SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 18
Monitoring and Evaluating
Male Engagement in Family
Planning Programs
Bridgit Adamou, MPH
MEASURE Evaluation
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
October 26, 2016
American Evaluation Association Conference
• Background
• Objectives
• Methodology
• Results
• Recommendations
• Next Steps
Outline
Background
Gender equity recognized as a prerequisite for better
health and integrated into global development goals.
Organized FP efforts focus primarily
on women, with less attention to
men.
Efforts to expand the vision for
constructive male engagement
are evolving.
Male Engagement in FP Programs
Background
M&E challenges in this area include:
• lack of clear behavioral objectives
• limited data on men
• lack of a common set of male engagement in FP
indicators
• difficulty in capturing gender’s complexity
• complication measuring gender outcomes
M&E of Male Engagement in FP
Objectives
• Understand current landscape of M&E of male FP use of
services and methods
• Identify gaps
• Make recommendations to address the gaps
Methodology
Peer-reviewed articles and grey
literature
 English
 January 1996—April 2016
 Not bound by
geographical location
 Must include FP, male engagement,
and not be redundant
 Abstracted data entered into Excel
spreadsheet
Desk Review
Methodology
National FP strategies or policies
 2006—present
 23 national FP/RH policies, strategies, or frameworks
 Representative of all regions of the world
 75% of USAID’s FP priority countries represented
Methods
 List of individuals developed from the desk
review, the team’s experience, in-person contacts
at the Women Deliver conference, and snowball
sampling
 20 people were contacted; 9 people interviewed
from 8 organizations
 Interviews were conducted by phone or Skype
Key Informant Interviews
Results
Recent publications reveal increased uniformity in
definitions with the most commonly mentioned
approaches aligning with Margaret Greene et al.’s
framework depicting men’s roles through three
overlapping areas:
 Men as clients
 Men as partners
 Men as agents of change
Defining and Operationalizing
Male Engagement in FP
Results
Approach Description Programmatic Examples
MEN AS
CLIENTS
Address men’s reproductive
and FP needs
Increasing knowledge of HTSP and
modern contraceptives; promoting male-
controlled FP options; ensuring quality in
provision of FP services to men
MEN AS
PARTNERS
Engage men as supportive
partners
Encourage healthy communication
making among couples; foster shared
responsibility for decisions around FP
MEN AS
AGENTS OF
CHANGE
Promote gender equality as a
means of improving men’s and
women’s health as an end in
itself
Promote gender equitable fatherhood;
advocate against discriminatory laws;
encourage reflection of values that drive
gender inequality
Results
Men as clients: 37%
Men as partners: 25%
Men as agents of change: 4%
Two or more categories: 25%
All three categories: 7%
37%
21%
25%
6%
4%
7%
Approaches for Engaging Men in FP Programming
Men as clients
Men as clients & Men as partners
Men as partners
Men as partners & Men as agents of change
Men as agents of change
Men as clients, Men as partners, & Men as
agents of change
Results
• Significant variation in the degree to which male
engagement in FP is mentioned and included as a
strategic approach in national FP/RH policies
• Some documents, such as Rwanda’s National Family
Planning Policy (2012), list promoting greater male
participation in FP programs as one of its goals with
no further reference to men nor strategy for how
that will be achieved
• No trend in which countries include male
engagement in FP as a goal and/or programmatic
approach
Results
• Few programs report findings disaggregated by
sex and by contraceptive method, making it
difficult to determine the effect of programming
on male use of methods
• Among country strategies and policies, few include
indicators for measuring male engagement in FP
• KIIs revealed the need to rely on program-specific
M&E or through DHS
• There are few commonly used indicators
specifically capturing male engagement in FP
Measuring Male Engagement in FP
Recommendations
Many programs may focus on one or two of the three
approaches to male engagement in FP, however
understanding and addressing the full spectrum of
male engagement can provide longer-term, more
sustainable impact.
USE A SHARED DEFINITION
Recommendations
IDENTIFY AND ADOPT KEY INDICATORS
MEN AS CLIENTS MEN AS PARTNERS MEN AS AGENTS OF CHANGE
INDIVIDUAL  Percent of men who report currently
using FP
 Percent of men who have ever used an
FP method
 Number of vasectomies performed
 Number of condoms distributed
 Couple-years of protection
(CYP)
 Percent of men who support
the use of modern
contraception for themselves
or their partners
 Number of men/women who
report joint decision making
for FP
 Extent of change in attitudes
towards gender norms (GEM
Scale)
 Belief if women use FP, they’re
unfaithful/ promiscuous
COMMUNITY
/ FACILITY
 Number of vasectomy referrals
 Number of operational facilities that
offer vasectomy services
 Number of FP providers trained on male-
specific FP
 Percent of primary healthcare facilities
providing male-friendly FP services
 Number of men reached with FP
information/ services by community-
based worker
 Attitudes regarding male
participation in family health
care (qual)
 Perceived family/social
network approval for FP
 Number of providers trained on
gender equity and sensitivity
STRUCTURAL  Vasectomy included in FP
guidelines/strategies, regulations, or
policies
 Evidence of engagement of
men in FP incorporated into
national health standards or
policies
 Number of gender equitable laws
 Number of national level
programs/ policies/advocacy
campaigns that address gender
equity
Recommendations
EMPLOY EXISTING DATA COLLECTION
APPROACHES AND METHODS
• DHS
• Routine Health Information Systems (RHIS)
• Facility records
• Data collection forms specific to a particular program
or intervention for quantitative indicators not
covered in RHIS
• Structured in-depth interviews
• Document reviews of existing laws, strategies, etc.
Next Steps
Develop a
guide to M&E
of male
engagement
in FP,
including key
indicators and
indicator
reference
sheets.
This presentation was produced with the support of the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) under the terms of MEASURE Evaluation
cooperative agreement AID-OAA-L-14-00004. MEASURE Evaluation is
implemented by the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill in partnership with ICF International; John Snow, Inc.; Management
Sciences for Health; Palladium; and Tulane University. Views expressed are not
necessarily those of USAID or the United States government.
www.measureevaluation.org

