the file name is
student.doc?

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Explain
• DIR /w
• DIR A:LCCT Student LVT.DOC
• DIR C:QBASIC.PPT
• DIR D:LCCT INTER COM LVTII.DOC

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MD / MKDIR
• Purpose: To create a directory
• Syntax: MD[drive:][path]
• Example 1
• MD LCCT
• This command will create a folder called LCCT
• Example 2
• MDLCCTINTER
• This command will create a folder inside the
LCCT folder

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RMDIR / RD
• Purpose: Deletes a directory.
• ** Before you can delete a directory, you must delete
its files and subdirectories.
• Syntax: RD [drive:]path
• Example:
RD lcctinter
RD lcct

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Directories (or Folders)
• Single-Level Directory System
– All files reside on root directory
Root Directory
Owners

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Directories (or Folders)
• Two-Level Directory System
Root Directory
A CB User Directory
Files

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Create the following Directories
LCCT
INTER
LVT I LVT II LVT III
COM

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Create the following Directories
Language
Foreign
English Chinese Korean
BasicHigh Low

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DEL
• Purpose: Deletes specified files
• Syntax: del [drive:][path]filename
• Example:
DEL hello.doc
DEL D: hello.doc

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Delete Command - DEL
• Delete a single file
• Example
DEL student.doc
It will delete the file student

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• Delete a group of file
• Example
DEL *.doc
It will delete all the files with the extension .doc

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• Delete all files in a directory
• Example
DEL *.*
It will delete all the files in the current directory

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FORMAT Command
• Format a Floppy disk
FORMAT A:
It will format the floppy disk in drive A

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DISKCOPY
• To copy all the files from one floppy disk to another.
DISKCOPY A: A:
• When asked to put in the source disk, put in the diskette that
has the information you want to copy into drive A and press
enter.
• Wait a few seconds. When asked to insert a target disk, take
out the diskette from drive A and insert the blank floppy disk
and press enter.

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Copy File
• To copy a file from hard drive to floppy
disk
copy <insert filename here> a:
• Example
Copy student.doc g:

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COPY
• The COPY command lets you copy files from
one directory to another.
• copy student.doc D:lcct
File name
Folder name

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COPY
• To copy group of files
• copy *.doc D:lcct
All files with .doc extension
Folder name

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COPY
• To copy all the files
• copy *. * D:lcct
All files
Folder name

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CD / CHDIR
• Purpose: Displays the name of the current directory
or changes the current directory.
• Syntax: CD [drive:][path]
CD .. Goes to the top directory
CD is used to go to the root directory

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Change Directory CD
• CD command is used to change the directory
from the current directory to another directory
• CD lcct
– It will change to the directory name lcct
• CD..
– It will move back to the directory.
• CD
– It will move back to the root directory

51
Lab Exercise
D:
LCCT
LVT IEP
Score.ppt
Test.xls
Student.doc
Teacher.doc
Student.doc
Hello.doc
Grade.xls
Os.ppt

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Lab Exercise
1. Delete the file Teacher.doc
2. Delete all the .doc files from the IEP
folder
3. Delete all the files in the LVT folder
4. Delete all the files in the IEP folder

53
MOVE
• Allows you to move files or directories from
one folder to another, or from one drive to
another.
• Syntax
MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:][path]filename1[,...] destination
• Example
move c:windowstemp*.* c:temp

54
IPConfig
• Ipconfig to display the network settings
currently assigned and given by a network.
• Syntax
ipconfig

55
ECHO
• Echo is used to repeat the text typed in
back to the screen
• Syntax
ECHO [message]
• Example
ECHO “Hello”

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Defragmentation
• Defragmentation is a process that
reduces the amount of fragmentation in file
systems
• Syntax
Defrag drive:
• Example
Defrag D:

57
DOS Command Report
• Make a report on DOS Commands
• About 25 Commands
– Command Name
– Command Description
– Syntax
– Example

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Windows Operating System
Windows XP

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What is Windows?
• Microsoft Windows is a series of
software operating systems produced
by Microsoft.
• Microsoft first introduced an operating
environment named Windows in
November 1985
• The most recent client version of
Windows is Windows Vista

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Creating a Shortcut
1) Click on the desktop with the right button of the mouse.
2) Select the option Shortcut on the New menu.
A dialog box will appear so that we can indicate the program
for which we want the shortcut created.
3) Click on Browse button, to find the program.
4) Select the desired unit and look for the file or folder you want.
5) After selecting the file or folder click on Ok.
6) Click Next.
7) Type a name for the Shortcut.
8) Click Finish.

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Changing the Date & Time
1 Double-click on the clock (on the right of the task bar).
2 Select the month, thus displaying the list of the months.
3 Select the year by placing the mouse on the year box and
scrolling accordingly.
4 With the left mouse button click on the day you want.
5 Place the mouse on the hour digits and change them
accordingly.
6 Do the same with the minutes and the seconds
7 Click OK

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Adding or Removing a Task Bar
1 Place the mouse on the Windows task bar, but not on the
buttons.
2 Click on the task bar with the right mouse button.
3 Select the option Tool bar. A list of tool bars will appear.
4 Select the tool bar called Desktop.
5 Next to the task bar the new task bar will appear.
6 With this bar we can access the same things we access from the
desktop.
7 We have added a task bar.
8 To remove a task bar the process is similar.

63
Creating and Deleting a Folder
1 Click on the Start button.
2 Display the All programs menu and click on Accessories.
3 Select Windows Explorer.
4 Place the pointer on My documents.
5 Select New from the menu File.
7 Select Folder.
8 Once the folder option has been selected you will see that on
the right window a new folder will appear that has the name
New Folder and that it is selected. Rename it My folder.

