1. AS Micro Revision: Public and Private Goods
What should the state sector of the economy provide? How much should be left to the private sector allocating
scarce resources through the incentives of the price mechanism? Is the provision of public goods the most
important reason for accepting the existence of government involvement in the economy?
These questions revolve around the idea of public and private goods – please understand the key
characteristics of public goods and why they might not be provided optimally by the private sector – giving
government a role in financing them for our collective (social) benefit. Pure public goods have two
characteristics
1. Non-rival – consumption of the good by one person does not reduce the amount available for
consumption by another person. E.g. terrestrial television services provided by the BBC
2. Non-excludable – Where it is not possible to provide a good or service to one person without it thereby
being available for others to enjoy – if you cannot exclude the non-payers, profit-motivated businesses
may decide not to supply these products e.g. defence systems, lighthouse protection
Pure public goods are not provided at all by the private sector - hence there is market failure due to ‘missing
markets’. This is partly due to the ‘free rider’ principle – i.e. people are able to access, consume and benefit
from public goods without being required to pay for them. This is why private sector businesses may not provide
public goods as they cannot supply them profitably. The usual solution is for the government to supply public
goods either directly or indirectly
Directly – state funded (e.g. through taxation) and collectively provided services such as local authority
parks, flood defence schemes and national defence programmes
Indirectly – state funded but privately provided such as privately run prisons or new roads / bridges
Public and Private Goods in the Economy
Completely Nuclear Defence
Pay per view TV
non-rival
Digital radio output
Health treatment
Ticket to Chelsea MMR vaccination
Rival in v Liverpool
consumption
Completely Completely non-
excludable excludable
Quasi-public goods: These are products that are public in nature, but do not exhibit fully the features of non-
excludability and non-rivalry - classic example – roads - They may become rival - e.g. at peak times
The state may choose to provide public goods
1. On grounds of equity – so that people on all levels of income can have access to them
2. On the basis of needs rather than their ability to pay (need – the ability to benefit from conuming)
3. On grounds of efficiency – easier to provide them collectively and utilise economies of scale
4. To overcome the free-rider problem associated with pure public goods
Public goods should not be confused with merit goods such as libraries, health care and education. And
remember that whilst the state may pay for public goods, it may choose to outsource the supply of them to
private sector businesses. Advances in technology are changing the nature of public-good style products.
