edit and recommendation is highly appreciated

1. “EFFECTIVENESS OF MAKABUHAY (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) STEM
EXTRACT IN ELIMINATING AMERICAN COCKROACH (Periplanta
Americana)”
A Research Proposal
Presented to
Rolando S. Delgado
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Research of
The Grade 9 STE
By
JEFFCY ROSE S. BALUCO

2. “EFFECTIVENESS OF MAKABUHAY (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) STEM
EXTRACT IN ELIMINATING AMERICAN COCKROACH (Periplanta
Americana)”
Chapter 1
Introduction
American cockroach (Periplanta Americana) is popularly
known as “tanga” or “ipis” is one of the major pest problems in
every household nowadays.
American cockroach (Periplanta Americana) can eat
anything, even non-food items such as soap, paper, pet food,
glue, garbage, etc. they like dark and moist places to hide.
They eat and contaminate your food, they secrete an unpleasant
odor. Many people develop allergies to cockroaches. They make
people sneeze; the odorous secretions produced by the American
cockroach (Periplanta Americana) can alter the flavor of food.
These American cockroaches (Periplanta Americana) have
been known to live up to three months without food and up to one
month without water.
However, contrary belief, only about 30 of these species
are ever associated with human dwellings, and fewer than 10
species are considered as pests and one of them is the American
cockroach (Periplanta Americana).

3. Moreover, if populations of cockroaches are dense in a
certain area, there will be a strong concentration of this
odorous secretion (Jacobs Steve, 18 October 2012). The American
cockroach (Periplanta Americana) can pick up disease-causing
bacteria (Evaluation of the common cockroach Periplanta
Americana (L.) as carrier of medically important bacteria
pubmedgov.), such as Salmonella, on their legs and later
deposits those on foods and food cause food infections or
poisoning. House dust containing cockroaches’ feces and body
parts can trigger allergic reactions and asthma in certain
individuals (New York City Environmental Health Services, 2012
July 11).
To control this pest, many residents use pesticides that
are expensive and broad spectrum affecting the non-target
organisms, including human beings. If people keep on
buyingcockroach removal products, you still face the risk of
putting your family in danger.
On the other hand, Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl)
plant belongs to the family of menispermepemia. This can grow or
climb up to fifteen meters long. The leaves are thin sheets and
are heart-shaped, flowers are numerous, bisexual, and does have
three petals. The Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) plant is

4. known for its bitter nature, and its fruits can grow about 6
centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters wide consisting of one
carpet, flattened and keeled. This plant may propagated by
planting its stem. The stem contains fixed oil, 33%; with
triolein 87.7%, triplamitin 8.41%, tristearin 3.89%, a glycoside
and samaderin. There are also traces of 2.22% columbine,
picroretine, berberine and an alkaloid that can kill insects.
Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) contains many
chemicals that are known to have an antioxidant activity while
few can even fight cancer cells in animal’s study. Somehow,
scientific studies which are made on medicinal uses of Makabuhay
(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) are limited to animals or in the test
tube. Scientific studies on humans are insufficient.
This Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) plant is
used to treat illness because of the chemical content. It can
also treat illness like fever and rheumatism. It is also one of
the ingredients in making medicine for malaria.
In this study, the researcher would like to prove the
effectiveness of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem
extract in eliminating American cockroach (Periplanta
Americana).

5. Statement of the problem
This study would like to determine the effectiveness
of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract in
eliminating American cockroach (Periplanta Americana).
Specifically this study aims to answer the following:
a. What is the chemical content of Makabuhay (Tinospora
rumphii Boerl) that could kill American cockroach
(Periplanta Americana)?
b. What is the mortality rate of American cockroach
(Periplanta Americana) sprayed by Makabuhay (Tinospora
rumphii Boerl)?

6. Hypotheses
There is no significant difference in terms of the
effectiveness of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) in
eliminating American cockroach (Periplanta Americana).

