53. • An inherent tension in how micro-credentials are
positioned in the literature
• Viewpoints range from alternative or
supplementary credentials to those embedded
in mainstream educational offerings
• Very few higher education institutions are using
micro-credentials as a means of fundamentally
disrupting traditional credential frameworks and
qualifications
54.
55.
56.
57. “Because alternative credentials are not identified in the
educational attainment component of national labour force
surveys or in international surveys of adult skills (such as
PIAAC), evidence on their effects on earnings of large-
scale populations is unavailable"
(Kato, Galán-
Muros & Weko,
2020, p.28).