nursing as a profession

2. Unit II Nursing profession
Lecture 2
By
Dr. Hala Yehia

3. The objectives of the lecture:
1- Define Nursing profession
2- Identify what Individual attributes
required to be a nurse
3-Discuss History of nursing

4. Introduction:
You have chosen to be a nurse. What does the
word nurse mean?
The word nurse derives from the Latin word
meaning to nourish
Nursing combines scientific principles, technical
skills, and personal compassion
Nursing is a practical and noble profession.

5. What is Nursing profession
Nursing as integral part of the
health care system, encompasses
the promotion of health, prevention
of illness and care of physically ill
and disabled people of all ages, in
all health care and community
settings

6. The Nurse is a person who has
completed a program of basic
generalized nursing education and
authorized by appropriate regulatory
authority to practice nursing
Who is the Nurse?

7. Basic Nursing education is a
formally recognized program of
study providing a broad and sound
foundation in the behavioral, life,
and nursing science for the
general practice of nursing, for
leadership role, and for post-basic
education for specialty or
advanced nursing practice.

8. The nurse is prepared and authorized
to:
Engage in the general scope of nursing
practice
Carry out health care teaching
Participate as a member health care
team
Supervise and train nurses and health
care auxiliaries
Involve in research.

9. Function of the nurse
Caring for individuals, sick or well
Assess the responses to health
status.
Assist individuals in the
performance of activities
contributing to health or recovery.

10. Function of the nurse
Share with other health team the
planning, implementation and evaluation
to ensure the adequacy of the health
system for promoting health, preventing
illness, and caring for ill and disabled

11. The professional roles of the nurse
• Provider of health care to
individuals, family, and community
• A manager and leader for nurses
and Auxiliary personnel in both
service and education settings

12. The professional roles of the nurse
 Teacher and trainer for student in
nursing sciences both theoretically
and practice
 A researcher as well as assisting in
research
 Expert and consultant in nursing for
national and international

13. Individual attributes required to
be a nurse include
• A strong sense of responsibility
• A highest standards of integrity.
Well education,
• Ability to integrate the art and the science
of working with people

14. History of nursing
Nursing is one of the youngest
profession but one of the oldest arts.
It evolved from the familial roles of
nurturing and care taking.

15. Nursing in Ancient Time
The nurse usually was the mother who cared
for her family during sickness by providing
physical care and herbal treatment.
This nurturing and caring role of nurse
has continued to include assisting women
during childbirth, suckling healthy newborns,
and ministering to the ill, aged and helpless
within households and surrounding
communities. Its hallmark was caring
more than curing

16. Nursing in Christian Time
During the Middle Ages in Europe, people
attributed illness to punishment for sin or
caused by evil spirit. Religious groups
assumed many of the roles of nursing. Nuns
and priests combined their efforts to save souls
with commitment to care for the sick. But their
number was not enough.

17. Consequently, some convents
engaged lay people to assist with
physical care of the sick people.
Nursing attendants were ignorant,
uncouth, and apathetic to the need
to their charge.
Nursing in Christian Time
cont.

18. Nursing in Christian Time
cont.
Infection, pressure sores and malnutrition were a
testimony to their neglect
In the early Christian period, nursing began to
have a formal and more clearly defined role. Led
by the belief that love and caring for ‘others were
important,
women called deaconesses made the first
organized visits to sick people and members of
male religious orders gave nursing care

19. Nursing in Christian TimeNursing in Christian Time contcont..
The Greeks began to establish centersThe Greeks began to establish centers
and Hospitals for the enormousand Hospitals for the enormous
number of pilgrims needingnumber of pilgrims needing
healthcare, and nursing became ahealthcare, and nursing became a
respected vocation.respected vocation.

20. The influence of HippocratesThe influence of Hippocrates
 Hippocrates, born in 460 BC on theHippocrates, born in 460 BC on the
Greek islandGreek island
 He is the Father of MedicineHe is the Father of Medicine
 He helped to lay the groundwork forHe helped to lay the groundwork for
nursing and medicinenursing and medicine
 He proposed the concept of physicalHe proposed the concept of physical
assessment.assessment.

21.  He emphasized the importance ofHe emphasized the importance of
caring for the whole person (holisticcaring for the whole person (holistic
healthcare)healthcare)
 Physician repeat the Hippocrates oathPhysician repeat the Hippocrates oath
when graduating.when graduating.
 Hippocrates healthcare education andHippocrates healthcare education and
training become standard as scientifictraining become standard as scientific
knowledge increasedknowledge increased

22. The Roman MatronsThe Roman Matrons
 The first recorded history of nursing beganThe first recorded history of nursing began
with biblical women who cared for the sickwith biblical women who cared for the sick
and injured.and injured.
 The first nursing educator is a RomanThe first nursing educator is a Roman
woman who converted her house into awoman who converted her house into a
monasterymonastery

23. Monastic and military nursingMonastic and military nursing
orders contorders cont..
 Male military conducted most nursingMale military conducted most nursing
care because they were required tocare because they were required to
defend the hospital as well as to caredefend the hospital as well as to care
for the sickfor the sick

24. The ReformationThe Reformation
 In the 1500s, during the EuropeanIn the 1500s, during the European
religious movement, manyreligious movement, many
monasteries closed and the work ofmonasteries closed and the work of
woman in religious orders nearlywoman in religious orders nearly
ended.ended.
 1800s, “1800s, “The dark ages of nursing”The dark ages of nursing” thethe
few women who cared for the sickfew women who cared for the sick
were prisoners or prostitutes. Nursingwere prisoners or prostitutes. Nursing
was considered menial of all tasks.was considered menial of all tasks.

