for textile engineers.

1. Scouring: Scouring is the process by which all natural and
additive impurities such as oil, wax, fat, hand dust etc. are
removed to produce hydrophilic and clean textile material. It is
one of the vital processes of wet processing.
Objects of Scouring:
To make the fabric highly hydrophilic.
To remove impurities such as oils, waxes, gum, husks as nearly
as possible.
To increase absorbency of fabric or textile materials without
physical and chemical damage.
To produce a clean material by adding alkali.
To make the fabric ready for next process.
To remove non-cellulosic substance in case of cotton.

2. Mechanism:
Saponification:
The vegetable oil, which is immiscible with water, is glyceride
of fatty acids. When such oils are heated with a solution of
sodium hydroxide in water, the oil splits up into its
constituents-fatty acid and glycerine. Glycerine is miscible with
water easily and the fatty acids reacts with sodium hydroxide
present in the solution forming its sodium salt i.e.soap which is
also soluble in water. Thus oil is removed.
Emulsification:
Wax and non saponifiable oils are removed by emulsification
as they are immiscible in water. Normal washing soap is used
as a emulsifying agent which makes emulsion of them.

3. The changes occurring of cotton fibers during scouring:
Saponifiable oils and free fatty acids are converted into soaps.
Pectins and pectoses are converted into soluble salts of pectic
acid.
Proteins are degraded to simple soluble amino acids or
ammonia.
Mineral matters are mostly dissolved.
Non-saponifiable oils are emulsified by the soluble soaps
generated from the saponifiable oils.
Additive dirts are removed.
Residual sizing materials are broken down into soluble
products.

4. Scouring process depends on:
The type of cotton.
The color of cotton.
The cleanliness of cotton.
The twist and count of the yarn.
The construction of the fabric.
 The shade % and type of shade of finished product.

5. CHEMICALS USED IN
SCOURING PROCESS
Main chemicals Use
Caustic soda Neutralize acidic materials,
saponify glycerides (waxes and
oil),solubilise silicates
Surfactants Reduce surface tension &
minimize interfacial tension.
Detergents Emulsify oil, fats, waxes and
remove oil-borne stains.
Chelating agent Deactivate metal ions.
Sodium silicate Penetrate & break drown
lignins
Soda ash Maintain pH
Solvent Assist emulsification by
dissolving oily materials.

6. FORM OF SCOURING
Yarn scouring:
Hank form
Package form
Continuous sheet warp form.
Fabric scouring:
Open width form :
 Jigger
 Pad batch
 Progressive jig
Rope form
Kier
 Washer.

7. Scouring process:
Batch process.
Semi – continuous process.
Discontinuous process.
Modern process.

8. Scouring methods of Cotton:
Generally, there are two principle methods of cotton
scouring.
Discontinuous (Kier boiling process or winch dyeing
machine)
Continuous (Scouring in J or L box)

9. Kier boiler process/ Scouring of cotton fabric in Batch
process/ discontinuous process:
In this process of cotton scouring, the fabric is scoured
in rope form, by alkali liquor.
Kier means specially constructed large cylindrical iron
vessel. The kier boiler may be-
a. horizontal(yarn scouring)
b. vertical(fabric scouring).
Kier boiler capacity: maximum 5ton, but in industrially
2-3 ton kier boiler is very popular.

10. Standard Recipe: The amount of different chemicals used in
a kier boiler may vary according to
Hardness of water.
Quality / Quantity of cotton.
Fabric construction/ texture, yarn twist etc.
But in generally, the following amounts of the chemical are
used.
Caustic Soda (Strong)→ 2-5% owf
Soda ash (mild)→ 0.3-0.5%
Sequestering agent→0.05-0.5%
Wetting agent→ 0.25-1.0%
M:L→1:4 to1:5
Temp→100˚C-120˚C


11. Main parts of kier boiler:
Cylindrical vessel
Mixing tank(liquor prepared according to recipe)
Multi tubular heat exchanger(heating the liquor)
Perforated false bottom
Circular tube(spray liquor on fabric)

12. WORKING PROCEDURE

13. The fabric is loaded in the m/c and kept in rope form.
The hot liquor is pumped and sprayed by circular tube
on to the fabric
The liquor passes slowly over the packed cloth and
collects at the false bottom of the kier.
The liquor again pumped into the heater by a
centrifugal pump and this cycle is repeated
After scouring ,the fabric is washed with 800C water to
remove impurities on the fabric

