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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],OBJECTIVES: After studying Chapter 17, the reader should be able to: Continued
[object Object],[object Object],OBJECTIVES:
[object Object],[object Object],KEY TERMS:
GETTING READY FOR SERVICE ,[object Object],As stated in the Hippocratic oath, a doctor agrees first to do no harm to the patient during treatment. Service technicians should also try to do no harm to the vehicle while it is being serviced. Always ask, “ Am I going to do any harm if I do this? ” before you do it. Do No Harm The hood must be opened, and often struts holding a hood are weak or defective. Therefore, always make sure the hood is securely held. Connect an exhaust system hose to the tailpipe(s) before work is started that will involve operating the engine.
Figure 17–1 Before service begins be sure to cover the seats, floor, and steering wheel with protective covering. Figure 17–2 An exhaust hose should be connected to the tailpipe(s) whenever the engine is being run indoors. Continued
The Magnuson-Moss Act was passed into law in 1975 and allows the use of nonoriginal equipment replacement parts during the service or repair of a vehicle without losing the factory warranty. This means that any oil or air filter, spark plug, or other service part can be used unless the vehicle manufacturer furnishes these parts for free during the warranty period. The vehicle manufacturer cannot deny paying a warranty claim for a fault unless the replacement part is proved to be the cause of the condition needed to be covered by the warranty. Therefore, it is up to the business owner, service manager, or the technician to determine if the replacement part is of good quality. While this is very difficult or impossible, unless defects are obviously visible, the best solution is to use the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) parts or service parts from a well-known company. What is the Magnuson-Moss Act?
WIPER BLADE INSPECTION & REPLACEMENT ,[object Object],Continued Figure 17–3 Installing a wiper blade insert into a wiper arm.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CABIN AND AIR FILTER REPLACEMENT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17–4 A cabin filter can be accessed either through the glove compartment or under the hood on most vehicles. Continued
Figure 17–5 (a)  A typical dirty air filter. (b) Always check the inlet passage leading to the air filter for debris that can reduce airflow to the engine. ,[object Object],(a) (b) Many recommend replacing the filter every 30,000 miles (50,000 km) or even more frequently under dusty conditions. Many techs advise do so yearly.
BRAKE FLUID LEVEL INSPECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued
Figure 17–6 A master brake cylinder with transparent reservoir. The brake fluid should be between the “MAX” and  “MIN” levels indicated on the reservoir. CAUTION:   Do not overfill a brake master cylinder. The brake fluid gets hotter as the brakes are used and there must be room in the master cylinder reservoir for the brake fluid to expand. Continued
Figure 17–7 DOT 3 brake fluid. Always use brake fluid from a sealed container because the fluid absorbs moisture from the air. Such contaminated brake fluid has a lower boiling point and can cause rust to form in the brake system components. ,[object Object],BRAKE FLUID TYPES Continued All polyglycol brake fluid is clear to amber in color. All brake fluid must meet Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 116. The SAE and DOT have established brake fluid specification standards.
[object Object],CAUTION:   DOT 3 brake fluid is a very strong solvent and can remove paint! Care is required when working with DOT 3 brake fluid to avoid contact with the vehicle’s painted surfaces. It also takes the color out of leather shoes. Continued
[object Object],NOTE:   Even though DOT 5 does not normally absorb water, it is still tested using standardized SAE procedures in a humidity chamber. After a fixed amount of time, the brake fluid is measured for boiling point. Since it has had a  chance  to absorb moisture, the boiling point after this sequence is called the minimum wet boiling point. Continued
[object Object],Brake Fluid Boiling Points CAUTION:   Some vehicle manufacturers such as Chrysler do not recommend the use of or the mixing of other types of polyglycol brake fluid and specify the use of DOT 3 brake fluid only. Always follow the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendation.
ENGINE OIL LEVEL AND CONDITION ,[object Object],Figure 17–8 A typical engine oil level indicator (dipstick). Continued
[object Object],Figure 17–9 The oil level should read no higher than the “MAX” level and no lower than the “MIN” level when the vehicle is parked on a level surface and the oil has had some time to sit with the engine off. This time is necessary to allow the oil to flow from the upper region if the engine down into the oil pan.  Continued
ENGINE OIL CHANGES ,[object Object],See this chart on Page 123 of your textbook. Continued
VISCOSITY OF OIL (SAE RATING) ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Continued NOTE:   Some vehicle manufacturers such as Ford and Honda recommend the exclusive use of SAE 5W-20 or SAE 0W-20 engine oil. The owner’s manual warns that this is the only viscosity that is acceptable to use under all temperatures and operating conditions. Always follow the vehicle manufacturer’s recommended engine oil and viscosity.
