DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
DR. MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR
maheswarijaikumar2103@gmail.com

2. DISASTER
• DISASTER is “Any occurrence that
causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life or
deterioration of health & health
related services on a scale sufficient
to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected
community area”

3. HAZARD
• “Any phenomenon that has the
potential to cause disruption or
damage to people & their
environment”

4. CLASSIFICATION OF
DISASTERS
• 1. WATER & CLIMATE RELATED
DISASTERS
• 2. GEOLOGICAL RELATED
DISASTERS.

5. • 3. CHEMICAL, INDUSTRIAL &
NUCLEAR RELATED DISASTERS.
• 4. ACCIDENT RELATED
DISASTERS.
• 5. BIOLOGICAL RELATED
DISASTERS.

6. WATER & CLIMATE RELATED
DISASTERS
• Flood, Cyclone, Tornadoes,
Hurricanes, Hailstorm, Cloud
burst, Heat waves, Snow
avalanches, Droughts, Sea
erosion, Thunder & lightening.

7. GEOLOGICAL RELATED
DISASTERS
Land slides & mudflows,
Earthquakes, dam failures/Dam
burst, Minor fires, Tsunami.

8. CHEMICAL, INDUSTRIAL &
NUCLEAR RELATED DISASTERS
Chemical and industrial
disasters, Nuclear disasters.

9. ACCIDENT RELATED
DISASTERS.
Forest fires, Urban fires, Mine
flooding, Oil spills, Major
building collapse, Serial bomb
blast, Festival related disasters,
Electrical disasters & fires, Air,
road & rail accidents, Boat
capsizing, village fire, Stampede.

10. BIOLOGICAL RELATED
DISASTERS.
Biological disasters &
epidemics, Pest attacks,
Cattle epidemics, Food
poisoning.

11. RESULTS &CONSEQUENCES
OF DISASTER
1. Affect health & well being of
people.
2. Large number of people are
affected & displaced.
3. People are killed or injured.

12. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1.Disaster response.
2.Disasrer preparedness.
3.Disaster mitigation.

13. DISASTER CYCLE
DISASTER
IMPACT
RESPONSE
REHABILITATION
RECONSTRUCTION
MITIGATION
PREPARDNESS
RISK
REDUCTI
ON
PHASE RECOVE
RY
PHASE

16. I. DISASTER IMPACT &
RESPONSE
• Greatest need for emergency
care occurs in the first few hours.

17. • The management of mass
causalities can be further divided
into search & rescue, first aid,
triage & stabilization of victims,
hospital treatment & re
distribution of patients to other
hospitals if necessary.

18. SEARCH, RESCUE & FIRST
AID
FIELD CARE.
TRIAGE.
TAGGING.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE DEAD.

20. FIELD CARE

21. FIELD CARE
• Most injured persons converge
to the health care facility
spontaneously, using what ever
transport is available, regardless
of the facilities, operating status.

22. • This requires health care
resources be properly re directed
to this new priority.
• Moribund patients who require a
great deal of attention, with
questionable benefit, have the
lowest priority.

23. • Bed availability & surgical
services should be maximized.
• Provisions should be made for
food & shelter.

24. • A centre should be established
to respond to enquiries from
patient’s relatives & friends.
• Priority should be given to
victim’s identification &
adequate mortuary space should
be provided.

26. TRIAGE
• The principle of “first come, first
treated” is not followed in mass
emergencies.
• A system of TRIAGE is followed.

27. • Triage should be carried out at
the site of disaster in order to
determine transportation
priority & admission to the
hospital or treatment center.

28. • A system of triage is followed
when the quantity & severity of
injuries overwhelm the
operative capacity of health
facilities.

29. • Triage consists of rapidly
classifying the injured on the
basis of the severity of their
injuries & the likely hood of their
survival with prompt medical
treatment.

30. • High priority is granted to victims
whose immediate or long term
prognosis can be dramatically
affected by simple intensive care.

