Interactions between individuals and groups occurs in the form of different social processes like cooperation, accommodation, assimilation, competition, conflict and isolation etc.
2. INTRODUCTION
• As members of society, people have
to act and behave in accordance with
some specific manner.
• They are always engaged in some sort of actions and
interactions in the society.
• When the actions of the individual or individuals are
influenced by the actions of other individual or
individuals in a society and he in turn is exposed to
their action that is called social interaction.
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3. • Interaction or mutual activity is the
essence of social life.
• Interaction between individuals
and groups occurs in the form of
social process.
• Social processes refers to forms of
social interaction that occur again
and again.
Ms Manisha
INTRODUCTION (Contd…)
4. • Social Interaction refers to the process by which people
mutually or reciprocally influence one another’s attitudes,
feelings, and actions.
• There are three situations for social interaction:
1. Person-to-person (P to P)
2. Person-to-group (P to G)
3. Group-to-group (G to G)
Ms Manisha
SOCIAL INTERACTION : MEANING
5. SOCIAL INTERACTION : DEFINITION
“Social interaction is the
general process whereby two
or more persons are in
meaningful contact as a
result of which their behavior
is modified, however
slightly”.
(Acc. to Eldredge and Merril)
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7. SOCIAL PROCESSES : MEANING
Social processes are the ways in which individuals and
groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish
relationships and pattern of behavior which are again
modified through social interactions.
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8. SOCIAL PROCESSES : MEANING
The social processes means the characteristic ways in
which interactions occurs”.
Social processes means the various modes of
interaction between individuals or groups including
cooperation and conflict, social differentiation and
integration etc.
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9. • Social Process – refers to the recurrent and patterned social
interactions or responses of individuals to one another
which have attained stability.
“The term social process refers to the repetitive form of
behaviour which are commonly found in social life”.
- Horton and Hunt
“ The social processes are merely the characteristic ways in
which interaction occurs”.
- A.W Green
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SOCIAL PROCESSES : DEFINITION
10. ASSOCIATIVE PROCESSES
(INTEGRATIVE)
These are the processes
which bring the individuals
& groups together. Such
processes produce unity
among members of group
or society.
DISSOCIATIVE PROCESSES
(DISINTEGRATIVE)
These are the processes
which brings tension,
disunity and disintegration
among individuals and
groups.
Ms Manisha
TYPES OF SOCIAL PROCESSES
11. TYPES OF SOCIAL PROCESSES (Contd…)
ASSOCIATIVE
PROCESSES
• COOPERATION
• ACCOMODATION
• ASSIMILATION
DISSOCIATIVE
PROCESSES
• COMPETITION
• CONFLICT
• ISOLATION
• WAR
Ms Manisha
13. 1. COOPERATION : DEFINITION
“ Co-operation is a form of social interaction wherein
two or more persons work together to gain a
common end”.
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14. CHARACTERISTICS OF COOPERATION:
It is an associative process.
It is universal process
It is boundless and has no limitation.
It may be conscious or unconscious.
It is continuous process.
Two or more than two person involved.
Common goal or end.
Joint activities or efforts
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15. TYPES OF COOPERATION:
• Informal cooperation- It is characterized as spontaneous
and involves mutual give and take. Examples : In
families, friends.
• Formal cooperation- It is characterized as a deliberate
contractual nature and prescribes the reciprocal rights
and obligations of members. Examples : Workplaces,
political parties, different countries.
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17. DIRECT
COOPERATION-
Under the direct
cooperation, the individuals
knowingly perform the
identical function or activity
together for common goals.
INDIRECT
COOPERATION –
In this type, the individuals
do unlike tasks together
towards a common end.
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18. (i) Primary
Cooperation:
This type of
cooperation is found in
primary groups such as
the family, friends
group. All the
members work
together for their
betterment.
Example – Playing,
worshipping,
celebrations etc.
(ii) Secondary
Cooperation:
It is found in secondary
groups such as
Government, industry,
trade union and church
etc. It is formal and
specialised.
Example - Workers in
an industry/Factory/
Hospital. Each may
work in cooperation
with others for his own
wages, salaries,
promotion, profits and
prestige.
(iii) Tertiary
Cooperation:
This type of
cooperation is found in
the interaction
between the various
big and small groups to
meet a particular
situation.
Example-Two political
parties with different
ideologies may get
united to defeat their
rival party in an
election.
Ms Manisha
20. 2. ACCOMMODATION
• It is a process of getting along inspite of differences.
• The term accommodation refers particularly to the
process in which man attains a sense of harmony with
his environment”.
• It is resolution of conflicts which generally means
adjusting oneself to the new environment.
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21. DEFINITION : ACCOMMODATION
• The term refers to the process in which man attains
a sense of harmony with his environment.
(MacIver)
• Accommodation is a process of developing
temporary working agreements between conflicting
individuals and groups.
(Horton & Hunt)
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22. Park and Burgess classified accommodation
in the following two categories:
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25. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCOMMODATION:
It is a universal process.