More Related Content

What's hot

Organisation &; administration of family welfare programmes in india
Organisation &; administration of family welfare programmes in indiaOrganisation &; administration of family welfare programmes in india
Organisation &; administration of family welfare programmes in indiarosmi123
 
Community health nursing approaches
Community health nursing approachesCommunity health nursing approaches
Community health nursing approachesNagamani Manjunath
 
Child adoption act
Child adoption actChild adoption act
Child adoption actRADHA
 
Staff development and welfare
Staff development and welfareStaff development and welfare
Staff development and welfareKULDEEP VYAS
 
Indian red cross society
Indian red cross societyIndian red cross society
Indian red cross societyAbino David
 
Mother and child tracking system (mcts)
Mother and child tracking system (mcts)Mother and child tracking system (mcts)
Mother and child tracking system (mcts)Sharon Treesa Antony
 
Role of nursing personnel in material management
Role of nursing personnel in material managementRole of nursing personnel in material management
Role of nursing personnel in material managementIndra Mani Mishra
 
District and PHC level health planning
District and PHC level health planningDistrict and PHC level health planning
District and PHC level health planningRizwan S A
 
Yaws eradication programme
Yaws eradication programmeYaws eradication programme
Yaws eradication programmeanjalatchi
 
JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA PRESENTAION PPT
JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA PRESENTAION PPTJANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA PRESENTAION PPT
JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA PRESENTAION PPTCHIME
 
female feticide/Save girl child
female feticide/Save girl childfemale feticide/Save girl child
female feticide/Save girl childParas Pareek
 
MATERNAL DEATH REVIEW AND CHILD DEATH REVIEW
MATERNAL DEATH REVIEW AND CHILD DEATH REVIEWMATERNAL DEATH REVIEW AND CHILD DEATH REVIEW
MATERNAL DEATH REVIEW AND CHILD DEATH REVIEWJoshua Anish
 
central government health scheme
central government health scheme  central government health scheme
central government health scheme Pranav Goyal
 
ChCs (community health centres)
ChCs (community health centres)ChCs (community health centres)
ChCs (community health centres)RijoLijo
 

What's hot (20)