31. • Triage is the only approach that
can provide maximum benefit to
the greatest number of injured in
a major disaster situation.
• The most often used triage
system is the four colour code
system.

32. NEED OF THE DISASTER
TRIAGE
1. Inadequate resource to meet
immediate needs
2. Infrastructure limitations
3. Inadequate hazard preparation

33. 4. Limited transport capabilities
5. Multiple agencies responding
6. Hospital Resources
Overwhelmed

34. ADVANTAGES OF TRIAGE
1.Helps to bring order and
organization to a chaotic scene.
2.It identifies and provides care to
those who are in greatest need

35. 3. Helps make the difficult
decisions easier.
4. Assure that resources are used
in the most effective manner.
5. May take some of the
emotional burden away from
those doing triage.

36. TYPES OF TRIAGE
There are two types of triage:
1. SIMPLE TRIAGE
2. ADVANCED TRIAGE

37. SIMPLE TRIAGE
• Simple triage is used in a scene
of mass casualty, in order to sort
patients into those who need
critical attention and immediate
transport to the hospital and
those with less serious injuries.

38. • This step can be started before
transportation becomes available.
• The categorization of patients
based on the severity of their
injuries can be aided with the use
of printed triage tags or colored
flagging.

39. COLOURS USED IN
TRIAGE
• The colours used are :
• RED
• YELLOW
• GREEN
• BLACK

40. TRIAGE

41. Red indicates high
priority &
treatment or
transfer.
Yellow signals
medium priority,

42. Green indicated
ambulatory patients &
Black for dead or
moribund patients.

43. START
• S.T.A.R.T. (Simple Triage and
Rapid Treatment) is a simple
triage system that can be
performed by lightly trained lay
and emergency personnel in
emergencies.

45. TRIAGE CLASSSIFIES INJURED
PERSONS INTO FOUR GROUPS
0 – The deceased who are
beyond help.
1 – The injured who can be
helped by immediate
transportation.

46. 2 – The injured whose transport
can be delayed.
3 – Those with minor injuries,
who need help less urgently.

47. ADVANCED TRIAGE
• In advanced triage, doctors may
decide that some seriously
injured people should not
receive advanced care because
they are unlikely to survive.

48. • Advanced care will be used on
patients with less severe injuries.
Because treatment is
intentionally withheld from
patients with certain injuries,
advanced triage has an ethical
implication.

49. PRINCIPLES OF ADVANCED
TRIAGE
• Do the greatest good for the
greatest number.
• Preservation of life takes
precedence over preservation of
limbs.

50. ADVANCED TRIAGE CATEGORIES
CLASS I
• (EMERGENT) RED IMMEDIATE
Victims with serious injuries that
are life threatening but has a
high probability of survival if
they received immediate care.

51. They require immediate surgery or
other life-saving intervention,
and have first priority for surgical
teams or transport to advanced
facilities; they “cannot wait” but
are likely to survive with
immediate treatment.
Critical; life threatening—
compromised airway, shock,
hemorrhage.

52. CLASS II
(URGENT) YELLOW DELAYED
• Victims who are seriously injured
and whose life is not
immediately threatened; and
can delay transport and
treatment for 2 hours.

53. Their condition is stable for the
moment but requires watching
by trained persons and frequent
re-triage, will need hospital care
(and would receive immediate
priority care under “normal”
circumstances).
Major illness or injury;—open
fracture, chest wound

54. CLASS III
(NONURGENT) GREEN MINIMAL
• “Walking wounded,” the
casualty requires medical
attention when all higher
priority patients have been
evacuated, and may not require
monitoring.

55. Patients/victims whose care and
transport may be delayed 2
hours or more.
“minor injuries; walking
wounded—closed fracture,
sprain, strain”

56. CLASS IV
(EXPECTANT) BLACK EXPECTANT
• They are so severely injured
that they will die of their
injuries, possibly in hours or
days (large-body burns, severe
trauma, lethal radiation dose),

57. • ……..or in life-threatening
medical crisis that they are
unlikely to survive given the care
available (cardiac arrest, septic
shock, severe head or chest
wounds)

58. They should be taken to a holding
area and given painkillers as
required to reduce suffering.
Dead or expected to die—massive
head injury, extensive full-
thickness burns.”

