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Proposal presentation mien
1. Factors Contributing to Illiteracy
Problem among Orang Asli
Students in Terengganu.
Wan Muhaimin bin Wan Ahmad
2011801048
2. Definition of Terms
Orang Asli - refers to the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia
who are not Malay Muslims, Malaysia’s main ethnic group.
Nicholas, 2003
Literacy – the ability to read, write, listen, speak and communicate
effectively.
Cooper, 1997
Illiteracy – literate problem; inability to read and write.
Cooper, 1997
Socioeconomic - refers to the parents’ level of income, their
occupational status, their level of education, and the personal
possessions in the home.
Cooper, 1997
3. Definition of Terms
Motivation - the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior.
Franken, 2006
Attitudes - An evaluative disposition toward some object based upon
cognitions, affective reactions, behavioral intentions, and past behaviors ...
that can influence cognitions, affective responses, and future intentions and
behaviors.
Zimbardo and Leippe (1991)
4. Introduction
• Orang Asli or the indigenous people is a
community that contributes a lot to the
development of this country.
• In Malaysia, the population of Orang Asli is
154896 people (JAKOA, 2010)
• These community is seen as less developed
compared to other races in the country.
• In terms of education, the illiteracy rate is
high; 49.2% of the people are illiterate.
5. Problem Statements
It has been observed that indigenous community
are living in a widespread poverty, illiteracy,
malnutrition, absence of drinking water and
sanitary living conditions, poor maternal and
child health conditions.
Bose et al. (1990), Chaudhuri (1990)
6. NEW MILLENIUM
Children need to be prepared to be able to
function effectively in a highly literate society.
They have to demonstrate literate behaviour.
PAST
acquire the
READ ability to LISTEN
WRITE SPEAK
COMMUNICATE
EFFECTIVELY
Cooper, 1997
7. Inability to use reading to master
other subject areas
Low academic achievement
Poor self-esteem
CONSEQUENCES Failure to finish high school
ASSOCIATED WITH Allington, 1995;
Jacobson, Olsen, Rice, & Sweetland, 2001
ILLITERACY AND
LOW LITERACY
Living life in poverty
Unemployment and underemployment
Involvement in criminal activity
Intergenerational transfer of illiteracy
or low literacy
DeBruin-Parecki, Paris, & Siedenburg, 1997;
Rush, 1999
8. B e ca u s e o f t h e s e co n s e q u e n c e s , i t i s
i m p o r ta nt to p re ve nt i l l i te ra c y d u r i n g
c h i l d h o o d . U n d e rsta n d i n g t h e fa c to rs
t h at co nt r i b u te to i l l i te ra c y i s a n
i m p o r ta nt ste p to wa rd s c re at i n g
i nte r ve nt i o n s to a d d re s s t h e p ro b l e m .
9. Theoretical Framework
Socioeconomic
Bose et al (1990), Karine (2007),
Andrejs & Antra (2008), Joshi (2010)
Motivation
Beach (1996), Guthrie (1996)
Cooper (1997), Kamarulzaman (2008)
Attitudes & Participation Illiteracy
Davidson & Snow (1995),
Kamarulzaman (2008), Andrejs & Antra (2008),
Accessibility
Kamarulzaman (2008),
Andrejs & Antra (2008), Joshi (2010)
Learning Environment
Dickinson & DeTemple, (1998),
Fitzgerald et al. (1991)
10. Research Objectives
1. To examine the relationship between family socioeconomic status and
illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu.
2. To examine the relationship between motivation and illiteracy problem
among Orang Asli students in Terengganu.
3. To examine the relationship between attitudes and participations in learning
and illiteracy problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu.
4. To examine the relationship between accessibility to education and illiteracy
problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu.
5. To examine the relationship between learning environment and illiteracy
problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu.
11. Research Questions
1. How does family socioeconomic status affect the illiteracy problem among
Orang Asli students in Terengganu?
2. How does motivation affect the illiteracy problem among Orang Asli
students in Terengganu?
3. How does attitudes and participations in learning affect the illiteracy
problem among Orang Asli students in Terengganu?
4. How does the accessibility to education affect the illiteracy problem among
Orang Asli students in Terengganu?
5. How does learning environment affect the illiteracy problem among Orang
Asli students in Terengganu?
12. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Factors associated with effective literacy learning have
been examined, identified and debated by many
researchers throughout the years. (Stokes, 2002)
• Qualitative researches using teachers’ observations and
interviews done have given us some strategies for effectual
literacy instructions. (Pressly, 2002)
• Snow et al. (1998) state that due to the progressing
technological society, there is a need for individuals to not
only be literate, but also capable to read the increasingly
more challenging materials.
13. • Although there are some progress in the area of effectual
literacy instructions, many children are still experiencing
literacy difficulties. (Snow et al., 1998)
• Research findings over the years have shown that children
who are raised in poverty and whose parents’ reading and
writing skills are poor, are prone to have reading
difficulties. (Lyon, 1998; Snow et al., 1998)
• In addition to that, it has been observed that indigenous
community are living in a widespread poverty and illiteracy.
(Bose et al., 1990)
• In a relatively newer finding, Xaxa (2001) supports Bose et
al., stating that indigenous people are still lagging behind
very much against the general population in literacy and
educational attainment.
14. • Andrejs and Antra (2008) have identified a few factors that
lead to children to have literacy difficulties, namely the
socioeconomic factors, collaboration of students and
family, students’ reading habit inside and outside of school.
• Some factors suggested by Andrejs and Antra are also
suggested by Joshi (2010). The factors suggested by Joshi
are; the low status in health, education and economic, the
access to schooling and effective participation, and also
poverty.
• Besides those factors, other researchers looked into
motivation as one of the factors that contribute to the
issue. (Beach, 1996; Cooper, 1997; Guthrie, 1996)
15. METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Correlational research
Why? To examine the relationship between the independent
variables and the dependent variable.
16. METHODOLOGY
Population
Level 2 students from SK Sungai Pergam,
Kemaman (43 students) and SK Sungai
Berua, Kuala Berang (58 students).
Total population = 101 students.
17. METHODOLOGY
Sampling Frame
Name lists of Year 4, 5 and 6 students
from both schools.
21. School and Teacher
• Provide conducive learning environment
• More reinforcement to the students
• Provide more facilities and easy access to
reading materials.
22. Parents – Teacher Association
• Give awareness to parents about the
importance of education.
• A platform for parents and teachers to share
knowledge and ideas on how to improve the
situation.
23. JAKOA
• Organise Education Awareness campaigns.
• Provide amenities to Orang Asli people for
easy access to education
