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Reshaping the Research Library:
                         Some Observations on the
University of Maryland
    28 April 2011
                         Future of Academic Collections


                            Constance Malpas
                            Program Officer, OCLC Research
Roadmap



 [OCLC Research]

 • A framework for academic collections

 • Some remarks on libraries & the higher education landscape

 • Emerging infrastructure and its impact on the organization
   of academic libraries

 • University of Maryland libraries in a system-wide context
OCLC Research: what we do



  Supports global cooperative by providing internal data
  and process analyses to inform enterprise service
  development (R&D) and deploying collective research
  capacity to deepen public understanding of the evolving
  library system

 Special focus on libraries in research institutions:
  in US, libraries supporting doctoral-level education account for
  <20% of academic libraries;>70% of library spending

  changes in this sector impact library system as a whole;
  collective preservation and access goals, shared infrastructure, &c.
OCLC Research: who we are



 • ~45 FTE with offices in Ohio, California and (soon) Leiden

 • Sponsored by OCLC and a partnership of research libraries
   around the world that share:
    • A strong motivation to effect system-wide change

    • A commitment to collaboration as a means of achieving collective gains

    • A desire to engage internationally

    • Senior management ready to provide leadership within the transnational
      research library community

    • Deep and rich collections and a mandate to make them accessible

    • The capacity and the will to contribute
OCLC Research: current portfolios
System-wide organization



 Research theme addresses “big picture” questions about the
 future of libraries in the network environment; implications
 for collections, services, institutions embedded in complex
 networks of collaboration, cooperation and exchange

 • Characterization of the aggregate library resource
     Collections, services, user behaviors, institutional profiles

 • Re-organization of individual libraries in network context
     Institutions adapting to changes in system-wide organization

 • Re-organization of the library system in network context
     “Multi-institutional” library framework, collective adaptation
Collections Grid
                                                    In many         Open Web
        Purchased materials
       Licensed E-Resources                        collections      Resources


                                            Licensed




                       Purchased
      High                                                                Low
   Stewardship                                                        Stewardship




         Special Collections                         In few      Research & Learning
                                                                      Materials
          Local Digitization                       collections

Credit: Dempsey, Childress (OCLC Research. 2003)
Library attention and investment are shifting
                                            In many
                                           collections

                                   Licensed
                               Less attention



                       Purchased
                       High attention                    Occasional
      High                                                                Low
   Stewardship                                                        Stewardship
                                      Limited
                                    Limited          Aspirational
                                                     Intentional




                                             In few
                                           collections
OCLC Research, 2010.
Academic institutions are driving this change

                                               In Many
                                              Collections

                                   Licensed                 Redirection of library
                                                                  resource



                       Purchased
      High                                                       +5 yrs                  Low
                               today
   Stewardship                                                                       Stewardship




                                                In Few
                                              Collections
OCLC Research, 2010.
Change in Academic Collections



 • Shift to licensed electronic content is accelerating
     Research journals – a well established trend
     Scholarly monographs – in progress

 • Print collections delivering less (and less) value at great (and
   growing) cost
     Est. $4.25 US per volume per year for on-site collections
     Library purchasing power decreasing as per-unit cost rises

 • Special collections marginal to educational mandate at many
   institutions
     Costly to manage, not (always) integral to teaching, learning
An Equal and Opposite Reaction


As an increasing share of library spending is directed
toward licensed content . . .

         Pressure on print management costs increases


Fewer institutions to uphold preservation mandate


                Stewardship roles must be reassessed


  Shared service requirements will change
What factors are driving this change?



 • Erosion of library value proposition in academic sector
  institutional reputation no longer determined (or even
  substantially influenced) by scope, scale of local print collection

 • Changing nature of scholarly record
  research, teaching and learning embedded in larger social and
  technological networks; new set of curation challenges

 • Format transition; mass digitization of legacy print
  Web-scale discoverability has fundamentally changed research
  practices; local collections no longer the center of attention
A critical question



 What operational changes will enable significant redirection
  of library resource from acquisition and inventory
  management
    • Bringing the ‘outside in’

 Toward more effective disclosure, discovery and (re)use of
  locally distinctive teaching/learning assets
    • Moving the ‘inside out’

  A renovation of the library service portfolio that supports more
   direct engagement with the research, teaching and learning
                     mission of the university
As transaction costs fall, so do boundaries



                                 Core library operations
                                    are moving “outside”
                                    institutional boundaries

                                     cooperative cataloging
                                     ILL, resource sharing
                                     approval plans
                                     digital preservation
                                     . . . print management

                                   creating room for more
                                   distinctive library services
Boundary work at the University of Maryland


Cooperative sourcing for ‘core business’ operations:
    Consolidation of cataloging operations into metadata services;
    exploring cooperative collections storage with regional
    partners; HathiTrust; Kuali OLE; WorldCatUM … OCLC RLP

      From infrastructure to customer relationship management:
         Terrapin Learning Commons provides space and services adapted to
         today’s student expectations; explicit commitment to aligning
         library strategic plan to institutional priorities; cultivating and
         projecting powerful student faculty connections to the library

A new emphasis on innovation and moving ‘into the flow’:
 Maximizing integration of library collections and services into course-
 management; increasing digitization and web-scale presence,
 repositioning institutional repository to emphasize relevance to
 scholarly work
A long-term, system-wide trend


                                               US Academic Library Expenditures
                                        vs. Total Spending on Post-Secondary Education
               $400,000,000                                                                                                     3.00%