59. • Persons with minor or moderate
injuries should be treated at
their own homes to avoid social
dislocation & the added drain on
resources of transporting them
to central facilities.

60. • The seriously injured should be
transported to hospitals with
specialized treatment facilities.

61. RPM CLASSIFICATION
CATEGORY (COLOR) : RPM INDICATORS
Critical (RED)
R = Respiratory rate > 30;
P = Capillary refill > 2
seconds;
M = Doesn’t obey commands

62. Urgent (YELLOW)
R < 30
P < 2 seconds
M = Obeys commands

63. Expectant: dead or dying (BLACK)
R = not breathing

65. TAGGING
• All victims should be identified
with tags stating their name, age,
place of origin, triage category,
diagnosis & initial treatment.

67. • Taking care of the dead is an
essential part of the disaster
management.
• A large number of dead can
impede the efficiency of the
rescue operation.

69. CARE OF THE DEAD

70. Care of dead includes :
1. Removal of the dead from the
disaster scene.
2. Shifting to the mortuary.
3. Identification

71. 4.Reception of bereaved relatives
& proper respect of the dead. ( If
human bodies contaminate wells
or other water sources as in
floods, they may transmit
gastroenteritis or food poisoning
to survivors.
5.The dead bodies represent a
delicate social problem.

73. II RELIEF
PHASE
This phase starts
when assistance
from outside starts
to reach the
disaster area.

74. The type & quantity of
humanitarian relief supplies are
determined by two factors.
1.The type of disaster.
2.Type & quantity of supplies
available locally.

75. Disaster managers must be prepared
to receive large quantities of
donations.
There four components in managing
humanitarian supplies.
1.Acquisition of supplies.
2.Transportation.
3.Storage.
4.Distribution.

76. INTERVENTIONS – RELIEF
PHASE
1. Epidemiological surveillance
& disease control.
2.Nutrition.
3.Vaccination.
4.Rehabilitation

77. • Displacement of domestic & wild
animals, who carry with them
zoonoses that can be
transmitted to humans as well as
to other animals. (Leptospirosis).

78. • Provision of emergency food,
water & shelter in disaster
situation from different or new
source may itself be a source of
infectious disease.

79. VACCINATION
• Mass vaccination programme is
to be organized, usually against
cholera, typhoid & tetanus.

80. • The pressure may be increased
by the press media & offer of
vaccines from abroad.
• Routine vaccination
programme may be organized
with camps with a large number
of children population.

81. NUTRITION
• A natural disaster may affect the
nutritional status of the
population by affecting one or
more components of food chain
depending on the type, duration
& the extent of the disaster.

82. Specially if vulnerable population
is more. (Pregnant mothers,
children)
Measures for an effective food
relief programme are :
1. Assessing the food supplies
after a disaster.

83. 2.Gauging the nutritional needs of
the affected population.
3.Calculated food rations & need
for large population groups.
4.Monitoring the nutritional
status of the affected
population.

84. REHABILITATION
• The final phase in a disaster
should lead to restoration of the
pre disaster conditions.
• Rehabilitation starts from the
very first day of disaster.

85. • Services should be reorganized &
re structured.
• Priorities will shift from health
care towards environmental
health measures, as follows.

86. WATER SUPPLY
• A survey of all water supply
should be made.
• This includes water source &
distribution system.

87. • It is important to determine
physical integrity of system
components, the remaining
capacities & bacteriological &
chemical quality of water
supplied.

88. • The main public safety aspect of
water quality is microbial
contamination.
• The first priority of ensuring
water quality in emergency
situations is chlorination.

89. TESTING

90. • It is the best way of disinfecting
the water.
• It is advisable to increase
residual chlorine level to about
0.2 – 0.5 mg /litre.

