1. Report
On
E-commerce
Under the guidance of: - Submitted by: -
Mr.Amandeep Singh Aaina
faculty PCTE Jaswinder kaur
Ravisha
Manpreet kaur

2. • Electronic commerce
Commonly known as e-commerce or ecommerce, consists of the buying and selling
of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.
The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet
usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations
in transfer, supply, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data
interchange(EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems.
Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the
transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as
well.
• Early development
Originally, electronic commerce was identified as the facilitation of commercial transactions
electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds
Transfer (EFT). These were both introduced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send
commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and
acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s
were also forms of electronic commerce. Another form of e-commerce was the airline
reservation system typified by Sabre in the USA and Travicom in the UK.
From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource
planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing.

3. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web web browser and transformed an
academic telecommunication network into a worldwide everyman everyday communication
system called internet/www. Commercial enterprise on the Internet was strictly prohibited until
1991.[1] Although the Internet became popular worldwide around 1994 when the first internet
online shopping started, it took about five years to introduce security protocols
and DSL allowing continual connection to the Internet. By the end of 2000, many European and
American business companies offered their services through the World Wide Web. Since then
people began to associate a word "ecommerce" with the ability of purchasing various goods
through the Internet using secure protocols and electronic payment services.
• Beginning & Future of Ecommerce:
Ecommerce basically began (although debated) in 1994 when Jeff Bezos started Amazon.com
out of his own garage. Well known ecommerce stores include sites like eBay, Dell, Wal-Mart
and many more. Since 1994, businesses of all shapes and sizes have began launching or
expanding their Online presence. At any given time, there are approximately 8 million
consumers worldwide that actively shop and buy through Web based stores or retailers (nearly
one tenth of our world population). Online studies have claimed that online retail revenues will
surpass the quarter-trillion-dollar mark by 2011.
• Benefits of E commerce
• Expand Geographical Reach
The most apparent benefit of Ecommerce is the ability to acquire customers across the country
and around the world.
• Expand Customer Base
By providing your customers another purchase channel, your business can attract and retain
customers that may have never purchased from you.
• Increase Visibility
Consumers are increasingly searching for information on the Internet prior to making a purchase.
Make your business available to them.

4. • Provide Customers Valuable Information
Easy to find contact information, store hours, product information, and answers to common
questions all add to creating a positive customer experience.
• Never Close
Your customers can purchase products from you at 3:00 AM when you are asleep.
• Build Customer Loyalty
Technology can provide the means to create an effective, automated customer retention
program.
• Reduce Marketing and Advertising Costs
Internet marketing can be highly targeted to your specific customer; it is more effective and
provides a higher return on investment than traditional media advertising.
4.8 Collect More Customer Data
Ecommerce, by the very nature of the transactions, automatically collects valuable customer data
and relates purchases to that customer.
The Five Different Types of E-Commerce
1.Business to Consumer (B2C)
• B2C stands for Business to Consumer as the name suggests, it is the model taking businesses and
consumers interaction. Online business sells to individuals. The basic concept of this model is to sell the
product online to the consumers.
• B2c is the indirect trade between the company and consumers. It provides direct selling through
online. For example: if you want to sell goods and services to customer so that anybody can purchase any
products directly from supplier’s website.
Directly interact with the customers is the main difference with other business model. As B2B it manages
directly relationship with consumers, B2C supply chains normally deal with business that are related to
the customer.
2. Business to Business (B2B)
B2B stands for Business to Business. It consists of largest form of Ecommerce. This model
defines that Buyer and seller are two different entities. It is similar to manufacturer issuing goods
to the retailer or wholesaler. Dell deals computers and other associated accessories online but it
is does not make up all those products. So, in govern to deal those products, first step is to
purchases them from unlike businesses i.e. the producers of those products