               $350,000,000
                                                                                                                                2.50%
               $300,000,000
                                                                                                                                2.00%
               $250,000,000

               $200,000,000                                                                                                     1.50%

               $150,000,000
                                                                                          $6.8 billion in 2008                  1.00%
               $100,000,000
                                                                                                                                0.50%
                $50,000,000

                          $0                                                                                                    0.00%




                             Aggregate US Spending on Post-Secondary Education      US Library Operating Exp. as % of Ed. Spending

OCLC Research. Derived from data reported in NCES Digest of Education Statistics: 2008.
Shift in provision of higher education
                                                  Distribution of Post-Secondary Educational Institutions
                                             Distribution in Post-Secondary Educational Institutions
                                                          of the United States by Source of Funding
                                                                                      (derived from NCES data)
                                                                      in the United States by Source of Funding
                                                                                              Limited reliance on library infrastructure
                               3,000
         No. of Institutions




                               2,500
                               2,000                                                                                                                     For P
                               1,500                                                                                                                     Public
                               1,000                                                                                                                     Privat
                                                                                  Distribution of Post-Secondary Educational Institutions
                                500                                                      in the United States by Source of Funding
                                                                                                 (derived from NCES data)
                                    0
                                                                   3,000
                                             No. of Institutions
                                        01

                                                                   02

                                                                             03

                                                                                         04

                                                                                                   05

                                                                                                             06

                                                                                                                       07

                                                                                                                                 08
                                                                   2,500
                                       0

                                                        0

                                                                              0

                                                                                        0

                                                                                                  0

                                                                                                            0

                                                                                                                      0

                                                                                                                                0
                                    -2

                                                     -2

                                                                           -2

                                                                                     -2

                                                                                               -2

                                                                                                         -2

                                                                                                                   -2

                                                                                                                             -2
                                                                   2,000                                                                For Profit
                                00


                                                        1

                                                                      02

                                                                                  03

                                                                                            04

                                                                                                      05

                                                                                                                06

                                                                                                                            07
                                           0




                                                                   1,500                                                                Public
                               20

                                        20

                                                                   20

                                                                              20

                                                                                          20

                                                                                                    20

                                                                                                             20

                                                                                                                       20
                                                                   1,000                                                                Private Not-for-Profit
OCLC Research. Derived from data reported in NCES Digest of Education Statistics: 2008.
                                       500
                                                                      0
A limited population, growing economic pressure

                                        US Academic Libraries & Operating Expenditures
                                                          1977-2008
                                                        Operating Expenditures     Libraries
           $8,000,000                                                                          4,500

           $7,000,000                                                                          4,000

                                                                                               3,500
           $6,000,000
                                                                                               3,000
           $5,000,000
                                                                                               2,500
      x 1000




           $4,000,000
                                                                                               2,000
           $3,000,000
                                                                                               1,500
           $2,000,000
                                                                                               1,000
                                  Increasing expense, decreasing purchasing power
           $1,000,000                                                                          500

                  $0                                                                           0



OCLC Research. Derived from data reported in NCES Digest of Education Statistics: 2008.
In US research libraries, a tipping point …

                                               100

                                                                           Majority of research libraries shifting toward
                                               90
                                                                               e-centric acquisitions, service model
Licensed Content as % of Library Materials $




                                               80


                                               70          Center of gravity
                                                                                                                          >75% in 2009-2010
                                               60


                                               50


                                               40


                                               30
                                                                                                                                                   Harvard
                                               20                                                                                       Yale
                                               10
                                                           Shrinking pool of libraries with mission and resources
                                                           to sustain print preservation as a ‘core’ operation
                                                 0
                                                     $-   $5,000,000   $10,000,000     $15,000,000   $20,000,000   $25,000,000    $30,000,000   $35,000,000   $40,000,000

                                                                                     Library Materials Expenditures (2007-2008)
                                                                                                               OCLC Research. Derived from ARL Annual Statistics, 2007-2008
… the books have left the building

                                              140,000,000

                                                               In North America, +70M volumes off-site (2007)
                                              120,000,000      ~30-50% of print inventory at many major universities
Built Capacity in Volume Equivalents (2007)




                                              100,000,000

                                                                    xx Vols. Off-site at UMCP?
                                               80,000,000



                                               60,000,000



                                               40,000,000



                                               20,000,000

                                                                     Growth in library storage infrastructure
                                                       0
                                                            1982 1986 1987 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
                                                                                                                                     Derived from L. Payne (OCLC, 2007)
It‟s not about space, but priorities



 • If the physical proximity of print collections had a
   demonstrable impact on researcher productivity, no
   university would hesitate to allocate prime real estate to
   library stacks

 • In a world where print was the primary medium of
   scholarly communication, a large local inventory was a
   hallmark of academic reputation

               We no longer live in that world.
Cloud-sourcing Research Collections (2009/10)


 • Case study in de-composition of library service bundle:
   externalization of print repository functions
 • Data-mining Hathi and WorldCat to determine where cost-
   effective reductions in print inventory can be achieved for
   individual libraries (micro-economic context)
 • Characterizing optimal service profile for shared
   print/digital service providers; collective market for
   service (macro-economic context)
 • Exploring social and economic infrastructure
   requirements; technical infrastructure a
   separate, secondary challenge
A global change in the library environment

                                  60%
                                            Academic print book collection already substantially
                                                 duplicated in mass-digitized book corpus
                                  50%