QUALITY OF OIL (API RATING) ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17–10 API doughnut for a SAE 5W-30, SM engine oil. When compared to a reference oil, the “energy conserving” designation indicates a 1.1% better fuel economy for SAE 10W-30 oils and 0.5% better fuel economy for SAE 5W-30 oils. Continued
[object Object],See this chart on Page 124 of your textbook.
ILSAC OIL RATING ,[object Object],If an engine oil meets the standards, a “starburst” symbol is displayed on the front of the oil container. The original GF-1 (gasoline fueled) rating was updated to GF-2 in 1997, to GF-3 in 2001, and GF-4 in 2004.  Figure 17–11 The International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) starburst symbol. This symbol is on the front of the container means the oil is acceptable for use in almost any gasoline engine.
[object Object],[object Object],How Does an Oil Life Monitor Work? While some manufacturers such as Mercedes, use a sensor to measure oil temperature, most vehicle oil change monitors function two ways:
SYNTHETIC ENGINE OIL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued
[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17–12 Mobil 1 synthetic engine oil is used by several vehicle manufacturers in new engines. Continued
[object Object]
[object Object],Most 4-cycle lawn and garden equipment engines are air cooled and operate hotter than many liquid cooled engines. Lawn mowers and other small engines are often operated near or at maximum speed and power output for hours at a time. These operating conditions are hard on any engine oil. Try using a synthetic oil. The cost is not as big a factor because most small 4-cycle lawn mower engines require only about 1/2 quart ( 1/2 liter) of oil. The synthetic oil is able to perform under high temperatures better than conventional mineral oils.. Use Synthetic Engine Oil in Lawn Equipment A major disadvantage is cost. Synthetic engine oils can cost four or five times as much as Group II mineral engine oils. Some synthetics are blended with Group II oils and must be labeled  blends .
EUROPEAN OIL RATING SYSTEM ,[object Object],See these charts on Page 125 of your textbook.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Some oils can meet the industry specifications, such as SAE, API, and/or ILSAC ratings, but not pass the tests specified by the manufacturer. The standard should meet those of the manufacturer, which include: Make Sure the Oil Meets Specific Vehicle Specifications
ENGINE OIL DISPOSAL ,[object Object],Vehicle owners often forget when they last changed the oil. This is particularly true of the person who owns or is responsible for several vehicles. A helpful method for remembering when the oil should be changed is to change the oil at the start of each season of the year. Remembering that the oil needs to be changed on these dates helps owners budget for the expense and the time needed. Follow the Seasons ,[object Object],[object Object],(September 21) (December 21) ,[object Object],[object Object],(March 21) (June 21)
Figure 17–14 A cutaway of a typical spin-on oil filter. Engine oil enters the filter through the small holes around the center of the filter and flows through the pleated paper filtering media and out through the large hole in the center of the filter. The center metal cylinder with holes is designed to keep the paper filter from collapsing under the pressure. Continued OIL FILTERS Oil is pumped from the oil pan through the filter before it goes into the lubricating system passages. The filter is made from either closely packed cloth fibers or a porous paper. These particles are so small they can flow through the bearing oil film and not touch the surfaces, and so do no damage.  Large particles are trapped by the filter while microscopic particles will flow through the filter pores.
[object Object],Figure 17–15 A rubber diaphragm acts as an antidrainback valve to keep the oil in the filter when the engine is stopped and the oil pressure drops to zero. Continued The engine or filter has a  bypass  that will allow oil to go around the filter element. It allows the engine to be lubricated with dirty oil, rather than having no lubrication, if the filter becomes plugged.  The oil also goes through the bypass when the oil is cold and thick.