25.  By the late 1800s, many school forBy the late 1800s, many school for
trained nurses existed throughouttrained nurses existed throughout
Europe. The status of nursing beganEurope. The status of nursing began
to improve and many women includingto improve and many women including
religious once again became involvedreligious once again became involved
in nursing care.in nursing care.

26. Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale
 Was born in 1820 to wealthy EnglishWas born in 1820 to wealthy English
parents.parents.
 She entered the deaconess school ofShe entered the deaconess school of
nursing and her family were stronglynursing and her family were strongly
apposed to her becoming a nurse and thenapposed to her becoming a nurse and then
graduated in 1853graduated in 1853

27. Florence Nightingale contFlorence Nightingale cont..
 She was working as a manager forShe was working as a manager for
nursing home in London.nursing home in London.
 During the Crimean war, 1854,During the Crimean war, 1854,
Nightingale entered the battlefield withNightingale entered the battlefield with
38 other nurses and cared for sick and38 other nurses and cared for sick and
injuredinjured

28. Florence Nightingale contFlorence Nightingale cont..
 She insisted on establishing sanitaryShe insisted on establishing sanitary
conditions and providing qualityconditions and providing quality
nursing care day and night carrying oilnursing care day and night carrying oil
lamps which reduced the mortalitylamps which reduced the mortality
rate.rate.

29. Nightingale definition ofNightingale definition of
nursing.nursing.
 In 1859 Nightingale said that natureIn 1859 Nightingale said that nature
alone cures, medicine and surgeryalone cures, medicine and surgery
assist nature to remove theassist nature to remove the
obstruction. Nursing put the patient inobstruction. Nursing put the patient in
the best condition for nature to actthe best condition for nature to act
upon him.upon him.

30. Florence Nightingale schoolFlorence Nightingale school
 She opened the first nursing schoolShe opened the first nursing school
out side hospitals in 1860.out side hospitals in 1860.
 The nursing course was one year inThe nursing course was one year in
length and included both classroomlength and included both classroom
and clinical experiences in London.and clinical experiences in London.
 The school emphasized learningThe school emphasized learning
rather than service.rather than service.
 Some principles of this school are stillSome principles of this school are still
taught today.taught today.

31. Nightingale principles ofNightingale principles of
nursingnursing
 Cleanliness is vital to recoveryCleanliness is vital to recovery
 The sick person has individual needsThe sick person has individual needs
 Nursing is an art and scienceNursing is an art and science
 Nurses should spend their time caringNurses should spend their time caring
for others not cleaningfor others not cleaning
 Prevention is better than curePrevention is better than cure
 The nurse must work as a member ofThe nurse must work as a member of
a teama team

32. Nightingale principles ofNightingale principles of
nursing contnursing cont..
 Self-discipline and self-evaluation areSelf-discipline and self-evaluation are
importantimportant
 The nurse should be healthy in mindThe nurse should be healthy in mind
and bodyand body
 Teaching is part of nursingTeaching is part of nursing
 Nursing is a specialtyNursing is a specialty
 A nurse should continue learningA nurse should continue learning
throughout her careerthroughout her career

33. Nursing in the United StatesNursing in the United States
 Nursing started as familial role.Nursing started as familial role.
 Throughout the 19Throughout the 19thth
and 20and 20thth
centuries,centuries,
historical and nursing developmentshistorical and nursing developments
interacted to build the foundation ofinteracted to build the foundation of
modern nursing practicemodern nursing practice
 The establishment and growth of aThe establishment and growth of a
system of nursing education is thesystem of nursing education is the
most important development that hasmost important development that has
shaped today’s nursingshaped today’s nursing

34. Nursing in Islamic TimeNursing in Islamic Time
 Nursing found since (El-Rasol period);Nursing found since (El-Rasol period);
women caring soldiers in war bywomen caring soldiers in war by
permission from El Rasol and givepermission from El Rasol and give
care for wound also used method ofcare for wound also used method of
administration in regulation andadministration in regulation and
coordination the work.coordination the work.