7. Significance of the Study
The result of this study is beneficial to the
following group of people:
Household
The household will benefit this study for they can use a
cheaper product in killing American Cockroach (Periplanta
Americana).
Future Researcher
The future researchers will not have trouble in terms of
using Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract. They
will no longer use the commercial pesticide and this will not
affect their health.
Government
The government will not buy pesticide from other countries
because there is an alternative pesticide, the Makabuhay
(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract. It will spend less money
in controlling the population of American cockroach (Periplanta
Americana) that causes food contamination.

8. Agriculturist
This study will give agriculturists some insights about the
use of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract. It is
an alternative to chemical pesticides to help eradicate American
cockroaches (Periplanta Americana). This will also motivate them
to promote Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract to
farmers and consumers as environmental friendly pest control.
Environment
The result of this study will help to maintain the balance
of the ecosystem. The research did not use synthetic chemicals
that can kill non-target organisms.

9. Scope and Limitation
This study is only limited to the stem extract of Makabuhay
(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) applied to eliminate American
cockroach (Tinospora rumphii Boerl). This is conducted to know
the effectiveness of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem
extract in eliminating American cockroach (Periplanta
Americana). Other insects and pests are not included in the
study and only Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract
serves as an independent variable.
This study will be tested in a wooden box containing five
American cockroaches (Periplanta Americana). This box serves as
an artificial habitat of the American cockroaches (Periplanta
Americana).
This study will be conducted on the year of 2015 at the
residence of Mr. and Mrs. Jose Nonito Baluco at Jalaud Sur,
Zarraga, Iloilo.

10. Conceptual Framework
Makabuhay is a plant belongs to the Menispermepemia family.
It is a dioecious vine. This plant contains bitter principle
columbine (2.22%), also contains amorphous bitter principle
picroretine and traces of berberine. Makabuhay contains
chemicals that are known to have an antioxidant and it is used
for treatments in some illness like fever and rheumatism. This
can also be used in abortion and can cause allergy.
In the study of H. Defensor et. al. entitled Effectiveness
of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract in killing
apple snail. Apple snails are sprayed by Makabuhay (Tinospora
rumphii Boerl) stem extract. As its result the content of
Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract in killing
apple snails.
The study showed that there were significant differences in
mortality of American cockroaches (Periplanta Americana) in a
pure Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract. The pure
concentrations of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem
extract with a high mortality rate to the American cockroach
(Periplanta Americana). However, there were significant
differences in mortality rate of American cockroach after
applying the pure Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem
extract.

11. Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Makabuhay (Tinospora
rumphii Boerl) Extract
Commercialized Pesticide
Mortality Rate of American
cockroaches (Periplanta
Americana)
Figure 1. This paradigm will determine the
effectiveness of Makabuhay stem extract in eliminating
American cockroaches. The Makabuhay stem extract is the
independent variable. The number of American cockroaches is
the dependent variable.

12. Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Some plants contain chemicals that can kill pests like
apple snails, black bugs, and rice green leafhoppers. Plants
that have bitter principle have a potential to kill these pests.
Review of Related Readings
Baygon products contain the pyrethroids, cyfluthrin,
transfluthrin, pralethrin and the carbamate propoxur and
organophosphorus chlorpyrifos, as active ingredients (Baygon
agents, 2007).
Pyrethroids can lead to a variety of ill effects if
ingested in sufficient quantities, including tremors, dyspnea,
and paralysis (Manual of Pesticide Poisoning, 2007).
Mortein NaturGard contains transfluthrin, deodorized
kerosene, and perfume. This perfume contains a mixture of aroma
chemicals like benzyl, acetol, citronella, dimethyl, and
octadiene (Reckitt Benckiser, 2012).
Boric acid is generally considered to be safe to use in
household kitchens to control cockroaches. It acts as a stomach
poison affecting the insects’ metabolism, and the dry powder is