Many persons believe oil filters will remove all dirt from the oil being circulated through the filtering material. Most will filter particles that are about 10 to 20 microns in size. A micron is a millionth of a meter, or 0.000039 inch. Most dirt and carbon particles that turn engine oil black are less than a micron in size. In other words, it takes about 3,000,000 (three million) of these carbon particles to cover a pinhead. To help visualize how small a micron is: a typical human hair is 60 microns in diameter. In fact, anything smaller than 40 microns is not visible to the human eye. Dispersants are added to engine oil to prevent dirt from adhering together to form sludge. It is the same dispersant additive that prevents dirt from being filtered or removed by other means. If an oil filter could filter particles down to one micron in size, the engine would not receive sufficient oil through the filter for lubrication. Oil recycling companies use special chemicals to break down dispersants, which permits dirt in the oil to combine into larger units that can be filtered or processed out. Does the Oil Filter Remove all the Dirt?
[object Object],Figure 17–16 A typical filter crusher. The hydraulic ram forces out most of the oil from the filter. The oil is trapped underneath the crusher and is recycled. Oil filters should be crushed and/or drained of oil before discarding.  After the oil has been drained, the filter can usually be disposed of as regular metal scrap, by following proper disposal procedures.
Figure 17–13 (a) A pick is pushed through the top of an oil filter that is positioned vertically. (b) When the pick is removed, a small hole allows air to get into the top of the filter which then allows the oil to drain out of the filter and back into the engine. Removing an oil filter that is installed upside down can be a real mess. When this design filter is loosened, oil flows out from around the sealing gasket. To prevent this from happening, use a pick and poke a hole in the top of the filter. The hole allows air to get into the filter, allowing oil to drain back into the engine rather than remain in the filter. After punching the hole, wait several minutes to allow time oil to drain down into the engine. The Pick Trick (a) (b)
TYPES OF COOLANTS ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Figure 17–17 Since the mid-1990s, many vehicle manufacturers have been using antifreeze coolant that is silicate and phosphate free. Check the owner’s manual for the spec for the recommended engine coolant. Continued
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued
Conventional ethylene glycol antifreeze, regardless of the additives used, is attractive to pets and animals because it is sweet. Ethylene glycol is fatal to any animal if swallowed and therefore, any spill should be cleaned up quickly. Another type of antifreeze coolant, called propylene glycol, is less attractive to pets and animals because it is less sweet, but is still harmful if swallowed. This type of coolant should not be mixed with ethylene glycol coolant. What is “Pet Friendly” Antifreeze? CAUTION:   Some vehicle manufacturers do not recommend the use of propylene glycol coolant. Check the recommendation in the owner’s manual or service information before using it in a vehicle . Continued
ANTIFREEZE/COOLANT DISPOSAL ,[object Object],Figure 17–18 Used antifreeze coolant should be kept separate and stored in a leak-proof container until it can be recycled or disposed of according to federal, state, and local laws. Note that the storage barrel is placed inside another container to catch any coolant that may spill out of the inside barrel.
CAUTION:   The coolant level should only be checked when the engine is cool. Removing the pressure cap from a hot engine will release the cooling system pressure when the coolant temperature is above its atmospheric boiling temperature. When the cap is removed, the pressure will instantly drop to atmospheric pressure level, causing the coolant to boil immediately. Vapors from the boiling liquid will blow coolant from the system. Coolant will be lost, and a person may be injured or burned by the high-temperature coolant that is blown out of the filler opening. If overheating occurs in slow stop-and-go traffic, the usual cause is low airflow through the radiator. Check for airflow blockages or cooling fan malfunction. If overheating occurs at highway speeds, the cause is usually a radiator or coolant circulation problem. Check for a restricted or clogged radiator. Quick-and-Easy Cooling System Problem Diagnosis
RADIATOR AND HEATER HOSES ,[object Object],Continued
Figure 17–19 This old upper hose had a split, causing coolant to squirt out. It is often difficult to remove a radiator or heater hose from the fittings on the radiator or heater core. To avoid possible damage to expensive radiator or heater cores, do not pull or twist the hose to remove it. Simply use a utility knife and slit the hose lengthwise and then use your finger to peel the hose off of the radiator or heater core. Although this procedure will not work if the hose is to be reused, it is a real time saver when it comes to replacing old hoses . The Cut and Peel Trick
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID CHECK ,[object Object],NOTE:   Honda and Acura manufacturers usually specify that the transmission fluid be checked with the engine off. The recommended procedure is usually stamped on the transmission dipstick or written in the owner’s manual and/or service manual. Continued
