- Introduction - Determinants - Architectural Elements - Materials & Construction Techniques - Disaster & Construction Management - Case Study (Janog)

1. October
2018
VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE
HIMACHAL PRADESH

2. Contents
- Introduction
- Determinants
- Architectural Elements
- Materials & Construction Techniques
- Disaster & Construction Management
- Case Study
2VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

3. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
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HIMACHAL PRADESH
•LOCATION - Northern part of India, situated in the
Western Himalayas
•COUNTRY – India
•AREA - 55,673 sq. km
•POPULATION - 6,864,602
•DENSITY - 123/sq. km
•The state is spread across valleys. About 90% of the
state’s population lives in rural areas.

4. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
•The land of Himachal Pradesh rises from the plains at
an altitude from 350 meters mean sea level on the
southwest to an altitude 6816 meters in the east
towards the Tibetan plateau.
TOPOGRAPHY
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5. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
•According to the GSHAP data, Himalayan region falls in
a region of high to very high seismic hazard rated as
Zone IV and V.
SEISMIC ZONE
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6. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DETERMINANTS
1. Socio-Cultural Factor
2. Political Factor
3. Economic Factor
4. Climatic Factor
5. Technological Factor
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7. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DETERMINANTS
•90% of the population has thinly in small villages and depends mostly in agriculture and animal
husbandry as prime economic activities.
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1. Socio-Cultural Factors

8. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DETERMINANTS
•The state of Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12
districts which are grouped into 3 divisions viz.,
Shimla, Kangra and Mandi.
•The districts are further divided into 69 subdivisions,
78 blocks and 145 tehsils.
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SUBDIVISIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
8
2. Political Factors

9. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DETERMINANTS
•Tourism is the major contributor to the state’s
economy and growth.
•Agriculture contributes about 9.4% to the net state
domestic product.
•About 90% of the population directly depends on
agriculture, which provides direct employment to 62%
of the total workers of the state.
•Hydropower is also one of the major sources of
income generation for the state because of the
number of perennial rivers.
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3. Economic Factors

10. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DETERMINANTS
•There is huge variation in climate in Himachal
Pradesh due to variation in altitudes (450 - 6500
mst.)
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4. Climatic Factors

11. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DETERMINANTS
4. Climatic Factors
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12. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
DETERMINANTS
•The primary materials for construction here are wood and stone.
•Among variety of trees, deodar and kail are best suited for construction.
•Architectural style like kath-khuni, use of dhajji walls during construction.
4. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR
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13. • In Himachal elements of nature shape the spatial order and man has to adapt himself to
these forces.
• Over the ages it has evolved unique traditions of art and architecture with foreign influences.
• In the post independence period it has been marked by almost complete break from
traditional and colonial style of architecture.
• Small hamlets located in remote areas, still continue with their old age vernacular building
traditions.
ARCHITECTURE
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 13
• Houses (residential)
• Temple/Monasteries (religious)
• Palaces (royal residences)
• Granaries (storage)
Architecture of Himachal Pradesh can broadly divided into 4 broad categories
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Introduction to Vernacular Architecture of Himachal Pradesh

14. • Double storey houses with pitched
roof, oriented towards South to
reduce heat loss.
• Linear arrangement of rooms,
connected by a balcony on all the
floors.
• Timber and stone are used widely
as both have high thermal capacity
and low conductivity.
• Inner walls thickness is 4 inch and
outer walls thickness is 9 inch.
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Houses (Residential)
TYPICAL COMPONENTS

15. Typology of Houses
• The character of a Himachal
vernacular, the story unit is
basically a cuboid
• The smallest houses are two or
three layers stacked in two or
three levels (ground, first and
second floor)
• The size of the house increases by
placing cuboids side by side and
then extending up three levels
• Single Cuboid
Double Cuboid
Triple Cuboid
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Houses (Residential)