First referral unit
First referral unitFirst referral unit
First referral unit
 
Organisation &; administration of family welfare programmes in india
Organisation &; administration of family welfare programmes in indiaOrganisation &; administration of family welfare programmes in india
Organisation &; administration of family welfare programmes in india
 
Community health nursing approaches
Community health nursing approachesCommunity health nursing approaches
Community health nursing approaches
 
Child adoption act
Child adoption actChild adoption act
Child adoption act
 
Staff development and welfare
Staff development and welfareStaff development and welfare
Staff development and welfare
 
COLOMBO PLAN
COLOMBO PLANCOLOMBO PLAN
COLOMBO PLAN
 
SBA
SBASBA
SBA
 
Indian red cross society
Indian red cross societyIndian red cross society
Indian red cross society
 
MICROBIRTH PLANNING
MICROBIRTH PLANNINGMICROBIRTH PLANNING
MICROBIRTH PLANNING
 
Mother and child tracking system (mcts)
Mother and child tracking system (mcts)Mother and child tracking system (mcts)
Mother and child tracking system (mcts)
 
Role of nursing personnel in material management
Role of nursing personnel in material managementRole of nursing personnel in material management
Role of nursing personnel in material management
 
District and PHC level health planning
District and PHC level health planningDistrict and PHC level health planning
District and PHC level health planning
 
Yaws eradication programme
Yaws eradication programmeYaws eradication programme
Yaws eradication programme
 
JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA PRESENTAION PPT
JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA PRESENTAION PPTJANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA PRESENTAION PPT
JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA PRESENTAION PPT
 
Trauma Service
Trauma ServiceTrauma Service
Trauma Service
 
Ayushman bharat
Ayushman bharatAyushman bharat
Ayushman bharat
 
female feticide/Save girl child
female feticide/Save girl childfemale feticide/Save girl child
female feticide/Save girl child
 
MATERNAL DEATH REVIEW AND CHILD DEATH REVIEW
MATERNAL DEATH REVIEW AND CHILD DEATH REVIEWMATERNAL DEATH REVIEW AND CHILD DEATH REVIEW
MATERNAL DEATH REVIEW AND CHILD DEATH REVIEW
 
central government health scheme
central government health scheme  central government health scheme
central government health scheme
 
ChCs (community health centres)
ChCs (community health centres)ChCs (community health centres)
ChCs (community health centres)
 

Viewers also liked

The Most Significant Change Method: Background
The Most Significant Change Method: BackgroundThe Most Significant Change Method: Background
The Most Significant Change Method: BackgroundMEASURE Evaluation
 
Evaluations of Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention
Evaluations of Structural Interventions for HIV PreventionEvaluations of Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention
Evaluations of Structural Interventions for HIV PreventionMEASURE Evaluation
 
Collecting the PEPFAR OVC MER Essential Survey Indicators: Frequently Asked Q...
Collecting the PEPFAR OVC MER Essential Survey Indicators: Frequently Asked Q...Collecting the PEPFAR OVC MER Essential Survey Indicators: Frequently Asked Q...
Collecting the PEPFAR OVC MER Essential Survey Indicators: Frequently Asked Q...MEASURE Evaluation
 
Digital Data Ethics: Harnessing without Hurting
Digital Data Ethics: Harnessing without HurtingDigital Data Ethics: Harnessing without Hurting
Digital Data Ethics: Harnessing without HurtingMEASURE Evaluation
 
Using Routine Data to Improve ART Retention: Examples and Lessons Learned fro...
Using Routine Data to Improve ART Retention: Examples and Lessons Learned fro...Using Routine Data to Improve ART Retention: Examples and Lessons Learned fro...
Using Routine Data to Improve ART Retention: Examples and Lessons Learned fro...MEASURE Evaluation
 
RHIS Curriculum: Standardizing Core Competencies and Training Materials
RHIS Curriculum: Standardizing Core Competencies and Training MaterialsRHIS Curriculum: Standardizing Core Competencies and Training Materials
RHIS Curriculum: Standardizing Core Competencies and Training MaterialsMEASURE Evaluation
 