14. Continuous scouring process of cotton (Scouring in J-
box)The scouring vessel is looks like the English letter ‘J’
hence, this process is called j box process. In the process,
desizing, scouring and bleaching can be performed at a
time.
Standard recipe
Alkali (NaOH) 4-5gm/L
Wetting agent +Detergent 4-5gm/L
M:L 1:3
Pick up 90-100%
Impregnation Temp 70-800C
Impregnation Time 45-90sec
Storing time in J-box 2-4hr
Temperature in J-box 102-105oC

15. Process: The working process in J-box can be divided into
four units. There are
Impragnaion box
Pre – heater.
J – box.
Washing unit.
Impragnaion box: The fabric is passed through the guide
roller and immersed into the solution at temperature 70˚C –
80˚C for about 40-90 sec
Pre heater: Material is passed into the thermostatic
controlling system at temperature 90˚C – 100˚C for 30 sec
J-box: In j-box, fabric is stored in this solution of NaOH for
about 1-4 hrs at a temperature of 102˚C.

17. CH2-OOC-C17H33 CH2-OH
CH2-OH + 3C17H33COONa
CHOOC-C17H33 + NaOH
CH2-OH Sodium salt
CH2-OOC-C17H33
Washing unit: The impurities are removed here. First the
materials are washed in hot water then cold water.

18. Scouring process of silk:
Impurities present in silk:
Sericin up to 30% (main impurities)
Mineral matter 

Coloring matter. 1 − 1.5%
Traces of waxes, fats 

The removing of above impurities in silk are called de-
gumming.

19. Principle:
In Silk, there is protein which is damaged by alkali, so for
scouring soap wash is done. The main impurities of silk are
one kind of gum which is soluble in hot soap solution. During
soap washing, alkali is produced which reacts with carboxyl
group of sericine and convert it into soluble form and
remove impurities.
The different types of silk on the basis of scouring:
Ecru silk: Ecru silk is obtained by removing of 3-4%
impurities (Sericin)

20. Soap solution 2-3%
Temp Room temperature
Time 40-60 min
Used for warp yarn and for dark shade
2. Souple silk: Souple silk is obtained by removing of 10% impurities
(Sericin)
Soap solution 10%
Temp Room temperature
Time 1-2 hrs.
Used for medium shade

21. 3. Boiled off silk:
Sericin is removed up to 30%
This process required two bath processes:
1st Bath 2nd Bath
Soap solution 30% 10-15%
Temp 90-950C 95˚C
Time 60-90mins. 1-3 hrs
Soda ash 1-2%
Used for white and light shade

22. Scouring of Jute: (Bast fibre)
Bast fibre, jute, linen etc. are multicellular fiber, having
polygonal shape. The cells are cemented with each other by
lignin which is non-cellulosic unit and is about 11-14%.
If strong alkali is used for jute scouring, its strength is
reduced as lignin is removed and cells are separated. So,
mild alkali is used in jute scouring at low temperature.

23. Standard recipe
Na2CO3 4-6gm
Wetting agent + Detergent 0.5-1gm/ltr
Water softening agent 0.5-1.0gm/ltr
M:L 1:15-1:20
Temp Boiling(1000C)
Time 2-4 hrs.

24. Assessment of scouring:/Absorbency test:
1. Drop/Spot test:
 In a pipette a solution of0.1% direct red or Congo red is
taken and droplet of solution put on the different places of the
fabric. Then the absorption time of the fabric is observed.
The standard time for the absorption of one drop of solution
is 0.5-0.8 sec up to 1 sec.

25. Good scouring
Uniform scouring
Uneven scouring

26. Souring:
The treatment/the process by which the fabric, after
processing with alkali or scouring, is treated with Acetic
Acid, Hydrochloric acid or dilute H2SO4 for removing alkali
or neutralization of alkali is souring.

27. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SCOURING AND SOURING
Scouring Souring
1. To remove oil, waxes gum 1. Not to remove any
soluble impurities. impurities, only for alkali
neutralization.
1. Scouring is done in alkali • Souring is done dilute
solution. HCl or H2SO4
1. Required heat to boiling. 1. No need of heat.
1. Need of definite time. 1. No need of definite time.