16. Levels of House
A gaushala (cattle shed) on
the ground level, middle level
to store practical items and
top level for cooking, living
spaces and sometimes
formal spaces.
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Houses (Residential)

17. ARCHITECTURE
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
17 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

18. • Himachal Pradesh is a land of
the Gods.
• Hindu temples of many types
and Buddhist monasteries are
found in this spectacular land of
the Himalayas
• There are three styles of temple
architecture:
Pagoda style
Shikhara style
Pahari style
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Temple/Monasteries (Religious)

19. • Pagoda style
These are rectangular stone and
wood structures with successive
roofs, placed one over the other
making them in some cases look
like multi-storey edifices
Hadimba Temple (Manali) , Tripura
Sundri Temple (Naggar) and Adi
Brahma Temple (Khokhan) are
examples of such architecture
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Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
Hadimba Temple, Manali

20. • Shikhara style
It refers to the rising tower over the
sanctum where the presiding deity
is enshrined and is the most
prominent and visible part of a
Hindu temple of North India.
Bishweshwar temple (Bajaura), Shiv
Temple (Naggar), Gauri Shankar
Temple (Dashal), Shiv Temple
(Jagatsukh) are built in this style.
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Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
Bishweshwar Temple, Kullu

21. • Pahari style
Pahari style is a mixture of all other
temple forms.
Bhuvneshwari Temple and Bijli
Mahadev Temple in Kullu are
excellent examples of this form of
temple architecture.
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Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
Bijili Mahadev Temple, Kullu

22. • Monasteries
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Temple/Monasteries (Religious)
Sherabling Monastery, Bir

23. • The major palaces of the state are located in
jubbal, rampur bushair, naggar, chamba and
kumarsain(100 yrs. Old).
• It incorporates various styles of hill
architecture such as traditional, features
from Hindu temples, Buddhist monasteries
and even from Islamic structures of the
plains
• A pergola roof to highlight main entrance
coexists with domical roof tops over the main
halls.
• Palace is built in local materials and roof
forms have to be perforce sloping – so as to
ward off climatic elements.
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Palaces (Royal Residences)
Kumarsain Palace, Shimla

24. • A granary is a storehouse for grain or animal
feed. In ancient or primitive granaries,
pottery is the most common use of storage
in these buildings. Granaries are often built
above the ground to keep the stored food
away from mice and other animals.
• Two main types of granaries:
Independent (freestanding) buildings
Granaries within the houses
• The size and the scale of the granary is in
direct correlation to the volume of the
content to be stored.
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Granaries (Storage)

25. These are independent free
standing wooden granaries
with stone tile roof.
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Granaries (Storage)
These wooden granaries
with stone plinths and roofs
in Sundagaon are a part of
a cluster of family buildings.
The communal wood and stone
granary is a cluster of three
independent Kath-Khuni storage
buildings and three small folk
temples in old Jubbal.

26. ARCHITECTURE
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Granaries (Storage)
The blue
colour
indicates
where the
storage
spaces are
throughout
the building
plans and
sections.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN CROSS SECTION

27. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
27
•Imparts stability to tall structures.
•Insect and termite resistant.
•Even when untreated, can withstand long periods of weather
corrosion.
•Used in making posts, beams, window and door frames, shutters,
roofs etc.
Deodar Wood
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28. 28VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
•Good insulator and binder.
•Either filled into wooden forms and
rammed.
•Alternatively, sun-dried mud bricks is
used for walls.
•Easy availability.
Mud
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

29. 29VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
• Used in building foundation and wall supporting the
roof.
Stone
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Hard Stone
Slate Tiles
•Have high quartz content, frost resistant.
•Low maintenance.
•Invulnerable to rot and insects.
•Provide a moisture barrier to the structure.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

30. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 30
Typical Components
Kath - Khuni Construction
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CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

31. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 31 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Foundation and Plinth
•Stone plinth is filled upto a meter.
•The depth of trench is relative to the
height of structure.
•For a two-storey building, the depth is
0.6 to 1m.
Wall (Wood and Stone wall)
• Walls are constructed with alternate
course of dry masonry and wood
without cementing mortar.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

32. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 32 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
• Laying two wooden wall beams longitudinally
parallel to each other with a gap in between.The
gap is filled with rubble stone and wooden nail
at the edge.
• Layering of wood and stone including
a truncate pyramid shaped corner
stone to protect the wood.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Wall Courses

33. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 33 INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
•Stone plinth is filled upto
a meter from the ground
level.
•The depth of trench is
relative to the height of
structure.
•For a two-storey building,
the depth is 0.6 to 1m.
•In case of lower temple,
its as deep as 3 metres
Stone Plinth Foundations
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

34. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 34
Trombe Wall
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• Passive solar building design.
• A wall is built on the winter side of the building.
• Glass external layer and high capacity internal
layer separated by a layer of air.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

35. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 35
Wooden Panels
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•Timber paneled walls instead of brick
and stone walls.
•Panels are thick for sound insulation.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

36. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 36
South to North Sloping Roofs
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• South to North sloping roofs for maximum
winter sun.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

37. VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE 37
Skylights
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• Roof with the skylight heat up interior.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

38. 38
DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Types:
- Earthquake
- Floods and Cloudburst
- Avalanche
- Landslide
- Forest Fires
- Soil Erosion
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39. DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
39
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
1. Earthquake
- Quite devastating and sudden in nature, is one of
the most common types of disasters that hits the state.
- Seismologists have categorized this state in seismic
zones IV and V, highly prone to earthquakes.
- More than 250 earthquakes of magnitude above
4.0 on the Richter scale, including 51 with magnitude
above 5.0 have rocked the state during the last
century.
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KANGRA
CHAMBA
LAHAUL SPITI
KULLU
SOLAN
SHIMLA
SIRMAUR
KINNAURMANDI
HAMIRPUR
UNA

40. DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
40
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
2. Floods and Cloudburst
- Cloudbursts are very common in this state.
They are basically excessive rain in a short period,
resulting in floods.
- When dams get damaged during earthquake,
Sudden release of water by opening floodgates of
increases the volume of water in the downstream.
This poses a great threat for floods.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
KANGRA
CHAMBA
LAHAUL SPITI
KULLU
SOLAN
SHIMLA
SIRMAUR
KINNAURMANDI
HAMIRPUR
UNA

41. DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
41
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
3. Avalanche
- Sudden slide of large mass of snow along the
slopes of mountain.
- Villages in high altitudes and army and para-military
Camps are frequently hit by this form of calamity.
- They are more common in elevation more than
3500 M.
- Very frequent on slopes of 30-45 degrees.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
KANGRA
CHAMBA
LAHAUL SPITI
KULLU
SOLAN
SHIMLA
SIRMAUR
KINNAUR
MANDI
HAMIRPUR
UNA

42. DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
42
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
4. Landslide
- Downward movement of rocks primarily under
the influence of gravity.
- It is both natural and manmade phenomena and
varies with variation in altitude, geology and
topography.
- The controlling factors of landslide are
steepness of slope, type of rocks, change in
vegetation and developmental activities like C/o
roads, tunnels, Hydropower projects etc.
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43. DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
43
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
5. Forest Fire
- The forests of Himalayan region, due to biotic
and geographic reasons are more prone to forest
Fires.
- 90% of the fires are human induced, intentional
or unintentional.
Eg. Shifting cultivation, throwing cigarettes,
cooking, collection of forest produce etc.
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44. DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
44
Nature, Frequency and Intensity:
6. Soil Erosion
- Himachal Pradesh, which is drained
by a large network of river systems, soil
erosion by water has become a problem.
- Besides causing great loss to soil
fertility, huge quantity of eroded material
carried by water channels causes floods.
- Activities like deforestation, road
construction. Forest fires etc are reasons
for soil erosion.
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45. DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
45
List of Disasters Occured:
1905:
1975:
1979:
1995:
2008:
2011:
2012:
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Kangra Earthquake
Kinnaur Earthquake
Lahaul-Spiti Avalanche
Solan Forest Fire
Naina Devi Temple Stampede
Landslides in Chamba
Himalayan Flash Floods

46. DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
46
Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area:
Mud House
- Mostly constructed in Chamba, Kangra & Una.
- Mainly low income rural people use this type
of construction technique.
- The mud used here is the mixture of clayey
soil, straw, cow dung and coarse sand.
- It is proved that mud houses are more
vulnerable to earthquake because of its brittle
nature and lack of lateral force resisting system.
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47. DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
47
Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area:
Mud House
- For the improvement of mud house,
wooden bracing is used.
- A concrete plinth is used to fix the bamboos
at ground level.
- Holes are made within the walls to connect
the bamboo poles at inner and outer side of
the walls using bamboo splints and wire.
- The horizontal bracings are provided between bamboo poles to reduce deflection and vertical
to resist lateral load.
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Strengthening of existing
mud house

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48
Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area:
Mud House
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Split bamboo members
aligned vertically, then
mud-plastered and
Embedded into the
earthen plinth
Split bamboo members aligned
horizontally, then mud-plastered
and bottom members rest on
earthen plinth
Members bored
and fastened with
rope or wire

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49
Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area:
Non-engineered RCC Building
- RCC building is also popular in rural and
semi-urban areas for their better strength
and durability.
- Often these buildings are constructed in
rural areas by the local constructor without
any engineering design.
- Improvement of non-engineered RCC building can be made by jacketing the existing beams and
columns with additional concrete ring and caging of reinforcement.
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Design and Construction for Earthquake Prone Area:
Non-engineered RCC Building
- Removing cover of the old steel, new steel can be welded with the old one thus by covering it
again inadequate section of RCC column and beam can be strengthened.
- Appropriate design and careful
construction procedure will be enough
for making them earthquake resistant.
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Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area:
Homesteads
- Rural homesteads follow a courtyard layout.
- A group of separate buildings surround an open
space and thus define the courtyard.
- Each building is a one-roomed structure
accommodating different functions such as dwelling
units for extended family members, kitchens and
granaries.
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52
Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area:
Homesteads
- The central part of the courtyard
is the highest point, sloping gently (1%
minimum) to the edges to allow
drainage.
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Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area:
Homesteads
- Drainage channels connected to nearby
water bodies are created to prevent
stagnation of water within the homestead,
especially around the edges of buildings.
- In some flood-prone areas, houses have
a built-in wooden/bamboo platform
(machan) normally used as storage space,
but during flood serves as a raised refuge
area.
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Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area:
Stilts
- Typically such houses are raised on bamboo
or timber stilts and have a floor made of split
bamboo sections or timber planks.
- The use of RC posts as stilts has become common
is areas with a tradition of stilted housing,
substituting the typical timber and bamboo stilts.
- These have the advantage of being water-resistant
and hence more durable.
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55
Design and Construction for Flood Prone Area:
Stilts
- Usually bamboo stilts have to be replaced within 2-3 years
and although timber stilts can last longer depending on the
type of wood used, they are still less durable than RC stilts.
- RC stilts cost more than
bamboo, but are not
significantly expensive than
good quality timber stilts.
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56. DISASTER & CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
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Design and Construction for Cloudburst Prone Area:
Bamboo House with Extended Eaves
- Extended roof eaves to be used to prevent
direct wetting of walls during rain.
- Rainwater gutters can be used to discharge
water away from the house.
- Concrete stump (katla) or if affordable,
brick plinth is used to support bamboo posts.
- Should build house on raised homestead with
slightly sloping ground for drainage.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Extended
roof eave
Rainwater
gutter
Gap for
ventilation
Gap
Kaatla
Slope for
drainage