                                                                                                           June 2010
% of Titles in Local Collection




                                                                                                    Median duplication: 31%
                                  40%




                                  30%




                                  20%



                                                                                                           June 2009
                                  10%
                                                                                                    Median duplication: 19%

                                  0%
                                        0        20        40            60                    80           100          120
                                                         Rank in 2008 ARL Investment Index
OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data, Jun 2009 – Jun 2010.
Mass-digitized books in print repositories

                                                                                                                       ~3.5M titles
                        3,500,000

                                       ~75% of mass digitized corpus is ‘backed up’ in
                        3,000,000
                                       one or more shared print repositories
                                                                                                                                 ~2.5M
                        2,500,000
        Unique Titles




                        2,000,000



                        1,500,000



                        1,000,000



                         500,000



                                0
                                     Sep-09    Oct-09    Nov-09   Dec-09      Jan-10   Feb-10   Mar-10    Apr-10   May-10    Jun-10

                           Mass digitized books in Hathi digital repository      Mass digitized books in shared print repositories
OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data, Jun 2009 – Jun 2010.
Prediction


 Within the next 5-10 years, focus of shared print archiving
 and service provision will shift to monographic collections
 • large scale service hubs will provide low-cost print
   management on a subscription basis;
 • reducing local expenditure on print operations, releasing
   space for new uses and facilitating a redirection of library
   resources;
 • enabling rationalization of aggregate print collection and
   renovation of library service portfolio

       Mass digitization of retrospective print collections
                     will drive this transition
A third of titles held in UMCP Libraries are
duplicated in the HathiTrust Digital Library

~2.5 million University of Maryland, College Park (UMC) holdings in WorldCat



                                                94,421 titles




                                                683,868 titles




                           ~778K (31%) duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library
Subject distribution of UMCP-owned titles
   duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library
                   Unknown Classification
           Communicable Diseases & Misc.
                 Health Facilities, Nursing
                 Medicine By Body System
          Physical Education & Recreation
                       Preclinical Sciences
                             Anthropology
                                 Chemistry
                                Psychology
                                  Medicine
                    Medicine By Discipline
                                Agriculture
                                                           Represents approximately
                           Performing Arts
                        Computer Science                     9 miles of library shelf space
              Geography & Earth Sciences
                                        Law
        Health Professions & Public Health
                                                             1 mile if restricted to public domain
                              Mathematics
                        Biological Sciences
                         Physical Sciences
                                 Education
               Library Science, Reference
                          Political Science
                                  Sociology
                                                                                                         Full view
                                      Music
                     Philosophy & Religion
                Engineering & Technology
                                                                                                         Search only
                        Art & Architecture
                  Government Documents
                     Business & Economics
              History & Auxiliary Sciences
        Language, Linguistics & Literature

                                              0   20,000    40,000   60,000       80,000      100,000   120,000   140,000   160,000
 N = 778,289 titles                                                           Titles / Editions

OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshots. Data current as of April 2011.
Stewardship and sustainability:
                           a pragmatic view


 Using recent life-cycle adjusted cost model* for library print collections,

            $4.25 per volume per year --- on campus
            $ .86 per volume per year -– in high-density storage

 the University of Maryland is spending between

   [778,289 titles * $.86 =] $670K to $3.3M [=778,289 titles * $4.25 ] annually

 to retain local copies of content preserved in the HathiTrust Digital Library


The library is not financially accountable for these costs
       but it is responsible for managing them

 *Paul Courant and M. “Buzzy” Nielson, “On the Cost of Keeping a Book” in The Idea of Order (CLIR, 2010)
System-wide print distribution of UMCP titles
   duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library




                      Market for shared print provision increases




                              Value of Hathi preservation increases



 N = 778,289 titles
OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data. Data current as of April 2011.
Time for a game!



 • If you had to guess what percentage of titles in the UMCP
   library collection were unique, would you say…
      A) 10% or more

      B) 5-10%

      C) Fewer than 5%
The „big reveal‟




                   ~90K uniquely held titles
How HathiTrust adds value at UMCP


 UMCP holdings [eventually] contributed to HathiTrust
  Increased visibility, accessibility
  Shared investment in repository infrastructure

 HathiTrust content not held by UMCP
  Extends local collection at reduced cost

 UMCP-owned content duplicated in Hathi
  Redirection of local print management
  Reduces costs as inventory is rationalized
  Supports reconfiguration of library space & service portfolio
1) UMCP (potential) contribution to HathiTrust




                                   This title held by 5 libraries




                                  UMCP collections deliver
                                  more value in web-scale
                                  environment


                                Incomplete run contributed by
                                Princeton University, cf. UMCP
                                digitized volumes in Internet
                                Archive include 1860, 1863-
                                1864, 1870-1871 etc.
2) Public domain content not held by UMCP




                           This edition held by 17 libraries

                                 [None within Maryland]


                         Source via ILL @ ~$20 / transaction?
                         Or offer free download?

