More Related Content
Similar to Compartments & cells (20)
More from martyynyyte (20)
Compartments & cells
- 1. POWERPOINT®
LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin
Additional text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
UNIT 1UNIT 1
PART A
3 Compartmentation:
Cells and Tissues
- 2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Three Major Body Cavities
Figure 3-1
The body is
divided into
various cavities
but not all
compartments
have walls or
are completely
enclosed
- 3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lumens of Hollow Organs
Hollow organs- contain a space filled with something
other than the organ’s tissue.
Heart
Lungs
Blood vessels
Intestines
Lumen – interior of a hollow organ
Fluid-filled interior
Not the internal environment- as is in the GI tract
- 4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functional Compartments
Extracellular fluid- found outside of organ tissue
Plasma-fluid of blood
Interstitial fluid- fluid between blood vessels and
tissue cells
Intracellular fluid-fluid inside tissue cells
- 5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-2
Body Fluid Compartments
- 6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-3
Cell Membrane: Overview
Membranes in the body may be macroscopic or
microscopic and serve different functions
- 7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Membrane: Function
Physical barrier- separates intracellular and
extracellular fluid
Gateway for exchange- controls what enters and
leaves the cell
Communication- surface proteins respond and
recognize other molecules which can change cell
activity
Cell structure- cell shape is maintained by
cytoskeletal proteins attached to membrane proteins.
Membrane proteins also form cell junctions
Phospholipid bilayer- composed of mostly lipids
and proteins, it’s hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions assist in controlling transport.
- 8. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-4
Cell Membrane: Structure
The fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane
- 9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Membrane: Composition
Lipids
Phospolipids – a glycerol molecule with one phosphate and two fatty
acid tails- makes up a large percentage of the membrane.
Cholesterols- imbedded in the bilayer it stabilizes the membrane and
reduces it’s freezing point.
Proteins
Integral – transmembrane protein, serves as a channel
Peripheral – side proteins that may be enzyme of cytoskeleton
anchors
Lipid-anchored – associate with sphingolipids to form lipid rafts that
may attract other proteins or enzymes
Carbohydrates
Glycolipids- carbohydrates and fatty acids
Glycoprotiens-carbohydrates and proteins
- 10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-5a
Cell Membrane: Formation
Phospholipid molecules are composed of two fatty acid
chains, one glycerol molecule, & one phosphate group
- 11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Membrane: Formation
Figure 3-5b
- 12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-6
Cell Membrane: Proteins
The three types of membrane proteins: integral,
peripheral, and lipid-anchored
- 13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-9
Cell Membrane
Concept Map of cell membrane components
- 14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-10
The cell membrane covers cells of
various sizes, shapes, and functions
- 15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Compartments
Cytoplasm- The space between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus
Cytosol - the jelly like substance that suspends the
organelles
Inclusions - a non-membranous organelle or insoluble
particles
Organelles - cell structures with specific function-
“small organs”
Nucleus- contains the genetic information for the cell
as chromatin, the nucleolus, and nucleoplasm.
- 16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-11
Cell Compartments
A map for the
study of cell
structure
- 17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organelle “Factory” and summary chart
See board drawing and table on board
Review on your own the functions and structures of
the following cell organelles (see fig 3:12):
Inclusions (3-types)
Centrioles, Cillia, & Flagella
Cytoplasmic protein fibers (3 sizes)
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasmic Vesicles
Nucleus
- 18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Primary Tissue Types
Epithelial- major functions: are protection, exchange,
and lining cavities.
Connective- major functions are: support, storage,
communication, immunity.
Muscle- major functions are: posture, movement, heat
production, support and protection.
Nerve- major function is communication and control,
information processing.
- 19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Epithelial Tissue: Structure
Basal lamina
Basement membrane
- 20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Epithelial Tissue: Function
Exchange – quick
movement of molecules
Transport – move from
one side to another and
process
Ciliated – move substances
in the extracellular matrix
Protective – multiple
layers, quickly regenerates
Secretory – produces
substances secreted into the
extracellular matrix or
outside the body.