[object Object],Figure 17–20 A typical automatic transmission dipstick.  NOTE:   The “add” mark on most automatic transmission/transaxle dipsticks mean that 1/2 quart (1/2 liter) of automatic transmission fluid needs to be added.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued
NOTE:   Chrysler warns that color and smell should not be used to determine the condition of ATF4 used in most Chrysler-built vehicles since the 2000 model year. The dyes and additives can change during normal use and it is not an indication of fluid contamination. Always follow the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendation. Continued New ATF will penetrate a paper towel better than used oxidized ATF. To compare old fluid with new, place three drops of new fluid on a paper towel and three drops of used ATF on the paper towel about 3 inches from the first sample. Wait for 30 minutes. The new ATF will have expanded (penetrated through the paper towel) much further than the old, oxidized fluid. This test can be used to convince a customer that the ATF should be changed according to the vehicle manufacturer’s recommended interval even though, to the naked eye, the fluid looks okay. The Paper Towel Test
TYPES OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Figure 17–21 Honda ATF is highly friction modified and should be used in all Honda vehicles. Substituting another type of ATF can cause harsh shifting or shudders during acceleration. NOTE:   Mercon replaced earlier Ford ATF specs for CJ, H, and MV.
POWER STEERING FLUID ,[object Object],NOTE:   Remember,  multiple-purpose  power steering fluid does not mean all - purpose  power steering fluid. Always consult the power steering reservoir cap, service manual, or owner’s manual for the exact fluid to be used in the vehicle being serviced. Continued
Figure 17–22 Many vehicles use a combination filler cap and level indicator (dipstick) that shows the amount of power steering fluid in the reservoir. The power steering fluid should also be checked for color that could indicate wear in the system or contamination.
WINDSHIELD WASHER FLUID ,[object Object],CAUTION:   Some mixed fluids are for summer use only and do not contain antifreeze protection. Read the label carefully! Some fluids must be mixed with water because they are in concentrated form. Follow the directions on the container  exactly . If not enough water is used, the additives in the washer fluid could damage the paint on the roof and trunk lid. Windshield washer fluid may also be flammable because it often contains alcohol. Keep the fluid away from open flames or excessive heat. Continued
Figure 17–23 (a) Windshield washer fluid caps are usually labeled with this symbol. Figure 17–23 (b) use the recommended windshield washer fluid. Do not use water in climates where freezing temperatures are possible or damage to the reservoir, pump, and lines could result when the Water freezes and expands.
ACCESSORY DRIVE BELT INSPECTION ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Figure 17–24 A special tool is useful when installing a new accessory drive belt. The long-handled wrench fits the hole in the belt tensioner. NOTE:   Often, belt noise sounds exactly like a noisy bearing. Therefore, before you start removing and replacing parts, try the hand cleaner trick.
Lower-than-normal alternator output could be a loose or slipping drive belt. All belts (V and serpentine multigroove) use an interference angle between the angle of the V’s of the belt and the angle of the V’s on the pulley. A belt wears this interference angle off the edges of the V of the belt. As a result, the belt may start to slip and make a squealing sound even if tensioned properly. A common trick used to determine if the noise is belt related is to use grit-type hand cleaner or scouring powder. With the engine off, sprinkle some powder onto the pulley side of the belt. Start the engine. The excess powder will fly into the air, so get out from under the hood when the engine starts. If the belts are now quieter, it was the glazed belt making the noise. Often, grit from the hand cleaner will remove glaze from the belt and the noise will not return. If the belt is worn or loose, the noise  will  return and the belt should be replaced.  The Hand Cleaner Trick
Figure 17–25 Typical worn serpentine accessory drive belt. A defective or worn belt can cause a variety of noises, including squealing and severe knocking similar to a main bearing knock, if glazed or loose. Figure 17–26 Always check the belt routing whenever replacing or checking the operation or noise in the accessory drive belts. Continued
[object Object],[object Object],See the table on Page 131 of your textbook. Continued
[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17–27 A spring-loaded accessory drive belt tensioner. ,[object Object]
CHECKING TIRE PRESSURE ,[object Object],Continued
[object Object],Figure 17–28 Many manufacturers print the recommended tire pressure on a placard attached to the driver’s door or door jamb. NOTE:   Tire pressure changes according to air temperature about 1 psi per 10°F; therefore, during a change of season the tire pressure has to be adjusted. For example, when the summer temperature of 80°F changes to 40°F in the fall, the tire pressure will drop about 4 psi (80 – 40 = 40).