Data Quality Review (DQR) Methods and Tools: Holistic, Country-Led Data Qual...
Data Quality Review (DQR) Methods and Tools: Holistic, Country-Led Data Qual...Data Quality Review (DQR) Methods and Tools: Holistic, Country-Led Data Qual...
Data Quality Review (DQR) Methods and Tools: Holistic, Country-Led Data Qual...MEASURE Evaluation
 

Viewers also liked (7)

The Most Significant Change Method: Background
The Most Significant Change Method: BackgroundThe Most Significant Change Method: Background
The Most Significant Change Method: Background
 
Evaluations of Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention
Evaluations of Structural Interventions for HIV PreventionEvaluations of Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention
Evaluations of Structural Interventions for HIV Prevention
 
Collecting the PEPFAR OVC MER Essential Survey Indicators: Frequently Asked Q...
Collecting the PEPFAR OVC MER Essential Survey Indicators: Frequently Asked Q...Collecting the PEPFAR OVC MER Essential Survey Indicators: Frequently Asked Q...
Collecting the PEPFAR OVC MER Essential Survey Indicators: Frequently Asked Q...
 
Digital Data Ethics: Harnessing without Hurting
Digital Data Ethics: Harnessing without HurtingDigital Data Ethics: Harnessing without Hurting
Digital Data Ethics: Harnessing without Hurting
 
Using Routine Data to Improve ART Retention: Examples and Lessons Learned fro...
Using Routine Data to Improve ART Retention: Examples and Lessons Learned fro...Using Routine Data to Improve ART Retention: Examples and Lessons Learned fro...
Using Routine Data to Improve ART Retention: Examples and Lessons Learned fro...
 
RHIS Curriculum: Standardizing Core Competencies and Training Materials
RHIS Curriculum: Standardizing Core Competencies and Training MaterialsRHIS Curriculum: Standardizing Core Competencies and Training Materials
RHIS Curriculum: Standardizing Core Competencies and Training Materials
 
Data Quality Review (DQR) Methods and Tools: Holistic, Country-Led Data Qual...
Data Quality Review (DQR) Methods and Tools: Holistic, Country-Led Data Qual...Data Quality Review (DQR) Methods and Tools: Holistic, Country-Led Data Qual...
Data Quality Review (DQR) Methods and Tools: Holistic, Country-Led Data Qual...
 

Similar to Monitoring and Evaluating Male Engagement in Family Planning Programs

A draft report of the Evidence Synthesis and Application for Policy and Pract...
A draft report of the Evidence Synthesis and Application for Policy and Pract...A draft report of the Evidence Synthesis and Application for Policy and Pract...
A draft report of the Evidence Synthesis and Application for Policy and Pract...Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations
 
Shap webinar 1 20 2011 lukanen
Shap webinar 1 20 2011 lukanenShap webinar 1 20 2011 lukanen
Shap webinar 1 20 2011 lukanensoder145
 
Divya Nair_Idinsight nutrition deck lbsnaa consultation 08082019
Divya Nair_Idinsight nutrition deck lbsnaa consultation 08082019Divya Nair_Idinsight nutrition deck lbsnaa consultation 08082019
Divya Nair_Idinsight nutrition deck lbsnaa consultation 08082019POSHAN
 
Developing Gender-Sensitive M&E Systems
Developing Gender-Sensitive M&E SystemsDeveloping Gender-Sensitive M&E Systems
Developing Gender-Sensitive M&E SystemsMEASURE Evaluation
 
high-impact-research-session-1-2011.pptx
high-impact-research-session-1-2011.pptxhigh-impact-research-session-1-2011.pptx
high-impact-research-session-1-2011.pptxhafeezjamali
 
Demystifying Disaggregated Data: Factors that Affect Collection and Use of Se...
Demystifying Disaggregated Data: Factors that Affect Collection and Use of Se...Demystifying Disaggregated Data: Factors that Affect Collection and Use of Se...
Demystifying Disaggregated Data: Factors that Affect Collection and Use of Se...MEASURE Evaluation
 
Are Dashboards the Magic Bullet?
Are Dashboards the Magic Bullet?Are Dashboards the Magic Bullet?
Are Dashboards the Magic Bullet?Amanda Makulec
 