                         As the library works to align collections
                         with waxing and waning curricular
                         interests, just-in-time fulfillment may
                         become the norm
3) UMCP-owned title duplicated in HathiTrust




                           334 WorldCat holdings on this edition




                           Increased discoverability & access
                           Reduce wear & tear on local copy
                           Opportunity to de-duplicate?
It all adds up: ROI for shared infrastructure

                                     HathiTrust titles duplicated at UMCP   HathiTrust Public Domain Titles NOT held by UMCP
                        1,000,000                                                                                              60,000


                         900,000


                         800,000    Content UMCP can now                                                                       50,000

                                           manage more efficiently
                         700,000
                                                                                                                               40,000




                                                                                                                                        Linear Feet of Shelving
                         600,000
     Title / Editions




                         500,000                                                                                               30,000

                                                                            Content UMCP can now
                         400,000
                                                                                 source at lower cost                          20,000
                         300,000

                         200,000
                                                                                                                               10,000
                         100,000


                               0                                                                                               0




OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data. Data current as of April 2011
As private institutions look to
‘tuition discounting’ to maintain
undergraduate enrollment:

… increased scrutiny of direct
costs of traditional infrastructure
including the library

… increased reliance (tacit or
explicit) on infrastructure
provided by larger institutions

While publicly funded universities
struggle to maintain level funding
and enrollments

 2010-2011 tuition @
 McDaniel = $33,280 [$19,170]
 UMD =      $ 4,208/$12,415
In this context the true cost of
  library infrastructure really
            matters!
Entrepreneurial opportunities?




University of Michigan, University of Minnesota have partnerships with Walden
 University of Alabama, Huntsville has a partnership with Kaplan
  Etc.
Academic libraries in Maryland:
       a common trajectory, different timelines

                Private liberal arts        Community College            Public non-ARL           Private ARL     Public ARL
    80%


    70%

               The next few years are critical
    60%

                                                                 Jan „12                                Mar „13           Sep „13
    50%


    40%
                                                                                 *                                *            *
    30%


    20%


    10%


     0%




OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data. Data current as of April 2011
UMCP as Shared Print supplier?


    ~ 247K McDaniel College (WTY) Library holdings in WorldCat




                                                                                                     Represents
                                                                                                     ~1 mile of
                                                                                                     shelving at
                                                                                                     McDaniel




                                                 ~ 100K (41%) duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library
OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshots. Data current as of April 2011.
UMCP as Shared Print client?


   ~2.5 million University of Maryland, College Park (UMC) holdings in WorldCat



                                                                                         94,421 titles   Represents
                                                                                                         ~4 miles of
                                                                                                         shelving at
                                                                                                         UMCP
                                                                                        683,868 titles




                                                   ~778K (31%) duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library
OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshots. Data current as of April 2011.
A vision of the future



 University of Maryland College Park will . . .
 • fulfill its preservation mandate by partnering with regional
   and national partners to ensure sustainable stewardship of
   shared print and digital repositories
 • provide faculty, students and citizens of Maryland with
   access to an increasingly broad array of legacy and current
   content by sourcing content by the most efficient means
 • enhance the University‟s teaching and research reputation
   by supporting the process of scholarship, increasing the
   visibility and impact of locally created content
Academic print: it‟s not the end . . .



                                                         but it’s no longer the means

                                                         Ongoing redefinition of scholarly
                                                          function and value of print

                                                             will entail some loss

                                                              and some gain in library relevance




“Archive of the available past” photograph by Joguldi.
  Abandoned books at the Detroit Central
  School Book Depository (6 May 2009) Flickr
Thanks for your attention.



      Comments, Questions?
        Constance Malpas
        malpasc@oclc.org
          @ConstanceM

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Reshaping the Research Library: Some Observations on the Future of Academic Collections

