3. Introduction
Metabolites are the intermediates and products of
metabolism, are typically characterized by small
molecules with various functions.
Metabolites can be categorized into
1) Primary metabolites.
2) secondary metabolites.
4. The word metabolism is derived from the Greek word
“Metabolismos” or from the French word métabolisme.
Metabolism and metabolic pathways have been studied over
several centuries and has moved from examining whole animals
in early studies, to examining individual metabolic reactions in
modern biochemistry and molecular biology.
History
5. What are metabolites ?
Metabolites are the intermediates & products of metabolism.
The term metabolite is usually restricted to small molecules.
A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth,
development, and reproduction.
Examples:1.Carbohydrates 2.Proteins 3.Lipids
4.Nucleic acids
A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes,
but usually has important ecological function.
Examples include antibiotics, mycotoxins etc.
6. primary metabolites are involved in maintaining normal
physiological processes thus, it is often referred to as a
central metabolite.
Essential for proper growth, development,
and reproduction.
Examples include alcohols such as ethanol, lactic
acid.
Primary Metabolites
7. Aspergillus niger is used in industrial microbiology for
mass production of citric acid. (primary metabolite).
8. Secondary metabolites is a term for pathways for small
molecule and products of metabolism that are not absolutely
required for the survival of the organism.
A secondary metabolite has an important ecological function.
Examples include antibiotics, mycotoxins etc.
They are classified on the basis of
1. chemical structure
2. chemical composition
3. solubility in various solvents
4. pathways by which they are synthsized
Secondary Metabolites
9. Why secondary metabolites are
of no use to the organism ?
Because they are
synthesized late in growth
cycle in stationary phase
(idiophase).
Secondary metabolites are structurally
diverse low molecular mass molecules
that are not essential for the growth and
survival of the producing organisms.
Secondary metabolite serve to increase
the fitness of the producing organisms
and to decrease the fitness of
surrounding organisms.
Metabolites play a role in regulation
and process of sporulation
Secondary Metabolites
11. Categories of secondary metabolites
Major categories of secondary metabolites
1) Mycotoxins
2) Antibiotics
3) Alkaloids
4) Amino acids
5) Steroids
6) Vitamins
12. Difference between primary and secondary
metabolites
Primary metabolites Secondary metabolites
They are involved in normal growth,
development and reproduction.
They are not directly involved in
the normal growth, development
and reprodµction.
Examples for primary metabolites
are carbohydrates , fats and
proteins.
Examples for secondary
metabolites are alkaloids, tannis,
resins, gums
and latex etc.
They are not poisonous. Some of these compounds are
poisonous.
13. Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins refer to the toxic secondary metabolites.
They are neither necessary for growth nor the development of the fungi.
Some of these very severe effects on animal, plant and microbial system
(fungal food poisoning- mycointoxication).
Symptoms of a mycotoxicosis depend on:
The type of mycotoxin
The concentration
As well as age
Health
And sex of the exposed individual
15. Antibiotics
The term ‘antibiotic’ was coined by selman waksman in
1942.
The secondary metabolites isolated from microbes and
exhibits either antimicrobial(antibacterial, antifungal,
antiprotozoal), antitumor and antiviral activities used to
be called as antibiotics.
It is used to treat infections caused by microorganisms,
including fungi and protozoa.
17. 1.Penicillin
Penicillin is a secondary metabolite or idiolite ; not required for
growth of fungus.
Production of fungal biomass occurs in growth phase called
trophophase.
Accumulation of penicillin occurs in idiophase.
Its production only begins after near exhaustion of carbon source.
High levels of glucose repress penicillin production.
18. 2. Cephalosporins
Cephalosporin are a group of broad spectrum ,semi-synthetic β-lactam
antibiotics derived from the mould Cephalosporium acremonium.
They are divided into some groups-cephalosporin N and C are
chemically related to penicillins and cephalosporin
19. 3.Streptomycin
Discovered by selman waksman.
Streptomycin is a secondary metabolite produced by streptomyces
griseus an actinobacterium.
Used in treatment of diseases; infective endocarditis, tuberculosis,
tularemia, in veterinary medicine for use against gram negative bacteria
in large animals.
20. 4. Griseofulvin
Griseofulvin also known as Grisovin is an antifungal drug that
is administered orally.
It is derived from the mould Penicillium griseofulvum and streptomyces
griseus .
It is used both in animals and in humans, to treat fungal infections of the
skin and nails.
21. Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical
compounds which mostly contain nitrogen atoms.
Beside carbon and hydrogen molecules of alkaloids may contain-
• Sulfur
• Rarely chlorine
• Bromine Or phosphorus
23. A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings
arranged in a specific molecular configuration
Rhizopus arrhizus :- hydrolytes progesterone forming another steroid
with introduction of oxygen.
Cunnighamella blakesleeana :- can hydroxylate steroid cortexolome to
form hydrocortisone.
Rhizopus nigricans :- numerous similar transformations are carried out
to produce various steroid derivatives for medicinal uses.
Steroids
26. References
Principles of microbiology, by ronald atlas
A text book of basic and applied microbiology,
K R aneja , pranay jain , raman aneja
Web sources
Wikipedia
Editor's Notes
In Greek metabole means a “change” and metaballein means to change. The combination of the words is derived from meta meaning “over” and ballein meaning “to throw”.
Aflatoxin , citrulin
fungus
??
Endocarditis- infection in heart inner lining
Fancisella taulerensis
Possesses structural similarity to several neurotransmitters, and has biological activity as a vasoconstrictor.
Ergotamine is a secondary metabolite, the principal alkaloid produced by the ergot fungus,. STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES TO Serotonin ,Dopamine, Epinephrine
Derived from Penicillium oxalicum, which usually grows on dead and decaying matter.
Produced by some grass infecting Neotyphodium species.
The alkaloid protects the grass against grazing by mammals and insects.
This alkaloid can also be used as bio-insecticide and bio-pesticide.
Filamentous fungus
Vit c keto sugar monosaccharides