[object Object],CAUTION:  Do not inflate tires to the maximum rating on the tire sidewall. Even though this pressure represents the maximum tire pressure, inflating the tires to this pressure usually results in a very hard ride and often unacceptable handling.
TIRE ROTATION ,[object Object],HINT:   To help remember when to rotate tires, it should be done at every other oil change. Most manufacturers recommend changing the engine oil every 3,000 miles (4,800 km) or every three months and recommend tire rotation every 6,000 (9,600 km) miles or every six months.
Figure 17–29 The preferred method most often recommended is the modified X method. Using this method, each tire eventually is used at each of the four wheel locations. An easy way to remember the sequence, whether front wheel drive or rear wheel drive, is to say to yourself,  “Drive wheels straight, cross the nondrive wheels.” NOTE:   Radial tires can cause radial pull due to their construction. If the wheel alignment is correct, try to correct a pull by rotating the tires front to rear or, if necessary, side to side.
WHEEL MOUNTING TORQUE ,[object Object],CAUTION:   Most manufacturers warn that the wheel studs should not be oiled or lubricated with grease because this can cause the wheel lug nuts to loosen while driving. NOTE:   Anytime you install a brand-new set of aluminum wheels, retorque the wheels after the first 25 miles. The soft aluminum often compresses slightly, loosening the torque on the wheels.
Figure 17–30 (a) A torque absorbing adapter (often called a torque stick) being used to tighten lug nuts. The adapter should  not  be held as it could change the torque calibration or cause personal injury if the adapter were to break. Figure 17–30 (b) An assortment of torque limiting adapters.
If the vehicle is hoisted on a frame-contact lift, spin each tire to check that the brakes are not dragging. You should be able to turn all four wheels by hand if the parking brake is off and the transmission is in neutral. Also, when spinning the tire, look over the top of the tire to check if it is round. An improperly mounted or out-of-round tire can be detected by watching for the outside of the tire to move up and down as it is being rotated. Two Quick Checks
A student service technician was observed applying a lot of force to a torque wrench attached to a wheel lug nut. When the instructor asked what he was doing, the student replied that he was turning the lug nut tighter until he heard a second click from the torque wrench. This was confusing to the instructor until the student explained that he had heard a second click of the torque wrench during the demonstration. The instructor at once realized that the student had heard a click when the proper torque was achieved, plus another click when the force on the torque wrench was released. No harm occurred to the vehicle because all the lug nuts were reinstalled and properly torqued. The instructor learned that a more complete explanation for the use of click-type torque wrenches was needed. Waiting for the Second Click Story
TIRE INSPECTION ,[object Object],Figure 17–31 All tires should be checked for wear by observing the wear bars. These strips cause the tire to be bald in this area when the tire tread depth is less than 2/32”.
Figure 17–32 This tire is worn on the outside. If both front tires are worn the same way, then excessive toe-in is most likely the cause. If just one tire shows this type of wear, then the camber is not correct and the vehicle should be inspected for a fault in the suspension system.
Figure 17–33 This tire should be replaced. The unusual wear pattern indicates a possible fault with the tire itself or a suspension fault that has caused the wheel/tire assembly to wear unevenly.
CHASSIS LUBRICATION ,[object Object],Continued
Figure 17–34 A hand-operated grease gun being used to lubricate a grease fitting on a pitman arm. CAUTION:   If too much grease is forced into a sealed grease boot, the boot itself may rupture requiring the entire joint to be replaced.
CHASSIS GREASE ,[object Object]
Figure 17–35 Most vehicle manufacturers recommend use of grease rated NLGI #2 and “GC” for wheel bearing, and “LB” for chassis lubrication. Many greases have both designations and are acceptable for use as wheel bearing grease as well as chassis grease for ball joints and tie-rod ends. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],OTHER UNDER-THE-VEHICLE LUBRICATION CHECKS ,[object Object],Figure 17–36 This broken coil spring was found during an under-vehicle Inspection. The owner was unaware of the problem and it did not make any noise. Continued
Figure 17–37 This corroded muffler was found during a visual inspection and yet was not detected by the driver because it was relatively quiet. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CAUTION:   Do  not  lubricate plastic-coated parking brake cables. The lubricant can destroy the plastic coating.