5. “It is one of the cost effective way to sell out product through out the world”
Benefits:
* Encourage your businesses online
* Products import and export
* Determine buyers and suppliers
* Position trade guide.
Consumer to Consumer (C2C)
3.Consumer to Consumer (C2C)
C2C stands for Consumer to Consumer. It helps the online dealing of goods or services among
people. Though there is no major parties needed but the parties will not fulfill the transactions
without the program which is supplied by the online market dealer such as eBay
examples of Consumer-to-Consumer applications are service and employment websites such as
Monster.com, Seek.com.au and CareerOne.com.au. These websites provide a valuable service to
consumers looking for jobs.
4.Peer to Peer (P2P)
It is a discipline that deal itself which assists people to instantly shares related computer files and
computer sources without having to interact with central web server. If you are going to
implement this model, both sides demand to install the expected software so that they could able
to convey on the mutual platform. This kind of e-commerce has very low revenue propagation as
from the starting it has been tended to the release of use due to which it sometimes caught
involved in cyber laws.
5.m-Commerce
Mobile Commerce, also known as M-Commerce or mCommerce, is the ability to conduct
commerce using a mobile device, such as a mobile phone, a Personal digital assistantPDA, a
smartphone, or other emerging mobile equipment such as dashtop mobile devices. Mobile
Commerce has been defined as follows:"Mobile Commerce is any transaction, involving the
transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services, which is initiated and/or completed by
using mobile access to computer-mediated networks with the help of an electronic device
• Business applications

6. Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following:
• Email
• Enterprise content management
• Instant messaging
• Newsgroups
• Online shopping and order tracking
• Online banking
• Online office suites
• Domestic and international payment systems
• Shopping cart software
• Teleconferencing
• Electronic tickets
• Group Buying
• Government regulations
In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade
Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising
and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct
marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising,
including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-

7. deceptive. Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or
deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate
privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers’ personal information.
As result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to
enforcement by the FTC.
The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in
2008, amends the Controlled Substances Actto address online pharmacies.
• Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for
immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services
to facilitate other types of electronic commerce.
On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly conducted on the World Wide Web. An
individual can go online to purchase anything from books or groceries, to expensive items like
real estate. Another example would be online banking, i.e. online bill payments, buying stocks,
transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country.
All of these activities can be done with a few strokes of the keyboard.
On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange
financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are
very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce.
• Global Trends in E-Retailing and Shopping
Business models across the also continue to change drastically with the advent of E Commerce
and this change is not just restricted to USA. Other countries are also contributing to the growth

8. of E Commerce. For example, United Kingdom has the biggest e-commerce market in the world
when measured by the amount spent per capita, even higher than USA. The internet economy in
UK is likely to grow by 10% between 2010 to 2015. This has led to changing dynamics for the
advertising industry
Amongst emerging economies, China's E Commerce presence continues to expand. With 384
million internet users, China’s online shopping sales rose to $36.6 billion in 2009 and one of the
reasons behind the huge growth has been the improved trust level for shoppers. The Chinese
retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online.
• Impact on markets and retailers
Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified price competition, as it
increases consumers' ability to gather information about products and prices. Research by four
economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of online shopping has also
affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in e-
commerce, bookshops and travel agencies. Generally, larger firms have grown at the expense of
smaller ones, as they are able to use economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone
exception to this pattern has been the very smallest category of bookseller, shops with between
one and four employees, which appear to have withstood the trend.
References

9. • Chaudhury, Abijit; Jean-Pierre Kuilboer (2002). E-Business and e-Commerce Infrastructure.
McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-247875-6.
• Frieden, Jonathan D.; Roche, Sean Patrick (2006-12-19). "E-Commerce: Legal Issues of the
Online Retailer in Virginia" (PDF). Richmond Journal of Law & Technology 13 (2)
• Graham, Mark (2008). "Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of
Economic Development" (PDF). Geography Compass 2 (3): 771. doi:10.1111/j.1749-
8198.2008.00093.x
• Kessler, M. (2003). More shoppers proceed to checkout online. Retrieved January 13, 2004
• Nissan off, Daniel (2006). Future Shop: How the New Auction Culture Will Revolutionize
the Way We Buy, Sell and Get the Things We Really Want (Hardcover Ed.). The Penguin
Press. pp. 246 pages. ISBN 1-59420-077-7.
• Seybold, Pat (2001). Customers.com. Crown Business Books (Random House). ISBN 0-609-
60772-3.
• Miller, Roger (2002). The Legal and E-Commerce Environment Today (Hardcover Ed.).
Thomson Learning. pp. 741 pages. ISBN 0-324-06188-9.
http://www.ecommerceoptimization.com/ecom
http://www.eclyptix.com
http://en.wikibooks.org