57. CASE STUDY - JANOG
57
Location
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From Simla, a drive of about 30
kilometers leads to the little town
called Theog, and lying just two
kilometers outside Theog is a small
beautiful compact settlement of
Janog.(at 1980 m altitude)

58. CASE STUDY - JANOG
58
Introduction
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- Janog is a perfect example of a
compact farming village
- where houses, cattle pens,
chicken houses, storage areas,
threshing floors and small gardens
coexist in a limited area
- centers upon a village temple and
temple storehouse or bhandar.

59. CASE STUDY - JANOG
59
Landmarks
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- It houses two beautiful temples:
the younger temple is consecrated
to the Devta Chikhadeshwara
Maharaj and the older Trigaresvara
Mahadev temple which is a short
distance away.

60. CASE STUDY - JANOG
60
Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple
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- The tower, with projecting top floor on all sides and a steep
notched log as ladder of entrance to the highest floor, is called a
bhandar.
- The key to unlock the trap door and entrance to the
superstructure/ bhandar is held by the local pujari or priest.
- The wooden walls that enclose the two upper floors of the
bhandar are quite plain except for some rectangular indented
panels and some pierced geometric signs that are apparently
auspicious symbols.

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Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple
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- Mounted all along the roof edges are double
border boards with space between them for
the attachment of free-hanging pendants,
wooden dowels, that move in the breeze.
- These attachments form a kind of fringe all
around the tower and that are a hallmark of
temple and bhandar design in the Western
Himalaya.

62. CASE STUDY - JANOG
62
Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple
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- The lower storey of the temple is
constructed of wooden courses that
alternate with cut stone in usual timber-
bonded way.
- The building is some times used today
as a school, but its ritual connection to the
nearby temple proper continues.
- A simple human face at the top of the
tower’s gable gazes towards the second
and most important sacred building,
dwelling place of the divine protector of
Jenog and its people.

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Temple and Details - Chikhadeshwara Maharaj Temple
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Attractive
embellishments:
Beautiful floral,
curlicue patterned
edging
Carved and colored
sides of the ladder

64. CASE STUDY - JANOG
64
Temple and Details - Trigaresvara Mahadeva Temple
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
- A short distance from the bhandar and reached by climbing
a fairly steep path that leads beyond the village living area is
the local village shrine. The building is dedicated to Siva.
- Many red flags or pennants blow in the winds of its hilltop
setting. It is smaller than any house in the hamlet, buts its
significance is great. In terms of style it is one of the alpine
types that is sometimes called ‘Chalet’.
- Trigaresvara is essentially the major local deity, the devata,
who is part of the village family. His shrine is his dwelling, the
most important ‘house’ in Jenog and respected by all
who live there

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Houses And Details
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- Janog is a small settlement consisting of about
twenty houses, each about two or three storey
high.
- The upper level accommodates the living
space and the lower floor is usually a cow shed.
- It is a typical farming village with little pathways
encircling the clustered village.

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66
Houses And Details
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE INDO GLOBAL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
- These substantial shelters
have storage areas and room for some
animals on the ground floor while
overhanging balconies offer pleasant
sitting and working areas as they
extend out from the upstairs living
areas.
- All of the domestic buildings are
covered with large and heavy shingles
made of slate.

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- Most of the buildings around the tower are like nearly all
of the houses in the village in being roofed over with large
slabs of slate, carefully shaped and usually nailed into place
over a wooden frame. The tall tower, however,
is covered with wood.
- The upper level is typically finished in wooden panels or
with continuous series of operable windows -very typical of
this place.

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THANKYOU!
AMIT JAKHAD (14010)
ESTHER RAI (14022)
MANSI PUSHPAKAR (14034)
PRERNA CHOUHAN (14044)
ROBINA (14047)
SAHIL (14048)
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