Lesson 14 Bones and Muscles

Marie Jaja Tan Roa Santa
Chapter 1: Major Organs of the Human Body

STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM

Full of Bodies
By Jennifer Prescott
From my fingers to my toes, I’m full of bones.
If you count them all as one, they make a skeleton.
From my fingers to my toes, I’m full of bones.
My smallest bone is found inside my ear.
The stirrup helps me hear, many sounds both far and
near.
My smallest bone is found inside my ear.

My longest bone is found inside my leg.
My femur’s really great,
‘cause it helps me stand up straight.
My longest bone is found inside my leg.
My joints help my bones to move around.
My hips, elbows, and knee, oh it’s all so plain to see,
That my joints help my bones to move around.

Where can you find the smallest
bone in your body?
Where can you find the longest bone
in your body?
What are the bones mentioned in
the poem? Can you feel them?
Are your bones hard? Can they be
broken?

The Skeletal System
Your body is built around a
living framework called
Skeletal System.
Your skeletal system is
primarily composed of
bones.

At birth, you have 350
bones.
As you grow older,
some bones fuse
together to form larger
bones and you are left
with 206 bones as an
adult.

Two main groups of bones

The Axial Skeleton
Made up of the skull, ribs
and vertebrae.
80 bones
40% of the bones in the
human.

The skull is a bony
structure that forms the
head of the skeleton in
most vertebrates.
It is a framework of a
bone enclosing the
brain.
The Axial Skeleton:The Skull

The skull helps protect the brain.

The vertebral column
(spinal column and
backbone) is made up of
of a series of irregularly
shaped bones.
It runs from the base of
the skull to the pelvis.
The Axial Skeleton:Vertebral Column

Functions of theVertebral Column
Forms a tube which
houses and protects
the spinal cord.
Provides protective
channels for the lower
spinal nerves.
Supports the weight
of the body and head.

The Axial Skeleton:The Ribcage
The thoracic
cage or rib cage
is composed of
12 pairs of ribs
plus the sternum
for a total of 25
separate bones.

ribs
The rib cage form a
protective cage
around the heart and
lungs and some vital
organs.
ribcage
Function of the Ribcage

The Appendicular Skeleton
The upper division includes
the shoulders, arms,
forearms, wrist, hands and
finger.
The lower division includes
the pelvic or hips, thighs,
legs, ankles and feet.

The Appendicular Skeleton
enable us to stand up tall, walk
up stairs, and climb.

The shoulder girdle consists
of the clavicle or collar bone
and the scapula or shoulder
blade.
The arm bone or humerus,
forms a joint with the
scapula above and with two
forearm bones at the elbow.
The Appendicular Skeleton:The Shoulder Girdle

Pelvic bones
The pelvic bones provide
support for the spine and
some body organs, and is
very stable part of the
body
It is the largest bone in our
body
The Appendicular Skeleton:The Pelvic Bones (Hips)

The bones in our body
are also connected with
each other.
The point where two bones
meet and connect is called
joint.

Joints are
classified into (1)
movable joint
and (2) fixed joint
or immovable
joint.
The movements
of our body
originate in our
joints.

Movable Joints

1. Ball-and-socket Joint
 Your arms and shoulder, upper leg and hip is
connected in a ball-and-socket joint.
Shoulder joint
Hip joint

Functions of Ball-and-socket Joint
 The ball-and-socket
joint allow various
movements, such as
twisting, rotation,
and up-and-down
movement.

2. Hinge Joint
 Hinge joints are
formed between
two or more bones
where the bones
can only move
along one axis to
flex or extend

Hinge Joint Movement
 Your elbows and
knees are hinge
joints.

3. Pivot Joint
 A pivot joint is located between the bones in your
neck below your skull and lets you turn your head
from left to right.

Movable Joint: Pivot Joint
 Pivot joint is a joint in which a bone rotates around
another.

Pivot Joint Movement

Fixed Joint or Immovable Joints
Fixed joint
 In an immovable
joint, the bones
are tightly held
together such that
they cannot move.

 Fixed joints are seams between bones that lie directly
against each other, or are separated only by a thin
layer of connective tissue.

 Ligament are white , cordlike bands that hold
the bones at the joints.
 They help the bones move up and down
around easily.
Ligament

 The ends of the bones in the joints are
protected by smooth, slippery cartilage.
 The cartilage serves as a cushion that has
natural oil for the smooth movement of the
bones.
cartilage

 Another type of
connective tissue is
the tendon.
 Tendon is a white,
tough tissue at the end
of each muscles to the
bones.

Functions of the Skeletal System
1.The skeletal system forms a
strong framework for the
body support. It also gives
shape to the body. Without
this support, we cannot
stand, walk, or sit.

2.The skeletal system protects vital organ of the
body.
 The vertebrae protects the spinal cord
 The skull protects the brain
 The rib cage protects the heart and lungs
 The pelvic bones protect the kidneys and
other part of the abdomen

3.The bones of the
skeletal system,
along with the
muscles, allow the
body to move.

AMAZING FACTS:
 The smallest bone in the human body is the stirrup,
which is located in the ear.
 The largest bone is the pelvic and the longest bone is the
femur
 Although the outer part of a bone is hard, it is generally
light and soft inside.
 Your funny bone isn’t a bone at all. It’s a mass of nerves
that runs along the long bone in your arm called
humerus.

TedEd® video:The Benefits of Good Posture

Muscles forms the fleshy parts
of the body.
All the muscles in the body
make up the muscular system.

Muscles and bones are responsible for the
different body movements.

Muscles expand and contract to help bones move.

They also give shape and forms to our body and
protect delicate organs.
Muscles are voluntary or
involuntary.

Voluntary muscles are attached to bones and can be
controlled. It is also called skeletal muscles.
Voluntary Muscles

Voluntary muscles or skeletal muscles can be
found in your arms, legs, chest, abdomen, face,
neck.
You can make these
muscles move if you
want them to move.

Examples of actions that you can control

Involuntary muscles are controlled by the nervous
system and cannot be controlled consciously.
Involuntary Muscles or Smooth Muscles
The muscles of the
stomach, esophagus,
diaphragm, and walls of
the blood vessels have
smooth muscles.

Smooth muscles are
responsible for
automatic muscles
action such as
peristalsis.
Examples of actions that you cannot control

Cardiac muscles are
found in the walls of
the heart. They
contract and relax to
pump blood around
the body.
Cardiac Muscles
The blood goes around the body and gives
nourishment to all body cells.

How do
muscles
move??!
HOW MUSCLES MOVE

 The main function of the muscular
system is contraction.
 Muscles are most often found in
pairs. Each muscle has two ends,
one of which is called origin,
attached to a fixed attachment.
The other end is the insertion. The
insertion is the movable
attachment of the muscles.

Muscles can only move in one direction, they only contract
(pull).When a muscle isn’t contracting, its relaxing.
Muscles have different strengths and lengths and provide
different amounts of pull.

What covers the bones?
How do muscles help the bones to move?
What are voluntary and involuntary
muscles?
What are the bones that protect the
internal organs?

Which set of bones protects the lungs and
liver?
What organ is protected by the skull?
What are the important bones in our
body?
What is the function of skull?ball-and-
sockets?backbones?pelvic bones?

Why is our body made up of different
types of bones and muscles?
How are bones connected?
What are the functions of muscles?

Lesson 14 Bones and Muscles

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