  • 1. Reshaping the Research Library: Some Observations on the University of Maryland 28 April 2011 Future of Academic Collections Constance Malpas Program Officer, OCLC Research
  • 2. Roadmap [OCLC Research] • A framework for academic collections • Some remarks on libraries & the higher education landscape • Emerging infrastructure and its impact on the organization of academic libraries • University of Maryland libraries in a system-wide context
  • 3. OCLC Research: what we do Supports global cooperative by providing internal data and process analyses to inform enterprise service development (R&D) and deploying collective research capacity to deepen public understanding of the evolving library system Special focus on libraries in research institutions: in US, libraries supporting doctoral-level education account for <20% of academic libraries;>70% of library spending changes in this sector impact library system as a whole; collective preservation and access goals, shared infrastructure, &c.
  • 4. OCLC Research: who we are • ~45 FTE with offices in Ohio, California and (soon) Leiden • Sponsored by OCLC and a partnership of research libraries around the world that share: • A strong motivation to effect system-wide change • A commitment to collaboration as a means of achieving collective gains • A desire to engage internationally • Senior management ready to provide leadership within the transnational research library community • Deep and rich collections and a mandate to make them accessible • The capacity and the will to contribute
  • 6. System-wide organization Research theme addresses “big picture” questions about the future of libraries in the network environment; implications for collections, services, institutions embedded in complex networks of collaboration, cooperation and exchange • Characterization of the aggregate library resource Collections, services, user behaviors, institutional profiles • Re-organization of individual libraries in network context Institutions adapting to changes in system-wide organization • Re-organization of the library system in network context “Multi-institutional” library framework, collective adaptation
  • 7. Collections Grid In many Open Web Purchased materials Licensed E-Resources collections Resources Licensed Purchased High Low Stewardship Stewardship Special Collections In few Research & Learning Materials Local Digitization collections Credit: Dempsey, Childress (OCLC Research. 2003)
  • 8. Library attention and investment are shifting In many collections Licensed Less attention Purchased High attention Occasional High Low Stewardship Stewardship Limited Limited Aspirational Intentional In few collections OCLC Research, 2010.
  • 9. Academic institutions are driving this change In Many Collections Licensed Redirection of library resource Purchased High +5 yrs Low today Stewardship Stewardship In Few Collections OCLC Research, 2010.
  • 10. Change in Academic Collections • Shift to licensed electronic content is accelerating Research journals – a well established trend Scholarly monographs – in progress • Print collections delivering less (and less) value at great (and growing) cost Est. $4.25 US per volume per year for on-site collections Library purchasing power decreasing as per-unit cost rises • Special collections marginal to educational mandate at many institutions Costly to manage, not (always) integral to teaching, learning
  • 11. An Equal and Opposite Reaction As an increasing share of library spending is directed toward licensed content . . . Pressure on print management costs increases Fewer institutions to uphold preservation mandate Stewardship roles must be reassessed Shared service requirements will change
  • 12. What factors are driving this change? • Erosion of library value proposition in academic sector institutional reputation no longer determined (or even substantially influenced) by scope, scale of local print collection • Changing nature of scholarly record research, teaching and learning embedded in larger social and technological networks; new set of curation challenges • Format transition; mass digitization of legacy print Web-scale discoverability has fundamentally changed research practices; local collections no longer the center of attention
  • 13. A critical question What operational changes will enable significant redirection of library resource from acquisition and inventory management • Bringing the ‘outside in’ Toward more effective disclosure, discovery and (re)use of locally distinctive teaching/learning assets • Moving the ‘inside out’ A renovation of the library service portfolio that supports more direct engagement with the research, teaching and learning mission of the university
  • 14. As transaction costs fall, so do boundaries Core library operations are moving “outside” institutional boundaries cooperative cataloging ILL, resource sharing approval plans digital preservation . . . print management creating room for more distinctive library services
  • 15. Boundary work at the University of Maryland Cooperative sourcing for ‘core business’ operations: Consolidation of cataloging operations into metadata services; exploring cooperative collections storage with regional partners; HathiTrust; Kuali OLE; WorldCatUM … OCLC RLP From infrastructure to customer relationship management: Terrapin Learning Commons provides space and services adapted to today’s student expectations; explicit commitment to aligning library strategic plan to institutional priorities; cultivating and projecting powerful student faculty connections to the library A new emphasis on innovation and moving ‘into the flow’: Maximizing integration of library collections and services into course- management; increasing digitization and web-scale presence, repositioning institutional repository to emphasize relevance to scholarly work