Measuring capacity for gender integration in small-scale fisheries governance
Measuring capacity for gender integration in small-scale fisheries governanceMeasuring capacity for gender integration in small-scale fisheries governance
Measuring capacity for gender integration in small-scale fisheries governanceCGIAR
 
Pres shap2010 july26_lukanen
Pres shap2010 july26_lukanenPres shap2010 july26_lukanen
Pres shap2010 july26_lukanensoder145
 
Gender Budgeting & Relevance of Indicators
Gender Budgeting & Relevance of IndicatorsGender Budgeting & Relevance of Indicators
Gender Budgeting & Relevance of IndicatorsParamita Majumdar (Ph.D)
 
Violence Against Women and Girls: A Compendium of Monitoring and Evaluation I...
Violence Against Women and Girls: A Compendium of Monitoring and Evaluation I...Violence Against Women and Girls: A Compendium of Monitoring and Evaluation I...
Violence Against Women and Girls: A Compendium of Monitoring and Evaluation I...MEASURE Evaluation
 
Professor Peter Fonagy - CYP IAPT National Clinical Lead
Professor Peter Fonagy - CYP IAPT National Clinical LeadProfessor Peter Fonagy - CYP IAPT National Clinical Lead
Professor Peter Fonagy - CYP IAPT National Clinical LeadCYP MH
 
Strengthening his in lac global health council meeting may30 2007
Strengthening his in lac global health council meeting may30 2007Strengthening his in lac global health council meeting may30 2007
Strengthening his in lac global health council meeting may30 2007Ramon Martinez
 
Using EQROs to Improve the Quality of Preventive and Developmental Services
Using EQROs to Improve the Quality of Preventive and Developmental ServicesUsing EQROs to Improve the Quality of Preventive and Developmental Services
Using EQROs to Improve the Quality of Preventive and Developmental Servicesnashp
 
Which Family Planning Methods can Community Health Workers Provide? Policy Da...
Which Family Planning Methods can Community Health Workers Provide? Policy Da...Which Family Planning Methods can Community Health Workers Provide? Policy Da...
Which Family Planning Methods can Community Health Workers Provide? Policy Da...JSI
 

Similar to Monitoring and Evaluating Male Engagement in Family Planning Programs (20)

Virtual Learning Session | Climate action, gender equality, and resilient hea...
Virtual Learning Session | Climate action, gender equality, and resilient hea...Virtual Learning Session | Climate action, gender equality, and resilient hea...
Virtual Learning Session | Climate action, gender equality, and resilient hea...
 
A draft report of the Evidence Synthesis and Application for Policy and Pract...
A draft report of the Evidence Synthesis and Application for Policy and Pract...A draft report of the Evidence Synthesis and Application for Policy and Pract...
A draft report of the Evidence Synthesis and Application for Policy and Pract...
 
Shap webinar 1 20 2011 lukanen
Shap webinar 1 20 2011 lukanenShap webinar 1 20 2011 lukanen
Shap webinar 1 20 2011 lukanen
 
Divya Nair_Idinsight nutrition deck lbsnaa consultation 08082019
Divya Nair_Idinsight nutrition deck lbsnaa consultation 08082019Divya Nair_Idinsight nutrition deck lbsnaa consultation 08082019
Divya Nair_Idinsight nutrition deck lbsnaa consultation 08082019
 
Developing Gender-Sensitive M&E Systems
Developing Gender-Sensitive M&E SystemsDeveloping Gender-Sensitive M&E Systems
Developing Gender-Sensitive M&E Systems
 
high-impact-research-session-1-2011.pptx
high-impact-research-session-1-2011.pptxhigh-impact-research-session-1-2011.pptx
high-impact-research-session-1-2011.pptx
 
Demystifying Disaggregated Data: Factors that Affect Collection and Use of Se...
Demystifying Disaggregated Data: Factors that Affect Collection and Use of Se...Demystifying Disaggregated Data: Factors that Affect Collection and Use of Se...
Demystifying Disaggregated Data: Factors that Affect Collection and Use of Se...
 
Are Dashboards the Magic Bullet?
Are Dashboards the Magic Bullet?Are Dashboards the Magic Bullet?
Are Dashboards the Magic Bullet?
 