- 21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Exchange Epithelia
Single cell layer of flat cells that allow molecules to cross through at different rates,
increase surface area with microvilli.
Rapid transport -
Oxygen -
Carbon dioxide -
Ions and fluids -
Capillaries and lung alveoli -
- 22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Transporting Epithelia
single layer or cuboidal or
columnar cells, take in a molecule
from a lumen and transport it into
the blood stream.
Exchange of ions and
nutrients -
Tight junctions -
Intestine and kidney -
- 23. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ciliated and Protective Epithelia
apical cilia allow more the movement of substance on the surface of the
cell, like the ovum or mucus
Ciliated epithelium -
Trachea -
Sweep mucous out -
Protective epithelium -
multiple layers and in skin, serve for protection. Cell have a high
regenerative ability.
Skin -
Prevent exchange -
- 24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Secretory Epithelia
contain goblet cells and
cells that form the different
endocrine or exocrine
glands in the body
Exocrine tissues
Mucous glands
Goblet cells
Secreted externally via
ducts
Endocrine tissues
Hormones
Secreted to ECF and blood
- 25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-28 (1 of 3)
Secretory Epithelia
Development of endocrine and exocrine glands
from epithelium
- 26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues: Structure
Support and barriers – strong high collagen content
allow to withstand forces
Ground substance – varies in amount of water and
changes the consistency of the type of connecitve
tissue
Cells – have a wide variety of functions
Fixed – imbedded in a dense ground substance
Mobile – blood cells surrounded by a fluid ground
substance such as plasma, are able to enter or leave the
blood stream.
- 27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues: Structure
Fibers and their functions- found in the ground substance, the
different ratios of each give each type of connective tissue their
unique characteristics.
Fibroblast cells - produce the fibers and ground substance
Collagen – has a stronger tensile strength than steel, there are
12 variations, is most abundant in the body.
Elastin – gives elasticity to tissues
Fibrillin – combines with elastin to give support to elastic
organs.
Fibronectin – stick to extracellular matrix of cells and helps in
forming blood clots
Reticular fibers- form a network of supportive fibers for cells
composed of free cells as in bone marrow, spleen, and
lymphnodes
- 28. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues: Types
- 29. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cells and Fibers of Loose Connective Tissue
Figure 3-29 (1 of 2)
- 30. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Various Connective Tissue Types
Strength or flexibility
Tendons and ligaments
Collagen dominates
Adipose connective tissue
White
Single droplet
Brown
Multiple droplets
Blood
Plasma matrix
Free blood cells
Cartilage
Light and flexible
Trachea and ears
Bone
Calcified
Rigid
- 31. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscle Tissues
Contractile
Force and movement
Signal conduction
Types
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
- 32. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Nervous Tissues
Neurons send signals
Excitable
Electrical
Chemical
Glial cells support
- 33. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Death and Replacement
Apoptosis- cell death not caused by injury or other
external reasons
Normal cell replacement – during body formation, or in
normal body function cells reach a life limit and die
Programmed cell death - induced by the cell without
disturbing adjacent cells; “cell suicide”
Stem cells – undifferentiated cells that can become
any cell needed in the body, totipotent, puripotent, and
mulitpotent
Role in cell replacement – certain tissues have
multipotent stem cells that can replace cells
Research uses and potential – need to find a good
source of stem cells, face many ethical issues
- 34. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organs
Groups of tissues with related function – each
contains the four types of tissues in various ratios
Epidermal tissue (skin) -
Multiple cell layers – epidermis, dermis,
hypodermis
Multiple tissue types – epitheial, connective,
muscular, nervous
Multiple functions – protection, metabolism,
temperature regulation, water proofing, blood
storage, insulation, excretion, sensory organ
- 35. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings UN 3-1 - Overview
- 36. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Integument System Functions
1. Protection
2. Insulation
3. Water proofing
4. Temperature regulation
5. Excretion
6. Cutaneous Sensory organ
7. Metabolism
8. Blood reservoir