  • 16. A long-term, system-wide trend US Academic Library Expenditures vs. Total Spending on Post-Secondary Education $400,000,000 3.00% $350,000,000 2.50% $300,000,000 2.00% $250,000,000 $200,000,000 1.50% $150,000,000 $6.8 billion in 2008 1.00% $100,000,000 0.50% $50,000,000 $0 0.00% Aggregate US Spending on Post-Secondary Education US Library Operating Exp. as % of Ed. Spending OCLC Research. Derived from data reported in NCES Digest of Education Statistics: 2008.
  • 17. Shift in provision of higher education Distribution of Post-Secondary Educational Institutions Distribution in Post-Secondary Educational Institutions of the United States by Source of Funding (derived from NCES data) in the United States by Source of Funding Limited reliance on library infrastructure 3,000 No. of Institutions 2,500 2,000 For P 1,500 Public 1,000 Privat Distribution of Post-Secondary Educational Institutions 500 in the United States by Source of Funding (derived from NCES data) 0 3,000 No. of Institutions 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 2,000 For Profit 00 1 02 03 04 05 06 07 0 1,500 Public 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 1,000 Private Not-for-Profit OCLC Research. Derived from data reported in NCES Digest of Education Statistics: 2008. 500 0
  • 18. A limited population, growing economic pressure US Academic Libraries & Operating Expenditures 1977-2008 Operating Expenditures Libraries $8,000,000 4,500 $7,000,000 4,000 3,500 $6,000,000 3,000 $5,000,000 2,500 x 1000 $4,000,000 2,000 $3,000,000 1,500 $2,000,000 1,000 Increasing expense, decreasing purchasing power $1,000,000 500 $0 0 OCLC Research. Derived from data reported in NCES Digest of Education Statistics: 2008.
  • 19. In US research libraries, a tipping point … 100 Majority of research libraries shifting toward 90 e-centric acquisitions, service model Licensed Content as % of Library Materials $ 80 70 Center of gravity >75% in 2009-2010 60 50 40 30 Harvard 20 Yale 10 Shrinking pool of libraries with mission and resources to sustain print preservation as a ‘core’ operation 0 $- $5,000,000 $10,000,000 $15,000,000 $20,000,000 $25,000,000 $30,000,000 $35,000,000 $40,000,000 Library Materials Expenditures (2007-2008) OCLC Research. Derived from ARL Annual Statistics, 2007-2008
  • 20. … the books have left the building 140,000,000 In North America, +70M volumes off-site (2007) 120,000,000 ~30-50% of print inventory at many major universities Built Capacity in Volume Equivalents (2007) 100,000,000 xx Vols. Off-site at UMCP? 80,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 20,000,000 Growth in library storage infrastructure 0 1982 1986 1987 1992 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Derived from L. Payne (OCLC, 2007)
  • 21. It‟s not about space, but priorities • If the physical proximity of print collections had a demonstrable impact on researcher productivity, no university would hesitate to allocate prime real estate to library stacks • In a world where print was the primary medium of scholarly communication, a large local inventory was a hallmark of academic reputation We no longer live in that world.
  • 22. Cloud-sourcing Research Collections (2009/10) • Case study in de-composition of library service bundle: externalization of print repository functions • Data-mining Hathi and WorldCat to determine where cost- effective reductions in print inventory can be achieved for individual libraries (micro-economic context) • Characterizing optimal service profile for shared print/digital service providers; collective market for service (macro-economic context) • Exploring social and economic infrastructure requirements; technical infrastructure a separate, secondary challenge
  • 23. A global change in the library environment 60% Academic print book collection already substantially duplicated in mass-digitized book corpus 50% June 2010 % of Titles in Local Collection Median duplication: 31% 40% 30% 20% June 2009 10% Median duplication: 19% 0% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Rank in 2008 ARL Investment Index OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data, Jun 2009 – Jun 2010.
  • 24. Mass-digitized books in print repositories ~3.5M titles 3,500,000 ~75% of mass digitized corpus is ‘backed up’ in 3,000,000 one or more shared print repositories ~2.5M 2,500,000 Unique Titles 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-10 Mass digitized books in Hathi digital repository Mass digitized books in shared print repositories OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data, Jun 2009 – Jun 2010.
  • 25. Prediction Within the next 5-10 years, focus of shared print archiving and service provision will shift to monographic collections • large scale service hubs will provide low-cost print management on a subscription basis; • reducing local expenditure on print operations, releasing space for new uses and facilitating a redirection of library resources; • enabling rationalization of aggregate print collection and renovation of library service portfolio Mass digitization of retrospective print collections will drive this transition
  • 26. A third of titles held in UMCP Libraries are duplicated in the HathiTrust Digital Library ~2.5 million University of Maryland, College Park (UMC) holdings in WorldCat 94,421 titles 683,868 titles ~778K (31%) duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library
  • 27. Subject distribution of UMCP-owned titles duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library Unknown Classification Communicable Diseases & Misc. Health Facilities, Nursing Medicine By Body System Physical Education & Recreation Preclinical Sciences Anthropology Chemistry Psychology Medicine Medicine By Discipline Agriculture Represents approximately Performing Arts Computer Science 9 miles of library shelf space Geography & Earth Sciences Law Health Professions & Public Health 1 mile if restricted to public domain Mathematics Biological Sciences Physical Sciences Education Library Science, Reference Political Science Sociology Full view Music Philosophy & Religion Engineering & Technology Search only Art & Architecture Government Documents Business & Economics History & Auxiliary Sciences Language, Linguistics & Literature 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 N = 778,289 titles Titles / Editions OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshots. Data current as of April 2011.