91. • Low water pressure increases
the risk of infiltration of
pollutants into water mains.
• Repaired mains, reservoirs &
other units require cleaning &
disinfection.

92. • Chemical contamination &
toxicity are a second concern in
water quality & potential
chemical contaminations have to
be identified & analyzed.
• The existing & new water sources
require the following protection
measures :

93. WATER CONTAMINATION

94. 1.Restrict access to people &
animals, if possible, erect a fence
& appoint a guard.
2.Ensure adequate excreta
disposal at a safe distance from
water source.

95. SAFE EXCRETA DISPOSAL

96. • 3.Prohibit bathing, washing &
animal husbandry, upstream if
intake points in rivers & streams.
• 4.Upgrade wells to ensure that
they are protected from
contamination.

97. 5.Estimate the maximum yield of
wells & if necessary, ration the
water supply. In many emergency
situations, water has to be
trucked to disaster site of camps.
6.All water tankers should be
inspected for fitness & be cleaned
& disinfected before transporting
water.

98. TESTING

99. FOOD SAFETY
• Poor hygiene is a major cause of
food – borne disease in disaster
situations.
• Kitchen sanitation is important
in the feeding camps.

100. • Personal
hygiene of
individuals
handling
food should
be
monitored.

101. BASIC SANITATION & FOOD
HYGIENE
• Many diseases spread through
fecal contamination of water &
food.
• Hence every effort should be
made to ensure the sanitary
disposal of excreta.

102. • Emergency latrines should be
made available to the displaced
where toilet facilities have been
destroyed.
• Washing, cleaning & bathing
facilities should be made
available for the displaced
persons.

103. VECTOR CONTROL
• Control programme for vector
borne diseases should be
intensified in the emergency &
rehabilitation period.
• Of special concern are malaria,
dengue fever, leptospirosis, plague.

104. RODENTS IN FLOOD WATERS

105. • Flood water
provides
ample
breeding
opportunities
for
mosquitoes.

106. III RESPONSE PHASE
1. Implementing plans.
2. Implementing disaster
legislation or declarations.
3. Issuing warnings

107. 4. Mobilizing resources.
5. Notifying public authorities.
6. Providing medical assistance.
7. Providing immediate relief.
8. Search and rescue.

108. IV RECOVERY PHASE
1. Myth that “things
go back to
normal in a couple
of weeks.”
-Psychological
effects may last a
lifetime

109. 2. Cost of recovery means loss of
opportunity for development.
3. Most need for financial and
material assistance is the
months after a disaster…but
forgotten by then ….

110. RECOVERY - Examples
1. Restore essential services.
2. Community rehabilitation.
3. Counselling.

111. 4. Temporary housing.
5. Financial support or assistance.
6. Health and safety information.
7. Long-term medical care.

112. 8. Physical restoration/re-
construction.
9. Public information.
10.Conducting economic impact
studies.

113. V. PREPAREDNESS

114. PREPAREDNESS: Planning
• Failure to plan is planning to fail”.
• Planning provides the
opportunity to network and
engage participants prior to the
event.

115. • Planning
provides the
opportunity to
resolve issues
outside of the
“heat of battle”.

116. PREPAREDNESS:
Surveillance
• Mechanisms to identify disease
trends.
• Mechanisms to monitor risks
including monitoring vector
disease e.g. Avian diseases.

117. • Influenza in birds.
• Diagnostic capabilities
Laboratories -Reporting of
infectious diseases

118. PREPAREDNESS
1. Community awareness and
education.
2. Disaster Plans.
3. Training and test exercises

119. 4. Disaster communications.
5. Mutual aid agreements.
6. Warning systems.
7. Resource inventories.

120. 8. Provision of special resources.
9. Evacuation plans.

121. TRAINING
• There is a need to do this better.
• Key area is decision making.
• Trained staff will make better
decisions.

122. PRINCIPLES OF
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

123. A PARADIGM SHIFT
ALL FOR ONE ONE FOR ALL

124. 1. Disaster management is the
responsibility of all spheres of
government.
2. Disaster management should
use resources that exist for a
day-to-day purpose.