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Copying and Moving Folders
1 Click on Start.
2 Display the All programs menu and select the Accessories option.
3 Select the Windows Explorer.
4 Double-click on the folder My documents.
5 Select the folder My Music from the window to the right.
6 Click on the copy button or Edit --> Copy to Folder...
7 A new window will be displayed
8 Select unit C and click on New Folder.
9 Name it Temporary
10 Then double-click on it to select it.
11 Click OK

65
Organizing Folders
1 Click on Start.
2 Display the All programs menu and select Accesories
3 Select the Windows Explorer
4 Select the folder My documents.
5 Open the menu View and select Arrange Icons By.
6 Select the option organize by Size.

66
System Tools
• Scandisk
• This tool is used to search errors in the
system´s units and to repair those
errors.
• When the computer is turned off in an abrupt
manner it is possible that some files may be
damage.
• To open Scandisk click on the icon My
Computer on the desktop

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Scandisk

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Scandisk
• Here you need to choose one of two options
available:
– Automatically fix file system errors
– Search for and attempt recovery of bad sectors.

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Disk defragmenter
• This tool is in charge of reorganizing the
information that is stored in the disk
• It can also fix errors on the units
• Windows incorporates this tool because the disk
becomes slow as we save new data and
delete old data
• The free spaces that are generated when
information from the disk is deleted influence
the size that files and programs use

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Disk defragmenter

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System Information
• This tool is in charge of showing information
regarding the system, such as
– the installed applications,
– the drivers,
– the processor
• To use this application from the Start menu,
click All Programs, Accessories, System tools
and then choose System Information.

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System Information

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Restore System
• This tool is in charge of restoring the Windows
registry
• The system itself makes a copy of the registry every
once in a while
• So with this tool we can restore some of these
copies or we can generate a new copy of the current
registry when we are going to make important
changes to the configuration of the system

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Restore System
• To run this application select, from the Start menu, All programs,
Accesories and System Tools and then choose System Restore.
• This window gives you the possibility to either Restore my computer to
an earlier time or Create a restore point.

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Restore System

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Scheduled Tasks
• The Scheduled Tasks is used to schedule any
program to run at specific times.
• For example, schedule the use of the Disk Cleanup for
once a week
• To use this tool follow these steps:
• Click on Start.
• Display the menu All programs.
• Select the menu Accessories.
• Open the menu System Tools.
• Lastly select the option Scheduled Tasks.

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Adding or removing programs
• Windows has the Adding or removing programs tool,
because a program cannot be uninstalled by simply
deleting the files manually
• Click on the Start button and choose Control Panel
• Click on Add or Remove Programs option
• Click on Add New Programs.

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Configuring the Mouse
• Select the Control Panel from the Start menu.
• Double-click on the mouse icon and the Mouse
properties window will open

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Configuring the Screen
• Click with the right mouse button somewhere that has no
icons on the desktop and select the option Properties
• The Display properties window will appear where we can
change the configuration parameters
• The background or wallpaper
• Click on the tab labeled Desktop and choose a new
background or wallpaper from the list
– Centered: the image will appear in the center of the screen with its
real size.
– Tile: the image will appear with as many images as necessary to
fill the screen.
– Stretch: the image will appear once taking up the entire screen.

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Configuring the Screen

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The screensaver
• Sometimes the computer remains inactive a few minutes.
It is recommended to have a screensaver to avoid
having a still image on the screen too long because this
can damage the monitor.

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Searching
• Click Start
• Select on the menu Search.

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Searching
• The general search page will be displayed
as shown below.

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The Recycle Bin
• The Recycle Bin is nothing more than a space on the
hard disk reserved to store information that is deleted so
that in the event of deleting a file or folder by mistake it is
possible to retrieve it.
• To open the Recycle Bin place the cursor on Desktop
and double-click on the Recycle Bin icon.

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Restoring Files or Folders
• Restoring files or folders to their original location.
• To restore all of the elements from the Recycle Bin click
on the green arrow on the left side that says Restore all
items.
• If we only want to restore some of the elements:
– Select the elements to be restored by clicking on them.

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Deleting Files or Folders from the Recycle Bin
• Select the Elements to be deleted..
• Click on this will delete the selected
elements.

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Emptying the Recycle Bin
• Simply right click on the Recycle Bin icon
and a menu with the option Empty the
Recycle Bin.

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Installing a Printer
• Open the Start menu
• Select the option Printers and Faxes.
• If you do not have the option Printers and faxes on your
Start menu, you can also reach it through the Control
Panel, option Printers and other hardware.

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A screen like this one will appear

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• Now, click on the icon Add a printer to launch
the assistant that will help you install a printer.

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The Print Manager
• To manage the print manager you need to open the
appropriate window in the following manner:
• Go to Printers and faxes from the Start menu.
• Click on the printer that you would like to manage.
• On the left hand panel select See what is printing

92
Sharing a Printer
• To do this click on Printer and select Properties.
• After selecting Sharing tab we will see two options; as
shown in this example, you can launch the Network Setup
Wizard, or you can share the printer without launching the
assistant taking into account the risks that this entails.

93
Formatting a disk
• This is a useful tool if you want to delete all the content
of a disk and at the same time make sure it does not
have a virus.

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Freeing disk space
• This tool is very usefull since it
allows us to empty the disk of
information that we do not use,
– like temporary files, Internet files,
even files in the Recycle Bin
• Select All programs, next select
Accessories and then System
tools. Finally, select Disk
cleanup

95
Character map
• The character map is useful to insert symbols that we
do not have on the keyboard
• Click Start and select All Programs, then select
Accesories and then System tools; finally select
Character Map

96
Project Report
• Apple Mac OS
• LINUX
• IPhone
• Windows Mobile
• Blackberry

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