  • 28. Stewardship and sustainability: a pragmatic view Using recent life-cycle adjusted cost model* for library print collections, $4.25 per volume per year --- on campus $ .86 per volume per year -– in high-density storage the University of Maryland is spending between [778,289 titles * $.86 =] $670K to $3.3M [=778,289 titles * $4.25 ] annually to retain local copies of content preserved in the HathiTrust Digital Library The library is not financially accountable for these costs but it is responsible for managing them *Paul Courant and M. “Buzzy” Nielson, “On the Cost of Keeping a Book” in The Idea of Order (CLIR, 2010)
  • 29. System-wide print distribution of UMCP titles duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library Market for shared print provision increases Value of Hathi preservation increases N = 778,289 titles OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data. Data current as of April 2011.
  • 30. Time for a game! • If you had to guess what percentage of titles in the UMCP library collection were unique, would you say… A) 10% or more B) 5-10% C) Fewer than 5%
  • 31. The „big reveal‟ ~90K uniquely held titles
  • 32. How HathiTrust adds value at UMCP UMCP holdings [eventually] contributed to HathiTrust  Increased visibility, accessibility  Shared investment in repository infrastructure HathiTrust content not held by UMCP  Extends local collection at reduced cost UMCP-owned content duplicated in Hathi  Redirection of local print management  Reduces costs as inventory is rationalized  Supports reconfiguration of library space & service portfolio
  • 33. 1) UMCP (potential) contribution to HathiTrust This title held by 5 libraries UMCP collections deliver more value in web-scale environment Incomplete run contributed by Princeton University, cf. UMCP digitized volumes in Internet Archive include 1860, 1863- 1864, 1870-1871 etc.
  • 34. 2) Public domain content not held by UMCP This edition held by 17 libraries [None within Maryland] Source via ILL @ ~$20 / transaction? Or offer free download? As the library works to align collections with waxing and waning curricular interests, just-in-time fulfillment may become the norm
  • 35. 3) UMCP-owned title duplicated in HathiTrust 334 WorldCat holdings on this edition Increased discoverability & access Reduce wear & tear on local copy Opportunity to de-duplicate?
  • 36. It all adds up: ROI for shared infrastructure HathiTrust titles duplicated at UMCP HathiTrust Public Domain Titles NOT held by UMCP 1,000,000 60,000 900,000 800,000 Content UMCP can now 50,000 manage more efficiently 700,000 40,000 Linear Feet of Shelving 600,000 Title / Editions 500,000 30,000 Content UMCP can now 400,000 source at lower cost 20,000 300,000 200,000 10,000 100,000 0 0 OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data. Data current as of April 2011
  • 37. As private institutions look to ‘tuition discounting’ to maintain undergraduate enrollment: … increased scrutiny of direct costs of traditional infrastructure including the library … increased reliance (tacit or explicit) on infrastructure provided by larger institutions While publicly funded universities struggle to maintain level funding and enrollments 2010-2011 tuition @ McDaniel = $33,280 [$19,170] UMD = $ 4,208/$12,415 In this context the true cost of library infrastructure really matters!
  • 38. Entrepreneurial opportunities? University of Michigan, University of Minnesota have partnerships with Walden University of Alabama, Huntsville has a partnership with Kaplan Etc.
  • 39. Academic libraries in Maryland: a common trajectory, different timelines Private liberal arts Community College Public non-ARL Private ARL Public ARL 80% 70% The next few years are critical 60% Jan „12 Mar „13 Sep „13 50% 40% * * * 30% 20% 10% 0% OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshot data. Data current as of April 2011
  • 40. UMCP as Shared Print supplier? ~ 247K McDaniel College (WTY) Library holdings in WorldCat Represents ~1 mile of shelving at McDaniel ~ 100K (41%) duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshots. Data current as of April 2011.
  • 41. UMCP as Shared Print client? ~2.5 million University of Maryland, College Park (UMC) holdings in WorldCat 94,421 titles Represents ~4 miles of shelving at UMCP 683,868 titles ~778K (31%) duplicated in HathiTrust Digital Library OCLC Research. Analysis based on HathiTrust and WorldCat snapshots. Data current as of April 2011.
  • 42. A vision of the future University of Maryland College Park will . . . • fulfill its preservation mandate by partnering with regional and national partners to ensure sustainable stewardship of shared print and digital repositories • provide faculty, students and citizens of Maryland with access to an increasingly broad array of legacy and current content by sourcing content by the most efficient means • enhance the University‟s teaching and research reputation by supporting the process of scholarship, increasing the visibility and impact of locally created content
  • 43. Academic print: it‟s not the end . . . but it’s no longer the means Ongoing redefinition of scholarly function and value of print will entail some loss and some gain in library relevance “Archive of the available past” photograph by Joguldi. Abandoned books at the Detroit Central School Book Depository (6 May 2009) Flickr
  • 44. Thanks for your attention. Comments, Questions? Constance Malpas malpasc@oclc.org @ConstanceM