It is a continuous process.
It is the natural result of conflicts.
It may be a conscious or an unconscious activity.
It is used to reduce the conflict between persons or group as
an initial step towards assimilation.
It may only provide a temporary solution.
It is essential for peace & harmony in society.
Ms Manisha
26. TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION
CO-ORDINATE
ACCOMMODATION –
This is a form of
accommodation where both
parties are equally popular
or strong. They
accommodate with each
other leaving behind the
competition.
SUPERORDINATIVE
AND SUBORDINATE
ACCOMMODATION –
This is a form of
accommodation where one
party is strong or weak than
the other.
Ms Manisha
27. METHODS OF ACCOMMODATION
1. Coercion.
2. Compromise.
3. Arbitration and
conciliation( third
party mediation).
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30. 3. ASSIMILATION
• It is the process by which an outsider,
immigrant or subordinate group become
indistinguishably integrated into the dominant
host society.
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31. DEFINITION: ASSIMILATION
“ Assimilation is the fusion or blending of two
previously distinct group into one”.
or
“ Assimilation is the process whereby persons and
groups acquire the culture of another group.”
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37. FORMS AND LEVELS OFASSIMILATION
• The process of assimilation takes place mainly at
three levels:
Individual
Group
Culture
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38. CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSIMILATION:
Positive or associative process
Universal process.
Slow and gradual process
Continuous process
Unconscious process
Two way process
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48. COMPETITION : DEFINITION
“It is the struggle for possession of
rewards, which are limited in supply,
like goods, status ,power and love
anything”
-Horton & Hunt
“ The striving of two or more persons
for the same goal, which is limited
so that all can not share it”
- Biesanz
Ms Manisha
51. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETITION
• Universal
• Impersonal or personal
• Continuous
• Dynamic
• Constructive or destructive
• Governed by norms, rules and regulations
• Found in all fields
• Sometimes results in negative results
Ms Manisha
52. TYPES OF COMPETITION
• Personal Competition - When two
competitors contest for election to
office, it is called personal competition.
In this competition, competitors know
each other.
• Impersonal Competition - When
contestants are not aware of one
another’s identity as we find in
university or civil service examinations,
it is called impersonal competition.
Ms Manisha
53. SOME FORMS OF COMPETITION:
Political
competition
Economic
competition
Social
competition
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55. It is a deliberate
attempt to oppose,
resist or coerce the
will of others
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56. CONFLICT
Conflict is a form of emotionalized and violent
opposition
in which the major concern is to
overcome the opponent
as means of securing a given goal or reward.”
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58. DEFINITION : CONFLICT
“Conflict is the social process in which
individuals or groups seek their ends
by directly challenging the antagonist
by violence or threat of violence.”
(Gillin & Gillin)
“It is the deliberate attempt to oppose,
resist or coerce the will of another or
others.” (A.W. Green)
Ms Manisha
59. CAUSES OF CONFLICT
• Individual differences
• Cultural differences
• Social changes
• Clash of interests
Ms Manisha
60. NATURE OF CONFLICT
• Universal process
• An conscious and deliberate action
• Its personal and direct
• An individual process
• Temporary and intermittent
• Disintegrative or dissociative process
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61. TYPES OF CONFLICT
(Acc to Gillin & Gillin)
1. Personal Conflict : Intrapersonal & interpersonal
2. Racial Conflict
3. Class Conflict
4. Political Conflict
5. International Conflict
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66. 6. ISOLATION
• Dissociative process
• Isolation is a state in which a person loses contact or
communication with society.
• Social isolation describes the absence of social
contacts with others.
Ms Manisha
67. DEFINITION : ISOLATION
Social isolation can be defined
structurally as the absence of
social interactions, contacts, &
relationships with family and
friends, with neighbors on an
individual level, and with
“society at large” on a broader
level.
Ms Manisha
68. CAUSES OF ISOLATION
• Poverty
• Unemployment
• Lack of an adequate social support network
• Loss of loved ones
• Domestic violence
• Physical impairment
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70. 1. Voluntary Isolation
• When people choose
not to have any
social contact on
their own.
• When isolation is
imposed by law, court
on people.
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2. Involuntary Isolation
71. 1. Spatial Isolation
• Enforced by the state • Due to organic factors
such as disabilities in
individuals.
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2. Organic Isolation
Adjustment with New Social Conditions: In this case an individual who migrates to another cultural area he adopts the cultural conditions of that society. He learns the language, techniques of everyday social life, customs of marrying, patterns of interaction various norms and values of the new society. An individual faces a large number of problems in adjusting himself in the new culture. He has to learn the new roles and norms of the new society. This process of learning at this later stage is always slow. That is why the individual faces serious problems in adjustment with the new culture.
When peoplle of very different religion, such as Catholicism and Hindu marry togethe
structure is a process that occurs in the implementation of the New Economy Policy, the national schools, political parties like the National Front and the like.