Integrating Gender Analysis into Food & Nutrition Security Early Warning Syst...
Integrating Gender Analysis into Food & Nutrition Security Early Warning Syst...Integrating Gender Analysis into Food & Nutrition Security Early Warning Syst...
Integrating Gender Analysis into Food & Nutrition Security Early Warning Syst...
 
Measuring capacity for gender integration in small-scale fisheries governance
Measuring capacity for gender integration in small-scale fisheries governanceMeasuring capacity for gender integration in small-scale fisheries governance
Measuring capacity for gender integration in small-scale fisheries governance
 
Pres shap2010 july26_lukanen
Pres shap2010 july26_lukanenPres shap2010 july26_lukanen
Pres shap2010 july26_lukanen
 
Gender Budgeting & Relevance of Indicators
Gender Budgeting & Relevance of IndicatorsGender Budgeting & Relevance of Indicators
Gender Budgeting & Relevance of Indicators
 
Violence Against Women and Girls: A Compendium of Monitoring and Evaluation I...
Violence Against Women and Girls: A Compendium of Monitoring and Evaluation I...Violence Against Women and Girls: A Compendium of Monitoring and Evaluation I...
Violence Against Women and Girls: A Compendium of Monitoring and Evaluation I...
 
Examining the State of Community-led Development Programming: Reflections on ...
Examining the State of Community-led Development Programming: Reflections on ...Examining the State of Community-led Development Programming: Reflections on ...
Examining the State of Community-led Development Programming: Reflections on ...
 
Professor Peter Fonagy - CYP IAPT National Clinical Lead
Professor Peter Fonagy - CYP IAPT National Clinical LeadProfessor Peter Fonagy - CYP IAPT National Clinical Lead
Professor Peter Fonagy - CYP IAPT National Clinical Lead
 
Using Communication to Address Gender Norms – Focus on Couple Communication a...
Using Communication to Address Gender Norms – Focus on Couple Communication a...Using Communication to Address Gender Norms – Focus on Couple Communication a...
Using Communication to Address Gender Norms – Focus on Couple Communication a...
 
Strengthening his in lac global health council meeting may30 2007
Strengthening his in lac global health council meeting may30 2007Strengthening his in lac global health council meeting may30 2007
Strengthening his in lac global health council meeting may30 2007
 
Under the Covers and Between the Lines
Under the Covers and Between the LinesUnder the Covers and Between the Lines
Under the Covers and Between the Lines
 
Using EQROs to Improve the Quality of Preventive and Developmental Services
Using EQROs to Improve the Quality of Preventive and Developmental ServicesUsing EQROs to Improve the Quality of Preventive and Developmental Services
Using EQROs to Improve the Quality of Preventive and Developmental Services
 
Which Family Planning Methods can Community Health Workers Provide? Policy Da...
Which Family Planning Methods can Community Health Workers Provide? Policy Da...Which Family Planning Methods can Community Health Workers Provide? Policy Da...
Which Family Planning Methods can Community Health Workers Provide? Policy Da...
 

More from MEASURE Evaluation

Managing missing values in routinely reported data: One approach from the Dem...
Managing missing values in routinely reported data: One approach from the Dem...Managing missing values in routinely reported data: One approach from the Dem...
Managing missing values in routinely reported data: One approach from the Dem...MEASURE Evaluation
 
Use of Routine Data for Economic Evaluations
Use of Routine Data for Economic EvaluationsUse of Routine Data for Economic Evaluations
Use of Routine Data for Economic EvaluationsMEASURE Evaluation
 
Routine data use in evaluation: practical guidance
Routine data use in evaluation: practical guidanceRoutine data use in evaluation: practical guidance
Routine data use in evaluation: practical guidanceMEASURE Evaluation
 
Tuberculosis/HIV Mobility Study: Objectives and Background
Tuberculosis/HIV Mobility Study: Objectives and BackgroundTuberculosis/HIV Mobility Study: Objectives and Background
Tuberculosis/HIV Mobility Study: Objectives and BackgroundMEASURE Evaluation
 
How to improve the capabilities of health information systems to address emer...
How to improve the capabilities of health information systems to address emer...How to improve the capabilities of health information systems to address emer...
How to improve the capabilities of health information systems to address emer...MEASURE Evaluation
 