13. abrasive to the insects’ exoskeletons (Office of Prevention,
Pesticides and Toxic Substances, 1993).
Review of Related Studies
In the study of Manilyn F. Diano (2012) entitled “EFFICACY
OF Lantana (Lantana camara) FLOWERS AND LEAVES EXTRACT ON
COCKROACH (Periplanta Americana)” the researcher showed that
Lantana plant can be an alternative insecticide. The researcher
have proved that Lantana leaves and flowers are not useless in
the environment as she made an idea of producing new
insecticides that is eco-friendly. Instead of spraying synthetic
chemicals, that can harm and kill other non-target organisms
(Manilyn F. Diano, 2012).
Furthermore, in the study of Li J.1 and Ho S.H.2 (2003)
entitled, “Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) As A
Natural Cockroach Repellent” observed that the Pandan Leaves can
be very useful when it comes to create a new alternative
cockroach repellent. Pandan leaves contain 2-Acetyl-1-pyroline.
Pandan essence and the hexane-pandan extract were repellent. The
potential of pandanus amaryllifolius as a natural and
environmentally friendly pest management tool. It shows that

14. there are similarities between Makabuhay stem extract and pandan
leaves (Li J.1 and Ho S.H.2, 2003).
Meanwhile, according to S.E. Sharawi, S.M. Abd-Alla et. al.
(2013), with the study “Surface Contact Toxicity of Clove and
Rosemary Oils against American Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana”
investigated against the American cockroach, Periplaneta
Americana, in the laboratory. Both clove and rosemary oils
showed variable mortality percentages according to
concentration, exposure time and stage of the insect. Clove oil
exhibited stronger toxic effects than rosemary oil. Clove and
rosemary oils may be used as promising botanical insecticides
against Periplanta Americana (S.E. Sharawi, S.M. Abd-Alla et.
al., 2013).
In addition, according to the study of Usavadee Thavara et.
al. (2007) "Repellent activity of Essential oils against
cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae, Blattellidae, and
Blaberidae)” Americana and N. rhombifolia with a residual effect
lasting a week after treatment. Citrus hystrix essential oil has
good potential for being used as a cockroach repellent. The
result of the study was that they have proven that Essential
oils against cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae, Blattellidae,
and Blaberidae) was effective (Usavadee Thavara et. al., 2007).

15. In addition, according to Dr. Balotro (2012), with the
study “Scientists validate effectiveness of Makabuhay’s stem
extract as anti-lice treatment” do not carry diseases,
pediculosis or head lice infestation, is a contagious disease,
affecting mostly children between three and ten years old. In a
study conducted by the Department of Education (DepEd) with the
University of the Philippines (UP), head lice infestation ranked
as the second most common health problem of public school
children after tooth decay. It affects the school performance of
children because of the discomfort and social stigma it causes.
Many studies confirmed that head lice manifestation is expensive
an also cause scalp and skin irritation and infections. In line
with this, Dr. Bienvenido S. Baltro of the University of the
Philippines Manila, led to the study entitled, “In Vitro
Pediculicidal Efficacy and Acute Dermal Irritation Tests of Hair
Cream from the Methanolic Extract of the Stem of Tinospora
crispa”. It aimed to determine if the fresh stem juice
of makabuhay in hair cream form has the ability to treat lice
infestation without causing skin irritation (Dr. Balotro, 2012).
In the study of Farkaad A Kadir et. al. (2011), with the
study “Effect of Tinospora crispa on thioacetamide-induced liver
cirrhosis in rats” the study was conducted to determine the
effect of ethanolic extract of the dried stems of Tinospora

16. crispa in a male rat model of hepatic fibrosis caused by the
hepatotoxin, thioacetamide. The study confirms that complete
reliance on data obtained using in vitro methodologies may lead
to erroneous conclusions pertaining to the safety of
phytopharmaceuticals (Farkaad A Kadir et. al., 2011).
In addition, in the study of H. Defensor et. al. (2014)
entitled “The Effectiveness of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii
Boerl) Stem Extract in Killing Apple Snails (Pomacea
Canaliculata), the researchers’ observed the reaction of apple
snails 5 hours after spraying the extract of Makabuhay. For a
few seconds of observing, the apple snails were bubbling. Then,
within 5 hours there were slimy stains comes out from the apple
snails. Therefore the study showed that the Makabuhay stem
extract was effective in killing Apple snail (H. Defensor et.
al., 2014).
Meanwhile, according to Isa et. al. (2012) entitled, “The
effectiveness of Tinospora crispa extract against Spodotera
exiguaon Spinacia olercia” observed that the emergence of
biodegradeable pesticides as safe option has reduced the
problems that result from the use of synthetic insecticides,
thus creating a renewed interest in their development and use in
integrated pest management of crops. Tinospora crispa chemical
composition and properties was determined in an effort to use

17. them as raw materials in bio pesticide production. Tinospora
crispa had columbine, traces of alkaloid, glucoside and it also
contains an amorphous bitter principle, picroretine and traces
of berberine that have possibility to kill pest. Its stem has
used as treatment for diabetes, hypertension, stimulation of
appetite and protective from mosquito bites (Isa et. al., 2012).