125. 3. Organizations should function
as an extension of their core
business.
4. Individuals are responsible for
their own safety.

126. 5. Disaster management planning
should focus on large-scale
events.
6. Disaster management planning
should recognize the
difference between incidents
and disasters.

127. 7. Disaster management
operational arrangements are
additional to and do not
replace incident management
operational arrangements.

128. 8. Disaster management planning
must take account of the type of
physical environment and the
structure of the population.
9. Disaster management
arrangements must recognize the
involvement and potential role of
non-government agencies.

129. DISASTER NURSING
DEFINITION

130. • Disaster nursing can be defined
as “the adaptation of
professional nursing knowledge,
skills and attitude in recognizing
and meeting the nursing, health
and emotional needs of disaster
victims.”

131. PRINCIPLES OF
DISASTER NURSING
• The basic principles of nursing
during special (events)
circumstances and disaster
conditions include:

132. 1. Rapid assessment of the
situation and of nursing care
needs.
2.Triage and initiation of life-
saving measures first.

133. 3. The selected use of essential
nursing interventions and the
elimination of nonessential
nursing activities.
4. Evaluation of the environment
and the mitigation or removal
of any health hazards.

134. 5. Adaptation of necessary
nursing skills to disaster and
other emergency situations.
The nurse must use
imagination and
resourcefulness in dealing
with a lack of supplies,
equipment, and personnel.

135. 6. Prevention of further injury or
illness.
7. Leadership in coordinating
patient triage, care, and
transport during times of crisis.

136. 8. The teaching, supervision, and
utilization of auxiliary medical
personnel and volunteers.
9. Provision of understanding,
compassion, and emotional
support to all victims and their
families.

137. CHARATERISTICS OF A
GOOD DISASTER
INTERVENTION….
• IT MUST FOCUS ON KEY ISSUES
• Taking care of the most
vulnerable first

138. 1. Foster a culture of prevention.
2. Integration into development
Equity.
3. It must ensure community
involvement

139. 4. It must be driven in all spheres
of government.
5. It must be transparent and
inclusive.
6. It must accommodate local
conditions

140. 7. It must have legitimacy
8. It must be flexible and
adaptable.
9. It must be efficient and
effective.

141. 10.It must be affordable and
sustainable.
11.It must be needs-oriented and
prioritized.
12. It must be based on a multi-
disciplinary and integrated
approach

142. GOALS OF THE DISASTER
NURSING
• The overall goal of disaster
nursing is to achieve the best
possible level of health for the
people and the community
involved in the disaster.
• Other goals of disaster nursing
are the following:

143. 1.To meet the immediate basic
survival needs of
populations affected by
disasters (water, food, shelter,
and security).
2 To identify the potential for a
secondary disaster.

144. 3. To appraise both risks and
resources in the environment.
4.To correct inequalities in access
to health care or appropriate
resources.

145. 5. To empower survivors to
participate in and advocate for
their own health and well-
being.

146. 6. To respect cultural, lingual, and
religious diversity in
individuals and families and to
apply this principle in all
health promotion activities.

147. ROLE OF A NURSE
N- ursing Plans should be
integrated and coordinated.
U- pdate physical
and Psychological
preaparedness

148. R- esponsible for
Organizing,Teaching and
Supervision.
S- timulate Community
Participation.
E- xercise Competence.

149. D- isseminate information on the
prevention and control
of environmental Hazards.
I- nterpret health laws and
regulations.
S- erve yourself of self-survival.

150. S- election of Essential Care.
A- ccepts directions and take
orders from an organized
authority.
A- daptation of Skills to Situation

151. S- erve the best of the MOST.
T- each AUXILLARY personnel.
T- each the meaning of warning
signals

152. E- xercise leadership.
R- efer to appropriate agencies.

153. DISASTER TIMELINE AND NURSING
ACTION/ RSPONSIBILITIES

154. DISASTER
MITIGATION TOOLS

155. DISASTER MITIGATION TOOL
1. Health kit.
2. First Aid Medicine Kit.
3. School Kit.
4. Kit for Kids.
5. Domestic Kit.
6. Sewing Kit.
7. Cleaning & Utensils.
8. Individual Items for Disaster
mitigation.