DIFFERENTIAL FLUID CHECK ,[object Object],To check the differential fluid level and condition, perform the following: To check the differential fluid level and condition, safely hoist the vehicle, and perform procedures following. Continued
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued
Figure 17–38 A visual Inspection should include checking differential fluid, especially after noting that a leak has occurred. NOTE:   The reason for the low fluid level should be determined. If repairs are not completed immediately, additional differential fluid should be added by pumping it into the differential through the inspection hole.
DIFFERENTIAL LUBRICANTS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued Limited slip differentials (abbreviated LSD) usually use an additive that modifies friction characteristics of the rear axle lubricant to prevent chattering while cornering.
[object Object],MANUAL TRANSMISSION/TRANSAXLE LUBRICANT CHECK ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],To check manual transmissions/transaxles lubricant, perform the following:
One of the many items that should be inspected while underneath the vehicle is the condition of all the fuel lines. Many gasoline (fuel) leaks do not show as wet areas. A hydrocarbon detector available from automotive test equipment suppliers is an excellent tool to use to locate small gasoline leaks that may not be visible. Use a Hydrocarbon Detector Figure 17–39 An electronic hand-held hydrocarbon tester is an excellent tool to use to check for possible gasoline leaks from lines or components.
[object Object],Continued
[object Object],( cont. ) Continued
[object Object],( cont. )
SUMMARY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued
SUMMARY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued ( cont. )
SUMMARY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Continued ( cont. )
SUMMARY ,[object Object],[object Object],( cont. )
end

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Chapter 17

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Figure 17–1 Before service begins be sure to cover the seats, floor, and steering wheel with protective covering. Figure 17–2 An exhaust hose should be connected to the tailpipe(s) whenever the engine is being run indoors. Continued
  • 7. The Magnuson-Moss Act was passed into law in 1975 and allows the use of nonoriginal equipment replacement parts during the service or repair of a vehicle without losing the factory warranty. This means that any oil or air filter, spark plug, or other service part can be used unless the vehicle manufacturer furnishes these parts for free during the warranty period. The vehicle manufacturer cannot deny paying a warranty claim for a fault unless the replacement part is proved to be the cause of the condition needed to be covered by the warranty. Therefore, it is up to the business owner, service manager, or the technician to determine if the replacement part is of good quality. While this is very difficult or impossible, unless defects are obviously visible, the best solution is to use the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) parts or service parts from a well-known company. What is the Magnuson-Moss Act?
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. Figure 17–6 A master brake cylinder with transparent reservoir. The brake fluid should be between the “MAX” and “MIN” levels indicated on the reservoir. CAUTION: Do not overfill a brake master cylinder. The brake fluid gets hotter as the brakes are used and there must be room in the master cylinder reservoir for the brake fluid to expand. Continued
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35. Figure 17–14 A cutaway of a typical spin-on oil filter. Engine oil enters the filter through the small holes around the center of the filter and flows through the pleated paper filtering media and out through the large hole in the center of the filter. The center metal cylinder with holes is designed to keep the paper filter from collapsing under the pressure. Continued OIL FILTERS Oil is pumped from the oil pan through the filter before it goes into the lubricating system passages. The filter is made from either closely packed cloth fibers or a porous paper. These particles are so small they can flow through the bearing oil film and not touch the surfaces, and so do no damage. Large particles are trapped by the filter while microscopic particles will flow through the filter pores.
  • 36.
  • 37. Many persons believe oil filters will remove all dirt from the oil being circulated through the filtering material. Most will filter particles that are about 10 to 20 microns in size. A micron is a millionth of a meter, or 0.000039 inch. Most dirt and carbon particles that turn engine oil black are less than a micron in size. In other words, it takes about 3,000,000 (three million) of these carbon particles to cover a pinhead. To help visualize how small a micron is: a typical human hair is 60 microns in diameter. In fact, anything smaller than 40 microns is not visible to the human eye. Dispersants are added to engine oil to prevent dirt from adhering together to form sludge. It is the same dispersant additive that prevents dirt from being filtered or removed by other means. If an oil filter could filter particles down to one micron in size, the engine would not receive sufficient oil through the filter for lubrication. Oil recycling companies use special chemicals to break down dispersants, which permits dirt in the oil to combine into larger units that can be filtered or processed out. Does the Oil Filter Remove all the Dirt?
