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GIS and Mapping Software
      Introduction
Objective

 To provide background on GIS and introduce
  QGIS
Geographic Information System (GIS) is an integration
 of five basic components




    GIS is more than just a computer program that produces maps.
Capturing   Analyzing




 Storing    Displaying




Querying    Outputting
A GIS combines layers of spatial data




Answers questions by comparing layers
Querying Data
  Identify features based on location




 Identify features based on a condition
An African country with a population greater than 300,000
Graphs
Displaying Data
Maps




       Tables
Outputting Data
Analyzing Data

     Proximity



     Overlay




     Network
Representing the Natural World in GIS Data
GIS data types – Vector Data
• Points                    • Polygons
     • water supply wells        • Lakes
     • Village centers           • Village areas

• Lines
     • Water lines
     • Road center
GIS data types – Raster Data
•   An array of cells
•   Represents continuous data layer
•   Best for data without easily defined boundaries
•   Each cell has one value
Comparison of 2 ways of representing GIS data


                   Vector




                   Raster
Vector Data

 Vector data provides a complex representation of
  the world it stores both:
    Attributes -- text or numerical information that
     describe the features (population of a village or
     number of orphans in a province)
    Geometry -- the shape or position of the features
     (boundary of a country or location of a hospital)
Attributes
  Nonspatial information about a geographic
   feature in a GIS
  Stored in a table and linked to the feature by a
   unique identifier
  For example, attributes of a river might include its
   name, length, and basin.
    Unique_ID   River name    Length_km   Basin_km2
    1           Mississippi   3,730       2,981,076
    2           Amazon        6,937       7,050,000
    3           Niger         4,180       2,117,700



                                                      17
Linking geometry and attributes
 • Unique identifier links geometry and attributes




        FID = 60
     (Feature Identifier)
Shapefile data format (vector data)
  Actually, multiple files
  Attributes stored in dBASE table (.dbf file format)
       Shapefile.dbf table




                                              Hospital
                                              shapefile
                    “Shape” field
                    Access separate
                    Coordinate file
Topology

  The arrangement that constrains how point, line, and
   polygon features in a vector data file share geometry.


  Topology defines and enforces data integrity rules
   (for example, there should be no gaps between
   polygons).
Raster Data: Images and grids
 Rows and columns of equally-sized cells
    Each cell stores a value
    Detail depends on cell size




Can be stored in various image file formats
including: JPG, IMG, TIF, ASC, BMP, etc
Village-wise Slide Positivity Rate (M alaria) of Trans-Yamuna Region
Rasters  2002                                                            2004
Images                                            Data based grids




                        Low                                             High
Open Source GIS Software

 Diva GIS
 Dev-Info
 Health Mapper
 E2G
 QGIS
 others?
Open source GIS software
Software        Notes
QGIS            Easy to learn; training materials available; active
                user community writing modules

DIVA GIS        Best suited for point data; limited data
                classification methods; robust point analysis
                capabilities
Dev-Info        Mainly a data display tool, limited GIS
                capabilities
Health Mapper   WHO mapping program; no planned updates;
                transitioning to DHIS- II
EPI Map         Module in Epi-Info; limited GIS capabilities, best
                suited for Epi-Info users
Key Points
 GIS is an integration of 5 components
 GIS represents the world as layers
 Data can be stored as raster or vector
 There are standard features that should be
  present in a GIS:
    Storing, Querying, Displaying, Outputting Data


Any questions?

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GIS and Mapping Software Introduction

  • 1. GIS and Mapping Software Introduction
  • 2. Objective  To provide background on GIS and introduce QGIS
  • 3. Geographic Information System (GIS) is an integration of five basic components GIS is more than just a computer program that produces maps.
  • 4. Capturing Analyzing Storing Displaying Querying Outputting
  • 5. A GIS combines layers of spatial data Answers questions by comparing layers
  • 6. Querying Data Identify features based on location Identify features based on a condition An African country with a population greater than 300,000
  • 9. Analyzing Data Proximity Overlay Network
  • 10. Representing the Natural World in GIS Data
  • 11. GIS data types – Vector Data • Points • Polygons • water supply wells • Lakes • Village centers • Village areas • Lines • Water lines • Road center
  • 12. GIS data types – Raster Data • An array of cells • Represents continuous data layer • Best for data without easily defined boundaries • Each cell has one value
  • 13. Comparison of 2 ways of representing GIS data Vector Raster
  • 14. Vector Data  Vector data provides a complex representation of the world it stores both:  Attributes -- text or numerical information that describe the features (population of a village or number of orphans in a province)  Geometry -- the shape or position of the features (boundary of a country or location of a hospital)
  • 15. Attributes  Nonspatial information about a geographic feature in a GIS  Stored in a table and linked to the feature by a unique identifier  For example, attributes of a river might include its name, length, and basin. Unique_ID River name Length_km Basin_km2 1 Mississippi 3,730 2,981,076 2 Amazon 6,937 7,050,000 3 Niger 4,180 2,117,700 17
  • 16. Linking geometry and attributes • Unique identifier links geometry and attributes FID = 60 (Feature Identifier)
  • 17. Shapefile data format (vector data)  Actually, multiple files  Attributes stored in dBASE table (.dbf file format) Shapefile.dbf table Hospital shapefile “Shape” field Access separate Coordinate file
  • 18. Topology  The arrangement that constrains how point, line, and polygon features in a vector data file share geometry.  Topology defines and enforces data integrity rules (for example, there should be no gaps between polygons).
  • 19. Raster Data: Images and grids  Rows and columns of equally-sized cells  Each cell stores a value  Detail depends on cell size Can be stored in various image file formats including: JPG, IMG, TIF, ASC, BMP, etc
  • 20. Village-wise Slide Positivity Rate (M alaria) of Trans-Yamuna Region Rasters 2002 2004 Images Data based grids Low High
  • 21. Open Source GIS Software  Diva GIS  Dev-Info  Health Mapper  E2G  QGIS  others?
  • 22. Open source GIS software Software Notes QGIS Easy to learn; training materials available; active user community writing modules DIVA GIS Best suited for point data; limited data classification methods; robust point analysis capabilities Dev-Info Mainly a data display tool, limited GIS capabilities Health Mapper WHO mapping program; no planned updates; transitioning to DHIS- II EPI Map Module in Epi-Info; limited GIS capabilities, best suited for Epi-Info users
  • 23. Key Points  GIS is an integration of 5 components  GIS represents the world as layers  Data can be stored as raster or vector  There are standard features that should be present in a GIS:  Storing, Querying, Displaying, Outputting Data Any questions?