36. Unit II Nursing
profession
Lecture 3

37. Objectives of the lecture
 1- Identify the existing system of nursing
education
 2- Determine the levels of nurses
 3-Enumerate the scope of practice
 4- List factors influencing the practice and
competence of the nurse
 5- Identify the code of ethics of nursing

38. The existing system of nursingThe existing system of nursing
educationeducation
 High nursing education :High nursing education :
* university nursing education* university nursing education
program. The admission requirementsprogram. The admission requirements
are secondary school certificate andare secondary school certificate and
the duration of the study is 4 yearsthe duration of the study is 4 years
plus one year as internship.plus one year as internship.
The graduate award after completionThe graduate award after completion
of this program a Bachelor degree inof this program a Bachelor degree in
nursing sciences and be a specialist innursing sciences and be a specialist in
nursingnursing

39. The existing system of nursingThe existing system of nursing
education cont.education cont.
 The post graduate education for masterThe post graduate education for master
degree and for doctorate degree is presentdegree and for doctorate degree is present
in many countries and universities.in many countries and universities.
 The technical nursing education:The technical nursing education:
A three year diploma in nursingA three year diploma in nursing . These. These
schools allow to have a specialty diploma inschools allow to have a specialty diploma in
certain countries. The period of study is 11certain countries. The period of study is 11
months after the finishing the generalmonths after the finishing the general
diploma.diploma.
Example of these diploma: midwifery, schoolExample of these diploma: midwifery, school
health visitorshealth visitors

40. The existing system of nursingThe existing system of nursing
educationeducation
 Assistant nursing education:Assistant nursing education:
These schools prepare assistant nurseThese schools prepare assistant nurse
in deferent specialty as first aidin deferent specialty as first aid
assistant nurse.assistant nurse.
However WHO is trying to permitHowever WHO is trying to permit
practicing nursing only by specialistpracticing nursing only by specialist
and close or technical schoolsand close or technical schools

41. levels of Nurseslevels of Nurses
 1- Nurse generalist:1- Nurse generalist:
Has basic nursing generalizedHas basic nursing generalized
education and authorized by theeducation and authorized by the
appropriate regulatory authority toappropriate regulatory authority to
Practice nursing in his or her countryPractice nursing in his or her country
(Bs Nurse)(Bs Nurse)

42. levels of Nurseslevels of Nurses
22--Nurse specialistNurse specialist::
Prepared beyond the level of a nursePrepared beyond the level of a nurse
generalist and authorized to practicegeneralist and authorized to practice
as a specialist with advancedas a specialist with advanced
expertise in a branch of the nursing.expertise in a branch of the nursing.
The program of study is built upon theThe program of study is built upon the
general education for the nurse.general education for the nurse.
Specialty practice includes clinical,Specialty practice includes clinical,
teaching, administration, research andteaching, administration, research and
consultant roles.consultant roles.

43. levels of Nurseslevels of Nurses
3-Nursing Auxiliary:3-Nursing Auxiliary:
 Those who assist in the practice ofThose who assist in the practice of
nursing under the standards and thenursing under the standards and the
direct or indirect supervision of nursesdirect or indirect supervision of nurses
are referred to a general sense asare referred to a general sense as
auxiliaries or assistantsauxiliaries or assistants

44. The scope of practiceThe scope of practice
 The scope of practice is defined as theThe scope of practice is defined as the
roles, competencies (knowledge, skillsroles, competencies (knowledge, skills
and attitudes) and the professionaland attitudes) and the professional
accountability of the nurse.accountability of the nurse.
 Nursling's authority comes fromNursling's authority comes from
evidence-based knowledge related toevidence-based knowledge related to
its sphere of practice.its sphere of practice.

45. The scope of practiceThe scope of practice
contcont..
 Nursing is also allied to other healthNursing is also allied to other health
professions through its collaborating,professions through its collaborating,
referring, and coordinating activities,referring, and coordinating activities,
and thus has developed a distinct asand thus has developed a distinct as
well as a shared body of knowledgewell as a shared body of knowledge
and practiceand practice

46. Factors influencing TheFactors influencing The
practice and competence ofpractice and competence of
the nursethe nurse
 Education, experience, expertise andEducation, experience, expertise and
interests as well as the context of practiceinterests as well as the context of practice
are among these factors.are among these factors.
 Therefore, definitions of roles and scope ofTherefore, definitions of roles and scope of
practice need to reflect what is actualpractice need to reflect what is actual
nursing..nursing..

47.  Nurses require appropriate initial andNurses require appropriate initial and
ongoing education and training as wellongoing education and training as well
as lifelong learning to practiceas lifelong learning to practice
competently within their scope ofcompetently within their scope of
practice.practice.

48. The code of ethics of nursingThe code of ethics of nursing
professionprofession
 The code of ethics is an essentialThe code of ethics is an essential
characteristics of a profession. Itcharacteristics of a profession. It
provide means for exercise ofprovide means for exercise of
professional self regulation.professional self regulation.

49.  It is expected that the nursingIt is expected that the nursing
syndicate with the governmentsyndicate with the government
authorities will be aware of the factauthorities will be aware of the fact
that to develop the nursing professionthat to develop the nursing profession
law. They should define the differentlaw. They should define the different
roles and functions as well as theroles and functions as well as the
responsibilities of the nurse andresponsibilities of the nurse and
decide the code of ethics of nursingdecide the code of ethics of nursing