18. Chapter III
Methodology
Research Design
This chapter presents methods and procedures that will be
used to attain valid and relevant results for the study.
The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect
of of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) in Eliminating
American cockroach (Periplanta Americana).
This research used the experimental design specifically the
Complete Randomized Design (CRD), the American cockroaches were
treated with the 100% concentration of Makabuhay (Tinospora
rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract and a commercial pest killer. The
researcher prepared two set-ups containing ten American
cockroaches. Each set-upwas sprayed with the commercial pest
killer and Makabuhay stem extract.
Data Gathering Procedure
Collection of Materials Procedure
The researcher gathered all the materials needed for the
experiment. The researcher gathered Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii
Boerl) plant in Brgy. Jalaud Sur, Zarraga Iloilo and the
commercial pest killer is from Iloilo City that will be used to
kill the American cockroach (Periplanta Americana).The

19. preparation of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl)Stem extract,
acclimatization period for one week, preparation of the
materials, finding the total mortality number of cockroach,
experimentation proper and collection of data will be performed
at Brgy. Jalaud Sur, Zarraga, Iloilo. Extraction, weighing of
Makabuhay Stem will be held at STE department, Zarraga National
High School, Zarraga, Iloilo.
T-test is used as a statistical method in gathering and
determining the effectiveness of Makabuhay stem as an eco-
friendly pesticide.
The fresh stems of Makabuhay will be washed thoroughly with
water and cut into pieces. The thin pieces will be washed and
are subjected to extraction.
The test will be conducted using cockroach with two
different groups, to furthermore know the effectiveness of
Makabuhay Stem Extract as an alternative cockroach terminator.
20 cockroaches will be getting from a local area in Zarraga
specifically in Brgy. Jalaud Sur, Zarraga, Iloilo, will be used
in the study and divided randomly into groups, with each group
containing 10 insects of the same species. Group A will receive
Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem extract while Group B
will receive commercialized insecticide.

20. The researcher will make a letter to the adviser, to inform
and ask permission to conduct the experiment needed in their
study. Letters will be sent to the principal and head of the STE
Department, to their research adviser and to the veterinarian.
The researcher will also send a letter to the homeowner (Baluco
Family) to conduct the research experimentation, at Brgy, Jalaud
Sur, Zarraga, Iloilo. Likewise, the researcher will also ask the
consent of her parents through sending them letters.
When the researcher is finally ready to conduct the
experiment, they will gather their materials needed to be used.
The researcher will use cockroach as the subject of the study
that will be treated and tested by the concentration of
Makabuhay Stem extract, specifically the researcher will use
fresh stems. Necessary information is obtained from thesis
books, dictionaries, encyclopedia, journals, and internet for
online searching.

21. Preparation of Extract
The researcher will cut the Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii
Boerl) stem from its roots. Then, the Makabuhay (Tinospora
rumphii Boerl) stem will be washed. The Makabuhay (Tinospora
rumphii Boerl) is cut into small pieces and pound using the
mortar and pestle. The pounded Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii
Boerl) is squeezed using a cheese cloth. The Makabuhay
(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extracts are strained and put
into a spraying bottle.
Testing
The researcher test the effectiveness of Makabuhay
(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) stem extract and the commercial pest
killer to eliminate American cockroaches.
Materials
Cheese cloth
Cheese cloth is used to filter and to squeeze the pounded
stem of Makabuhay to get extract.