156. HEALTH KIT
1 Hand towel.
2.1 Wash cloth.
3.1.Hair comb.
4.1 Nail clipper.
5.1 Bathing Soap.
6.Tooth brush, tooth paste.
7.Band aids.
8.Cloth line/Tie.

157. FIRST AID MEDICINE KIT
1. Sterile Gauze Pads (4x4) 50 pads.
2. Adhesive tape 6 rolls, ½” or 1x10 yds.
3. Triple antibiotic topical ointment 4
tubes.
4. Ferrous sulphate tab 500 tab -325mg.

158. 5. Children’s MVT with iron
chewable tab 500.
6. Adult MVT with iron-500 tabs.
7. Children’s acetaminophen
chewable tabs 300.
8. Asprin 325mg tabs.

159. 9. Antacids.
10. Mebebdazole /Thiabendazole.
11. Sulfamethoxazole / Trimethoprim
tabs.
12. Tetmosol soap.

160. 13. ORS packs.
14. Promethazine tabs.
15. Metronidazole – intestinal
amebiasis.
16.Antifungal cream.

161. 17. Rolled
bandages &
sterile gauze
pads (4x4) 50
pads, adhesive
tape rolls-6, ½”
or 1”x10 yds or
more.

162. SCHOOL KIT
1. Blunt scissors.
2. 2 pads of 8”x11” ruled paper.
3. Ruler
4. Pencil sharpener.
5. 6 unsharpened pencils with eraser.
6. Ereser.
7. Crayons.
8. Cloth bags.

163. KIT FOR KIDS
All items should be new.
1. 6 cloth diapers.
2. 2 shirts.
3. 2 baby wash cloths.
4. 2 gowns.
5. 1 sweater.
6. 2 receiving blankets.
7. Bundle the items with receiving
blankets & secure it with diaper pins.

164. DOMESTIC KIT
BEDDING PACK : 2 flat double bed
sheets,2 pillow cases,2 pillows,
other necessities (linen-sheets,
pillows, towels,blankets)

165. OTHERS
• Sewing kits, cleaning utensils,
cleaning supplies, paper
products, personal items.

166. FIELD WORK ELECTRICAL
TOOL

172. AFTER THE DISASTER
• “We need to ensure that we
learn from our experiences as
well as ensuring the well being
and recovery of our community.”

173. • Equipment Review
• Debriefing
• Review of Plans
• Documentation
• Education and Training
• Research

174. • Rehabilitation
• Restoration Function
• Safety Assessment
• Emotional Impact
• Recovery Process

175. • Rally.
• Group participation for
rebuilding efforts .
• Sensitization process.
• Community training
programmes

176. DISASTER & INDIA

177. TSUNAMI ZONES

178. LAND SLIDE ZONES

179. EARTHQUAKE ZONES

180. FLOOD ZONES

181. WIND & CYCLONE ZONES

182. HIERARCHY 0F DISASTER
MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

183. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
HEADED BY PM
STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY HEADED
BY CM
DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
HEADED BY COLLECTOR
BLOCK DISASTER MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE
HEADED BY BDO & NGO
VILLAGE COMMITTEE FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT-PANCHAYAT RAJ & COMMITTEE

185. AGENCIES/MINISTRIES &
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER AGENCY MINISTRY
Heat wave/Cold
wave/Cyclone
/Earthquake
Indian
Meteorological
Dept (IMD)
Earth Sciences
Tsunami Indian National
centre for
Oceanic
Information
System (INCOIS)
Earth Sciences

186. AGENCIES/MINISTRIES &
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER AGENCY MINISTRY
Land Slides Geological
Survey of
India (GSI)
Mines
Flood Central Water
Commission
(CWC)
Water
Resources

187. AGENCIES/MINISTRIES &
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER AGENCY MINISTRY
Avalanches Defence
Research &
Development
Organization
(DRDO)
Defence

188. LEGISLATION IN INDIA
• National cyclone mitigation
project.
• National Disaster Response Force.
(2005).
• National Earthquake Risk
Mitigation Project.