  • 38.
  • 39. Figure 17–13 (a) A pick is pushed through the top of an oil filter that is positioned vertically. (b) When the pick is removed, a small hole allows air to get into the top of the filter which then allows the oil to drain out of the filter and back into the engine. Removing an oil filter that is installed upside down can be a real mess. When this design filter is loosened, oil flows out from around the sealing gasket. To prevent this from happening, use a pick and poke a hole in the top of the filter. The hole allows air to get into the filter, allowing oil to drain back into the engine rather than remain in the filter. After punching the hole, wait several minutes to allow time oil to drain down into the engine. The Pick Trick (a) (b)
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43. Conventional ethylene glycol antifreeze, regardless of the additives used, is attractive to pets and animals because it is sweet. Ethylene glycol is fatal to any animal if swallowed and therefore, any spill should be cleaned up quickly. Another type of antifreeze coolant, called propylene glycol, is less attractive to pets and animals because it is less sweet, but is still harmful if swallowed. This type of coolant should not be mixed with ethylene glycol coolant. What is “Pet Friendly” Antifreeze? CAUTION: Some vehicle manufacturers do not recommend the use of propylene glycol coolant. Check the recommendation in the owner’s manual or service information before using it in a vehicle . Continued
  • 44.
  • 45. CAUTION: The coolant level should only be checked when the engine is cool. Removing the pressure cap from a hot engine will release the cooling system pressure when the coolant temperature is above its atmospheric boiling temperature. When the cap is removed, the pressure will instantly drop to atmospheric pressure level, causing the coolant to boil immediately. Vapors from the boiling liquid will blow coolant from the system. Coolant will be lost, and a person may be injured or burned by the high-temperature coolant that is blown out of the filler opening. If overheating occurs in slow stop-and-go traffic, the usual cause is low airflow through the radiator. Check for airflow blockages or cooling fan malfunction. If overheating occurs at highway speeds, the cause is usually a radiator or coolant circulation problem. Check for a restricted or clogged radiator. Quick-and-Easy Cooling System Problem Diagnosis
  • 46.
  • 47. Figure 17–19 This old upper hose had a split, causing coolant to squirt out. It is often difficult to remove a radiator or heater hose from the fittings on the radiator or heater core. To avoid possible damage to expensive radiator or heater cores, do not pull or twist the hose to remove it. Simply use a utility knife and slit the hose lengthwise and then use your finger to peel the hose off of the radiator or heater core. Although this procedure will not work if the hose is to be reused, it is a real time saver when it comes to replacing old hoses . The Cut and Peel Trick
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51. NOTE: Chrysler warns that color and smell should not be used to determine the condition of ATF4 used in most Chrysler-built vehicles since the 2000 model year. The dyes and additives can change during normal use and it is not an indication of fluid contamination. Always follow the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendation. Continued New ATF will penetrate a paper towel better than used oxidized ATF. To compare old fluid with new, place three drops of new fluid on a paper towel and three drops of used ATF on the paper towel about 3 inches from the first sample. Wait for 30 minutes. The new ATF will have expanded (penetrated through the paper towel) much further than the old, oxidized fluid. This test can be used to convince a customer that the ATF should be changed according to the vehicle manufacturer’s recommended interval even though, to the naked eye, the fluid looks okay. The Paper Towel Test
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55. Figure 17–22 Many vehicles use a combination filler cap and level indicator (dipstick) that shows the amount of power steering fluid in the reservoir. The power steering fluid should also be checked for color that could indicate wear in the system or contamination.
  • 56.