22. Mortar and Pestle
Mortar and Pestle is used to pound the chopped Makabuhay
stems to get extract.
Container
Serve as an artificial habitat of the American cockroach.
Spraying bottle
Spraying bottle is the material used to spray the Makabuhay
stem extract to the American cockroaches.
Graduated Cylinder
This material is used to measure the amount of the
Makabuhay stem extract to be placed in the spraying bottle.
Procedures
Gather all the materials needed
Fulfill all the materials needed for the experiment such as
the spraying bottle, commercial pest killer, two containers
where the American cockroaches to be placed, mortar and pestle,
and cheese cloth.

23. Prepare the set-ups
The researcher will prepare the containers and place ten
American cockroaches in each container, and label A & B.
Prepare the Makabuhay stem and extract
The stem is chopped into smaller pieces and pounded with
mortar and pestle.
Get the Extract
The pounded stems of Makabuhay are squeezed and filtered
using the cheese cloth to get the extract. Then, put it in a
spraying bottle.
Observation
After a few seconds of spraying, the researcher started to
record their observations. In particular as to the number of
American cockroach (Periplanta Americana) died is recorded.

24. Procedural Design
Collection and Preparation of Makabuhay (Tinospora
rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract
Preparation of Materials
Getting of Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl)
Stem Extract
Testing of Set-ups
Observation
Preparation of Set-ups

25. Statistical Tool
The statistical tool that will use in this study is T Test:
Formula:
Where,
x1¯ = Mean of first set of values
x2¯ = Mean of second set of values
S1 = Standard deviation of first set of values
S2 = Standard deviation of second set of values
n1 = Total number of values in first set
n2 = Total number of values in second set.
The formula for standard deviation is given by:
Where,
x = Values given
x¯ = Mean
n = Total number of values.

26. Bibliography
Dr. Balotro (2012), Scientists validate effectiveness of
Makabuhay’s stem extract as anti-lice treatment
Farkaad A Kadiret. al. (2011), Effect of Tinospora crispa on
thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats
H. Defensoret. al. (2014) Effectiveness of Makabuhay
(Tinospora rumphii Boerl) Stem Extract in Killing Apple Snails
(Pomacea Canaliculata)
Li J.1 and Ho S.H.2 (2003) Pandan Leaves
(PandanusamaryllifoliusRoxb.) As A Natural Cockroach Repellent
Manilyn F. Diano (2012) EFFICACY OF Lantana (Lantana camara)
FLOWERS AND LEAVES EXTRACT ON COCKROACH (Periplanta Americana)
S.E. Sharawi, S.M. Abd-Allaet. al. (2013), Surface Contact
Toxicity of Clove and Rosemary Oils against American
Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana
Usavadee Thavaraet. al. (2007) Repellent activity of Essential
oils against cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae, Blattellidae,
and Blaberidae

27. Facilities
Cheese cloth
Commercialized Insecticide
Containers
Gloves
Graduated Cylinder
Makabuhay stems
Mortar and Pestle
Spraying bottle
Estimated Costs
Research Budget
Php 2500.00
Item Amount
Editing/editor - Php 500.00
Commercialized Insecticide - Php 300.00
Graduated Cylinder Php - 300.00
Mortar and Pestle - Php 300.00
Containers - Php 200.00

28. Spraying bottle - Php 80.00
Transportation - Php 200.00
Laboratory tests to determine the chemical contents of
Makabuhay stem - Php 500.00.
Statistical data analysis/statistician - Php 500.00
Miscellaneous expense - Php 200.00
Online Searching/Printing - Php 300.00
Source of Funding
Researchers’ fund
Travel Plan
The researcher will take part in conferences as they become
accessible throughout the progression of the research.
Confidentiality and Intellectual Property
This research will be done with confidentiality on the data
that will be collected. The duplication of the study will show
the best result. The researcher will present the research and
its approval will grant by the intellectual property of right
given to the researcher and to the Zarraga National High School.

29. Approvals
This research will use Insects and Plants as subject and
so, before starting the research, ethics authorization to agree
to the research including Insects and Plants as subject will be
pursued from the Insects and Plants Research Ethics Committee of
Zarraga National High School, Principal, Research adviser, and
the head teacher of the STE Department.
Submission of Research Proposal/ Details of Proposed
Research
There will be two copies of this research proposal that has
the details of this proposal that will be submitted to Zarraga
National High School.