Editor's Notes

  1. In Maryland, we are glad to count both College Park and the Johns Hopkins University as partners.
  2. This is a model we have used to frame some discussions about library collections and operations in the past. The horizontal axis is a measure of the stewardship or curation efforts that have traditionally been needed to manage these materials in libraries. The vertical axis is a measure of how widely held the materials are in the library system: at the top are resources that are abundant in the library community, at the bottom are materials that relatively rare.In the upper left quadrant are the materials that libraries traditionally purchased and increasingly are leasing. Below that are special collections, rare books and manuscripts. The bottom right includes research outputs and teaching materials. The upper right includes a wide variety of resources found on the Open Web – web sites, discussion lists, blogs etc.Libraries may be interested in all of these areas, but not equally. Traditionally, library acquisitions and operations have focused on the upper left quadrant: published materials in print. Licensed resources were a secondary focus. And, except for research and academic libraries, there was limited attention to managing rare books and manuscripts, instructional course materials, or Web archiving.materials, which are now more ubiquitous and also require less local management effort.
  3. Increasingly, [click] we have seen this attention shift to licensed electronic materials, which are now more ubiquitous and also require less local management effort. Note that Maryland is somewhat unusual in its dedication (with Columbia University) to web archiving. Recall Carlen Ruschoff and Bob Wolven presentation at CNI – how to integrate metadata practices for born digital in cataloging workflows.Re: Intentional – UMD has digitized historical course catalogs with IA (also digitizing trade union publications. Has digitized 2500+ vols with IA) – nbPrinceon also digitized this content with Google and it is now included in Hathi. But it appears that Maryland’s collection (in IA) is more complete
  4. There are a number of important changes in the academic library environment that we should be paying attention to. First, the shift to reliance on externally sourced, licensed content is accelerating – this is no longer just about e-journals but e-books as well.Secondly, print collections aren’t delivering the value they once did. There is increasing attention to the long term cost burden of acquiring and retaining low-use print books locally.Finally, special collections are not universally perceived to be a key part of the library’s service mission in higher education. They may contain a few items regarded as treasures by the university, but the acquisition of rare books and manuscripts is rarely viewed, or funded, as a core library function.
  5. There are three main drivers I want to call out here, though one could certainly point to others. First, there is general agreement that the traditional library value proposition -- acquiring and amassing a comprehensive or substantially representative physical corpus of material for local use – is no longer perceived to be relevant.Second, the nature of the scholarly record has changed and is no longer adequately captured in traditional print and licensed collections. There is increased attention to the need for managing ‘upstream’ research outputs and traditional print operations are viewed as something of a distraction from this.Finally and most importantly for the purposes of our discussion to day is the impact of mass digitisation on the discoverability of and perceived ‘location’ of library collections. Digitized books are no longer regarded as the property of individual libraries but instead considered part of the network.
  6. This work is already underway at the University of Maryland
  7. Externalizing low-value operations is one way to enable a redirection of library attention and resources.
  8. Very impressed by annual reports and tight integration of library strat plan in larger institutional plan.2500 volumes already digitized with the Internet Archive; anticipating 200K more through Google librayr partnership
  9. A scary picture? Academic libraries are increasing pressure to do more with less.Trend toward diminished support for academic libraries is not a new phenomenon and it is not merely a knock-on effect of regional or institutional economic pressures. It is a reflection of much broader changes in the higher education environment, including funding mandates that create incentives for increased institutional attention to science and engineering, a decline in the number of students pursuing advanced degrees in the humanities, and new models of educational provisioning -- including distance learning – that are no longer reliant on locally-sourced collections or infrastructure.
  10. In the US, the last five years have been marked by significant growth in for-profit education market, dominated by online universities. These institutions are not reliant on traditional physical infrastructure of the library. Their success is forcing traditional HE institutions to compete for students and to revitalize their institutional reputations. The core library operations associated with print based collections do not have much relevance here.
  11. Over the same 3 decade period, we’ve seen US academic library spending grow steadily, from just over a billion dollars in the mid ‘70s to about $7 bn in 2008. This is not a reflection of growing library infrastructure – or “new library starts” – since as you can see the total number of academic libraries has remained relatively stable.
  12. In the US, a majority of research libraries are already spending more than half of the library materials budget on licensed resources. Print is no longer at the center.
  13. In fact, more and more of it is at the periphery.In the past 25 years, massive growth in off-site library storage infrastructure in the US.http://www.lib.umd.edu/CLMD/ossguidelines.html‘low use only’ for OSS since 2001
  14. So why is so much of the print inventory at major research institutions managed off-site? Why does a work as important and useful as Religion and the Decline of Magic live ‘outside the building’? It’s not a matter of space pressures in academic libraries – as we so often say – but of priorities.
  15. I want to turn now to the issue of shared infrastructure. Specifically, the emergence of the HathiTrust, a shared digital repository developed within the CIC. This isn’t the only example of cooperatively sourced infrastructure in the higher education environment – one could point to open source platforms like SAKAI, or e-prints – but I believe it will be one of the most important for academic libraries. Over the past year, OCLC Research has studied the rising rate of duplication between titles held in the shared HathiTrust digital repository and in the academic print book collection.This scatter chart provide a simple but effective visualization of an important pattern that this project has revealed: that is, that the risks and opportunities associated with moving collection management ‘into the cloud’ are uniformly distributed across the research library community as a whole. [CLICK] This is a picture of the ARL membership (a microcosm of the larger research library community) that shows the level of duplication between individual library collections and the mass digitized book collection in Hathi. Over the course of this project, we have seen the rate of duplication between locally held print and mass digitized books increase steadily and significantly. In June 2009 an average of 20% of print titles in an academic library were duplicated in the Hathi repository; today that figure is above 30% (up to 40% for some institutions). [CLICK] In real terms, this means that rate of digital replication is exceeding the pace of growth in print acquisitions in most academic institutions. We estimate that the rate of duplication has increased by about 8% per library in the past year. Print acquisitions typically grow at about 2% per year in research libraries.[CLICK] We project that in a year’s time, many academic libraries are liable to find themselves “underwater,” holding a massive inventory of over-valued assets.Library directors will be called to account and expected to respond to questions about how an increasingly redundant local print collection is serving the educational and research mission of theparent institution. We need to be preparing for a world in which just-in-time, print on demand delivery is an option for a large share of the retrospective book collection.
  16. Another major finding of our study is that the mass digitized book corpus is substantially ‘backed up’ in one or more large-scale storage collections. As I mentioned earlier, we have a very incomplete picture of what’s currently in storage, so this figure may actually be quite a bit higher. The figures here are based on just 5 major repositories The important point is that we seem to have the beginnings of what I characterized earlier as a ‘strategic reserve’ of print that could significantly offset the costs of local operations. As you can see here, the proportion has remained relatively stable over the course the past year. As of this month, about 2.5 million of the 3.5 million digitized books in Hathi are also held in one or more of 5 large scale shared print repositories.
  17. With that as background, I’d like to offer a prediction about the future of shared print, and that’s our attention will begin to shift to pooled management of the retrospective print book collection. With this shift, I think we will see the emergence of a relatively small number of larger service hubs providing just-in-time delivery and longterm preservation services on a subscription basis. Individual academic libraries will contract with those service providers because they offer a cost efficient alternative to local operations and more importantly because they allow the library to redirect its attention and resources to renovating its service portfolio. As a result, I think we will see a progressive rationalization of the systemwide print book collection.I believe mass digitization of retrospective print collections will be a primary driver in this transition, preceding a broader shift to commercial provisioning of e-books.
  18. This is where the rubber meets the road. I mentioned that there has been increased attention to the long-term costs of acquiring and retaining low-use print materials. This is especially true for retrospective print collections that have been digitized. On recent study by the Dean of Libraries at the University of Michigan suggests that it costs about $4.25 per volume per year to store a book on campus, and less than a third as much to manage it off-site. This means that the University of Minnesota is currently spending between $1M and $5 million dollars each year to retain copies of books that are preserved in the HathiTrust repository. Which the U is also paying for. The library is not accountable for these costs – they are not charged to the library budget – but is in some sense responsible for them.
  19. More than 300 holdings in WorldCatMultiple copies in group University System of Maryland catalog; 3 copies at College Park alone. One in OSS (offsite).
  20. Online courses to expand revenue base Cost-cutting measures: flat salaries, scrutiny of cost centers
  21. http://www.degreeinfo.com/distance-learning-discussions/29520-johns-hopkins%92-entrepreneurial-library-program.htmlA non-profit distance learning provider with a strong market in continuing ed for military servicepeople
  22. As we look to the future, it is clear that the academic library environment as a whole is changing. Here I have plotted projections for the duplication of academic print collections in the HathiTrust Digital Library for a range of academic libraries in the state of Minnesota. The blue and green lines at the top of the stack represent smaller academic institutions . We predict that 50% of their library holdings will be duplicated within the coming year. At research intensive institutions, that watershed moment will occur somewhat later. At top tier institutions like the University of Minnesota, it may take another year or two before redundant print inventory begins to look less like an asset and more like a liability. But this change is coming, and we need to plan for it.