  • 57. Figure 17–23 (a) Windshield washer fluid caps are usually labeled with this symbol. Figure 17–23 (b) use the recommended windshield washer fluid. Do not use water in climates where freezing temperatures are possible or damage to the reservoir, pump, and lines could result when the Water freezes and expands.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60. Lower-than-normal alternator output could be a loose or slipping drive belt. All belts (V and serpentine multigroove) use an interference angle between the angle of the V’s of the belt and the angle of the V’s on the pulley. A belt wears this interference angle off the edges of the V of the belt. As a result, the belt may start to slip and make a squealing sound even if tensioned properly. A common trick used to determine if the noise is belt related is to use grit-type hand cleaner or scouring powder. With the engine off, sprinkle some powder onto the pulley side of the belt. Start the engine. The excess powder will fly into the air, so get out from under the hood when the engine starts. If the belts are now quieter, it was the glazed belt making the noise. Often, grit from the hand cleaner will remove glaze from the belt and the noise will not return. If the belt is worn or loose, the noise will return and the belt should be replaced. The Hand Cleaner Trick
  • 61. Figure 17–25 Typical worn serpentine accessory drive belt. A defective or worn belt can cause a variety of noises, including squealing and severe knocking similar to a main bearing knock, if glazed or loose. Figure 17–26 Always check the belt routing whenever replacing or checking the operation or noise in the accessory drive belts. Continued
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65.
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 68. Figure 17–29 The preferred method most often recommended is the modified X method. Using this method, each tire eventually is used at each of the four wheel locations. An easy way to remember the sequence, whether front wheel drive or rear wheel drive, is to say to yourself, “Drive wheels straight, cross the nondrive wheels.” NOTE: Radial tires can cause radial pull due to their construction. If the wheel alignment is correct, try to correct a pull by rotating the tires front to rear or, if necessary, side to side.
  • 69.
  • 70. Figure 17–30 (a) A torque absorbing adapter (often called a torque stick) being used to tighten lug nuts. The adapter should not be held as it could change the torque calibration or cause personal injury if the adapter were to break. Figure 17–30 (b) An assortment of torque limiting adapters.
  • 71. If the vehicle is hoisted on a frame-contact lift, spin each tire to check that the brakes are not dragging. You should be able to turn all four wheels by hand if the parking brake is off and the transmission is in neutral. Also, when spinning the tire, look over the top of the tire to check if it is round. An improperly mounted or out-of-round tire can be detected by watching for the outside of the tire to move up and down as it is being rotated. Two Quick Checks
  • 72. A student service technician was observed applying a lot of force to a torque wrench attached to a wheel lug nut. When the instructor asked what he was doing, the student replied that he was turning the lug nut tighter until he heard a second click from the torque wrench. This was confusing to the instructor until the student explained that he had heard a second click of the torque wrench during the demonstration. The instructor at once realized that the student had heard a click when the proper torque was achieved, plus another click when the force on the torque wrench was released. No harm occurred to the vehicle because all the lug nuts were reinstalled and properly torqued. The instructor learned that a more complete explanation for the use of click-type torque wrenches was needed. Waiting for the Second Click Story
  • 73.
  • 74. Figure 17–32 This tire is worn on the outside. If both front tires are worn the same way, then excessive toe-in is most likely the cause. If just one tire shows this type of wear, then the camber is not correct and the vehicle should be inspected for a fault in the suspension system.
  • 75. Figure 17–33 This tire should be replaced. The unusual wear pattern indicates a possible fault with the tire itself or a suspension fault that has caused the wheel/tire assembly to wear unevenly.
  • 76.
  • 77. Figure 17–34 A hand-operated grease gun being used to lubricate a grease fitting on a pitman arm. CAUTION: If too much grease is forced into a sealed grease boot, the boot itself may rupture requiring the entire joint to be replaced.
  • 78.
  • 79.
  • 80.
  • 81.
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84. Figure 17–38 A visual Inspection should include checking differential fluid, especially after noting that a leak has occurred. NOTE: The reason for the low fluid level should be determined. If repairs are not completed immediately, additional differential fluid should be added by pumping it into the differential through the inspection hole.
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88. One of the many items that should be inspected while underneath the vehicle is the condition of all the fuel lines. Many gasoline (fuel) leaks do not show as wet areas. A hydrocarbon detector available from automotive test equipment suppliers is an excellent tool to use to locate small gasoline leaks that may not be visible. Use a Hydrocarbon Detector Figure 17–39 An electronic hand-held hydrocarbon tester is an excellent tool to use to check for possible gasoline leaks from lines or components.
  • 89.
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 92.
  • 93.
  • 94.
  • 95.
  • 96. end