How is the process of analyzing and interpreting data in quantitative research? (Lecture slides mostly in English)

1. PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
ANALYZING & INTERPRETING QUANTITATIVE DATA
SEMESTER GASAL 2015/2016
FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA
KULIAH VII - 25 SEPTEMBER 2015

2. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN© 2015 Ardhiati
Mahasiswa memahami secara garis besar tahapan dalam proses
analisis dan interpretasi data kuantitatif;
Mahasiswa memahami prosedur untuk menganalisis data kuantitatif.
01.
02.
ONE DAY OBJECTIVES
2

3. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
CALCULATING
STATISTICS IS
ONLY ONE STEP
IN THE PROCESS
OF ANALYZING
DATA.
THE PROCESS
3

4. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
CALCULATING
STATISTICS IS
ONLY ONE STEP
IN THE PROCESS
OF ANALYZING
DATA.
PREPARING & ORGANIZING
THE DATA
THE PROCESS
4
ANALYZING
THE DATA
REPORTING
THE RESULT
INTERPRETING
THE RESULT
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun, Abacus by Mister Pixel,
Pie Chart by Aha-Soft, Chart by Gregor Črešnar; from the Noun Project

5. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
CALCULATING
STATISTICS IS
ONLY ONE STEP
IN THE PROCESS
OF ANALYZING
DATA.
PREPARING & ORGANIZING
THE DATA
THE PROCESS
5
ANALYZING
THE DATA
REPORTING
THE RESULT
INTERPRETING
THE RESULT
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun, Abacus by Mister Pixel,
Pie Chart by Aha-Soft, Chart by Gregor Črešnar; from the Noun Project

6. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
SCORE THE DATA DETERMINE
THE TYPES OF SCORES
SELECT A
STATISTICAL PROGRAM
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
6
CLEAN AND ACCOUNT
FOR MISSING DATA
INPUT THE DATA
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
List Numbered by Thomas Helbig, Counting by Magicon,
Floppy Disk by Mike Wirth, Clean Database by Richard Schumann;
from the Noun Project

7. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
SCORING
THE DATA
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
7
The researcher assigns a numeric score
(or value) to each response category for
each question on the instruments used to
collect data.
(Creswell, 2012, p. 175-176)
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
List Numbered by Thomas Helbig, Check Mark by James Cottell;
from the Noun Project

8. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
SCORING
THE DATA
Consistently score each question in this
scale using the same numbering system.
CONTINUOUS/
CATEGORICAL DATA
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
7
The researcher assigns a numeric score
(or value) to each response category for
each question on the instruments used to
collect data.
A list of variables or questions that
indicates how the researcher will code or
score responses from instruments or
checklists.
CODEBOOK
(Creswell, 2012, p. 175-176)
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
List Numbered by Thomas Helbig, Check Mark by James Cottell;
from the Noun Project

9. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
8
CONTINUOUS/CATEGORICAL DATA
ICON CREDIT: Folder Document by parkjisun;
from the Noun Project

10. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
9
CONTINUOUS/CATEGORICAL DATA
ICON CREDIT: Folder Document by parkjisun;
from the Noun Project

11. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
10
CODEBOOK
ICON CREDIT: Folder Document by parkjisun;
from the Noun Project
KATEGORI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11
ITEM Sangat
Buruk Buruk
Biasa
Saja Baik
Sangat
Baik
MISSING
DATA
JENIS
KELAMIN Laki-laki
Perem-
puan
MISSING
DATA
USIA ≤ 20
tahun
21-25
tahun
26-30
tahun
31-35
tahun
36-40
tahun
41-45
tahun
46-50
tahun
51-55
tahun
> 55
tahun
MISSING
DATA
PENDIDIKAN
TERAKHIR
Tidak
Sekolah
SD/SMP/
Sederajat
SMA/
Sederajat
Akademi
(D1, D2,
D3, D4)
Sarjana
(S1)
Master
(S2) ke
atas
MISSING
DATA
ALASAN
MEMILIH
Kemauan
sendiri
Saran
orang lain
Rujukan
dokter
Rujukan
asuransi Lain-lain
MISSING
DATA

12. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
DETERMINE
THE TYPES OF SCORES
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
11
The type of score will affect how you
enter data into a computer file for
analysis.
(Creswell, 2012, p. 177-178)
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
List Numbered by Thomas Helbig, Check Mark by James Cottell;
from the Noun Project

13. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
DETERMINE
THE TYPES OF SCORES
An individual score assigned to each
question for each participant in your study.
SINGLE-ITEM SCORES
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
11
The type of score will affect how you
enter data into a computer file for
analysis.
The scores of an individual added over
several questions that measure the same
variable.
SUMMED SCORES
(Creswell, 2012, p. 177-178)
Scores in a quantitative study that
represent a difference or change for each
individual.
DIFFERENCE SCORES
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
List Numbered by Thomas Helbig, Check Mark by James Cottell;
from the Noun Project

14. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
12
SINGLE-ITEM SCORES
ICON CREDIT: Folder Document by parkjisun;
from the Noun Project
SUBJEK ITEM 1 ITEM 2 ITEM 3 ITEM 4 ITEM 5
S001 Baik Biasa Saja Biasa Saja Baik Baik
S002 Sangat Baik Sangat Baik Sangat Baik Sangat Baik
S003 Baik Baik Baik Baik Baik
S004 Baik Baik Baik Biasa Saja Biasa Saja
S005 Baik Baik Baik Baik Baik
S006 Sangat Baik Sangat Baik Sangat Baik Sangat Buruk Sangat Baik
S007 Baik Baik Baik Baik Sangat Baik
S008 Baik Baik Baik Baik Baik
S009 Biasa Saja Baik Biasa Saja Buruk Biasa Saja
S010 Baik Baik Biasa Saja Biasa Saja Sangat Baik

15. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
13
SINGLE-ITEM SCORES
ICON CREDIT: Folder Document by parkjisun;
from the Noun Project
SUBJEK ITEM 1 ITEM 2 ITEM 3 ITEM 4 ITEM 5
S001 4 3 3 4 4
S002 5 5 11 5 5
S003 4 4 4 4 4
S004 4 4 4 3 3
S005 4 4 4 4 4
S006 5 5 5 1 5
S007 4 4 4 4 5
S008 4 4 4 4 4
S009 3 4 3 2 3
S010 4 4 3 3 5

16. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
13
SINGLE-ITEM SCORES
ICON CREDIT: Folder Document by parkjisun;
from the Noun Project
SUBJEK ITEM 1 ITEM 2 ITEM 3 ITEM 4 ITEM 5
S001 4 3 3 4 4
S002 5 5 11 5 5
S003 4 4 4 4 4
S004 4 4 4 3 3
S005 4 4 4 4 4
S006 5 5 5 1 5
S007 4 4 4 4 5
S008 4 4 4 4 4
S009 3 4 3 2 3
S010 4 4 3 3 5

17. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
14
SUMMED SCORES
ICON CREDIT: Folder Document by parkjisun;
from the Noun Project
SUBJEK ITEM 1 ITEM 2 ITEM 3 ITEM 4 ITEM 5 TOTAL
S001 4 3 3 4 4 18
S002 5 5 11 5 5 20
S003 4 4 4 4 4 20
S004 4 4 4 3 3 18
S005 4 4 4 4 4 20
S006 5 5 5 1 5 21
S007 4 4 4 4 5 21
S008 4 4 4 4 4 20
S009 3 4 3 2 3 15
S010 4 4 3 3 5 19

18. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
SELECT A
STATISTICAL PROGRAM
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
15
The hardest part is deciding which
software package to use.
(Creswell, 2012, p. 178-179)
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
Floppy Disk by Mike Wirth, Check Mark by James Cottell;
from the Noun Project

19. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
SELECT A
STATISTICAL PROGRAM
MINITAB
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
15
The hardest part is deciding which
software package to use.
SYSTAT
(Creswell, 2012, p. 178-179)
SPSS
JMP
SAS
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
Floppy Disk by Mike Wirth, Check Mark by James Cottell;
from the Noun Project

20. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
SELECT A
STATISTICAL PROGRAM
MICROSOFT EXCEL
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
16
The hardest part is deciding which
software package to use.
(Creswell, 2012, p. 178-179)
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
Floppy Disk by Mike Wirth, Check Mark by James Cottell;
from the Noun Project

21. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
INPUT
THE DATA
MICROSOFT EXCEL
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
17
Transfering the data from the responses
on instruments to a computer file for
analysis.
(Creswell, 2012, p. 179–181)
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
Floppy Disk by Mike Wirth, Check Mark by James Cottell;
from the Noun Project

22. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
18
INPUT THE DATA (USING MICROSOFT EXCEL)
ICON CREDIT: Folder Document by parkjisun;
from the Noun Project

23. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
CLEAN AND ACCOUNT
FOR MISSING DATA
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
19
(Creswell, 2012, p. 181-182)
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
Clean Database by Richard Schumann; Check Mark by James Cottell;
from the Noun Project

24. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
CLEAN AND ACCOUNT
FOR MISSING DATA
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
19
(Creswell, 2012, p. 181-182)
The process of inspecting the data for
scores (or values) that are outside the
accepted range.
CLEANING THE DATA
Missing data may result when instrument
data is lost, individuals skip questions,
participants are absent, or individuals
refuse to complete a sensitive question.
ASSESSING MISSING DATA
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun,
Clean Database by Richard Schumann; Check Mark by James Cottell;
from the Noun Project

25. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
PREPARING & ORGANIZING THE DATA
20
CLEANING THE DATA
ICON CREDIT: Folder Document by parkjisun;
from the Noun Project

26. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
CALCULATING
STATISTICS IS
ONLY ONE STEP
IN THE PROCESS
OF ANALYZING
DATA.
PREPARING & ORGANIZING
THE DATA
THE PROCESS
22
ANALYZING
THE DATA
REPORTING
THE RESULT
INTERPRETING
THE RESULT
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun, Abacus by Mister Pixel,
Pie Chart by Aha-Soft, Chart by Gregor Črešnar; from the Noun Project

27. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
ANALYZING THE DATA
You analyze the data
to address each one
of your research questions
or hypotheses.
23
(Creswell, 2012, p. 182)
ICON CREDIT: Abacus by Mister Pixel;
from the Noun Project

28. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
A.
Relate two or more variables.
Test hypotheses about the
differences in the groups or the
relationships of variables.
Compare two or more groups on
the independent variable in
terms of the dependent variable.
Describe trends in the data to a
single variable or question on
your instrument.
B.
C.
D.
ANALYZING THE DATA
24
(Creswell, 2012, p. 182)
ICON CREDIT: Abacus by Mister Pixel;
from the Noun Project

29. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
A.
Relate two or more variables.
Test hypotheses about the
differences in the groups or the
relationships of variables.
Compare two or more groups on
the independent variable in
terms of the dependent variable.
Describe trends in the data to a
single variable or question on
your instrument.
B.
C.
D.
ANALYZING THE DATA
24
(Creswell, 2012, p. 182)
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
ICON CREDIT: Abacus by Mister Pixel;
from the Noun Project

30. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
ANALYZING THE DATA
25
(Creswell, 2012, p. 183-187)
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
VARIABILITYCENTRAL
TENDENCY
RELATIVE
STANDING
the spread of the scores
in a distribution
summary numbers that
represent a single value
in a distribution of scores
describe one score
relative to a group of
scores
ICON CREDIT: Abacus by Mister Pixel;
from the Noun Project

31. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
ANALYZING THE DATA
26
(Creswell, 2012, p. 187-192)
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
RELATE
VARIABLES
GROUP
COMPARISON
Continuous -
Categorical
Continuous -
Continuous
P NP NP
Categorical -
Categorical
Continuous -
Categorical
P NP NP
Pearson
Correlation
Regression
Categorical -
Categorical
Spearman
Correlation
Point-Biserial
Correlation
Phi Coefficient
t-test
Analysis of
Variance
Mann-Whitney
U
Kruskall-
Wallis
Friedman
Chi-Square
ICON CREDIT: Abacus by Mister Pixel;
from the Noun Project

32. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
CALCULATING
STATISTICS IS
ONLY ONE STEP
IN THE PROCESS
OF ANALYZING
DATA.
PREPARING & ORGANIZING
THE DATA
THE PROCESS
28
ANALYZING
THE DATA
REPORTING
THE RESULT
INTERPRETING
THE RESULT
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun, Abacus by Mister Pixel,
Pie Chart by Aha-Soft, Chart by Gregor Črešnar; from the Noun Project

33. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
2.1. 3.Include language
typically used in
reporting statistical
results.
Report whether the
hypothesis test was
significant or not.
Provide important
information about
the statistical test,
given the statistics.
REPORTING THE RESULT
29
(Creswell, 2012, p. 198)ICON CREDIT: Chart by Gregor Črešnar; from the Noun Project

34. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
A summary of
quantitative information
presented as a chart,
graph, or picture that
shows relations among
scores or variables.
A summary of
quantitative data
organized into rows
and columns.
TABLES FIGURES
REPORTING THE RESULT
30
(Creswell, 2012, p. 196-197)
ICON CREDITS: Chart by Gregor Črešnar; Spreadsheet by dw,
Charts by Aha-Soft; from the Noun Project

35. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
CALCULATING
STATISTICS IS
ONLY ONE STEP
IN THE PROCESS
OF ANALYZING
DATA.
PREPARING & ORGANIZING
THE DATA
THE PROCESS
32
ANALYZING
THE DATA
REPORTING
THE RESULT
INTERPRETING
THE RESULT
ICON CREDITS: Folder Document by parkjisun, Abacus by Mister Pixel,
Pie Chart by Aha-Soft, Chart by Gregor Črešnar; from the Noun Project

36. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
SUGGEST FUTURE RESEARCH
EXPLAIN WHY THE RESULT OCCUREDSUMMARIZE THE MAJOR RESULT
ADVANCE LIMITATIONS
A statement that reviews the major
conclusions to each of the research
questions or hypotheses.
Often this explanation is based on
returning to predictions made from a
theory or conceptual framework that
guided the development of research
questions or hypotheses.
Potential weaknesses or problems with
the study identified by the researcher.
Suggestions made by the researcher
about additional studies that need to be
conducted based on the results of the
present research.
INTERPRETING THE RESULT
33
(Creswell, 2012, p. 198-199)

37. FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA ATMA JAYA © 2015 Ardhiati PDU 211 METODE PENELITIAN
WANT TO KNOW MORE?
CRESWELL, J.W. (2012). EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH: PLANNING, CONDUCTING
AND EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (4TH ED.).
BOSTON, MA: PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.