189. National Executive Committee Act
(2005).
State Disaster Management
Authority.
National Policy on Disaster
Management (2009).

190. ROLE OF NMDA IN
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
Specialist Response Teams.
Setting up of Search and Rescue
Teams in States.

191. Regional Response Centres.
Health Preparedness.
Hospital Preparedness and
Emergency Health Management
in Medical Education.

192. Incident Command System.
Emergency Support Function Plans.
India Disaster Resource Network.
Emergency Operation Centres.

193. National Emergency Operation
Centre (Multi mode & Multi
channel system, GPRS Etc).
National Emergency
Communication Network (polnet,
ISRO).

194. Strengthening of Fire Services.
Strengthening of Civil Defence.
Handling of Hazardous Materials.
Special Focus to Northeastern
States.

195. OTHER INSTITTIONAL
ARRANGEMENT
Armed Forces.
Central Parliamentary Forces.
State Police Force & Fire Services.

196. Civil Defense & Home Guards.
State Disaster Response Force.
 NCC, NSS, NYKS.
International Cooperation

197. INTERVENTIONS-NMDA
• Human Resources Development –
organising/sponsoring programmes
to enhance the awareness/skill of
Government functionaries at
Central, State and district level as
well as NGOs, CBOs, Panchayat
leaders for successful
implementation of disaster
reduction programmes.

198. • Research and Consultancy
Services.
• Documentation of major events
of Natural Calamities.
• Vulnerability assessment
projects.

199. • Establishment of National Centre
of Disaster Management.
• Creation of natural disaster
management faculties in the
State Level Training Institutes.

200. • Public Education and community
awareness programmes.
• Regional cooperation.

201. DISASTER WARNING
SYSTEM IN INDIA
Early Warning System : Cyclone
Forecasting
Indian Meteorological
Department (IMD) is mandated
to monitor and give warning.

202. Warnings regarding Tropical
Cyclone (TC). Monitoring process
has been.
Revolutionized by the advent of
remote sensing techniques

203. FLOOD FORCASTING
The Flood Forecasting involves the
following four main activities :-
(i) Observation and collection of
hydrological and hydro-
meteorological
data;

204. (ii) Transmission of Data to
Forecasting Centres.
(iii) Analysis of data and
formulation of forecast;
and.
(iv) Dissemination of forecast.

205. BEFORE FLOOD
Avoid building in a flood prone
area unless you elevate and
reinforce your home.
Elevate the furnace, water
heater, and electric panel if
susceptible to flooding.

206. Install "check valves" in sewer
traps to prevent floodwater from
backing up into the drains of your
home.
Contact community officials to find
out if they are planning to
construct barriers. (levees, beams,
floodwalls) to stop floodwater from
entering the homes in your area.

207.  Seal the walls in your basement
with waterproofing compounds
to avoid seepage

208. DURING A FLOOD
Listen to the radio or television for
information.
 Be aware that flash flooding can
occur. If there is any possibility of a
flash flood, move immediately to
higher ground. Do not wait for
instructions to move.

209. • Be aware of streams, drainage
channels, canyons, and other
areas known to flood suddenly.
Flash floods can occur in these
areas with or without such
typical warnings as rain, cloud or
heavy rain.

210. OTHER INTERVENTIONS
• Pl refer do’s & don’ts in Disaster.

211. DISASTER’ alphabetically
means:
D - Destructions
I - Incidents
S - Sufferings
A - Administrative, Financial Failures.
S - Sentiments
T - Tragedies
E - Eruption of Communicable diseases.
R - Research programme and its
implementation

212. THANK YOU Tsunami
warning