LCI Evaluation Uganda Organizational Network Analysis
LCI Evaluation Uganda Organizational Network AnalysisLCI Evaluation Uganda Organizational Network Analysis
LCI Evaluation Uganda Organizational Network AnalysisMEASURE Evaluation
 
Using Organizational Network Analysis to Plan and Evaluate Global Health Prog...
Using Organizational Network Analysis to Plan and Evaluate Global Health Prog...Using Organizational Network Analysis to Plan and Evaluate Global Health Prog...
Using Organizational Network Analysis to Plan and Evaluate Global Health Prog...MEASURE Evaluation
 
Understanding Referral Networks for Adolescent Girls and Young Women
Understanding Referral Networks for Adolescent Girls and Young WomenUnderstanding Referral Networks for Adolescent Girls and Young Women
Understanding Referral Networks for Adolescent Girls and Young WomenMEASURE Evaluation
 
Data for Impact: Lessons Learned in Using the Ripple Effects Mapping Method
Data for Impact: Lessons Learned in Using the Ripple Effects Mapping MethodData for Impact: Lessons Learned in Using the Ripple Effects Mapping Method
Data for Impact: Lessons Learned in Using the Ripple Effects Mapping MethodMEASURE Evaluation
 
Local Capacity Initiative (LCI) Evaluation
Local Capacity Initiative (LCI) EvaluationLocal Capacity Initiative (LCI) Evaluation
Local Capacity Initiative (LCI) EvaluationMEASURE Evaluation
 
Development and Validation of a Reproductive Empowerment Scale
Development and Validation of a Reproductive Empowerment ScaleDevelopment and Validation of a Reproductive Empowerment Scale
Development and Validation of a Reproductive Empowerment ScaleMEASURE Evaluation
 
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Maternal and Child ...
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Maternal and Child ...Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Maternal and Child ...
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Maternal and Child ...MEASURE Evaluation
 
Using Most Significant Change in a Mixed-Methods Evaluation in Uganda
Using Most Significant Change in a Mixed-Methods Evaluation in UgandaUsing Most Significant Change in a Mixed-Methods Evaluation in Uganda
Using Most Significant Change in a Mixed-Methods Evaluation in UgandaMEASURE Evaluation
 
Lessons Learned In Using the Most Significant Change Technique in Evaluation
Lessons Learned In Using the Most Significant Change Technique in EvaluationLessons Learned In Using the Most Significant Change Technique in Evaluation
Lessons Learned In Using the Most Significant Change Technique in EvaluationMEASURE Evaluation
 
Malaria Data Quality and Use in Selected Centers of Excellence in Madagascar:...
Malaria Data Quality and Use in Selected Centers of Excellence in Madagascar:...Malaria Data Quality and Use in Selected Centers of Excellence in Madagascar:...
Malaria Data Quality and Use in Selected Centers of Excellence in Madagascar:...MEASURE Evaluation
 
Evaluating National Malaria Programs’ Impact in Moderate- and Low-Transmissio...
Evaluating National Malaria Programs’ Impact in Moderate- and Low-Transmissio...Evaluating National Malaria Programs’ Impact in Moderate- and Low-Transmissio...
Evaluating National Malaria Programs’ Impact in Moderate- and Low-Transmissio...MEASURE Evaluation
 
Improved Performance of the Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation ...
Improved Performance of the Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation ...Improved Performance of the Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation ...
Improved Performance of the Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation ...MEASURE Evaluation
 
Lessons learned in using process tracing for evaluation
Lessons learned in using process tracing for evaluationLessons learned in using process tracing for evaluation
Lessons learned in using process tracing for evaluationMEASURE Evaluation
 
Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis in the Assessment of the Actionable D...
Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis in the Assessment of the Actionable D...Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis in the Assessment of the Actionable D...
Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis in the Assessment of the Actionable D...MEASURE Evaluation
 
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Health Informatics
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Health InformaticsSustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Health Informatics
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Health InformaticsMEASURE Evaluation
 

More from MEASURE Evaluation (20)

Managing missing values in routinely reported data: One approach from the Dem...
Managing missing values in routinely reported data: One approach from the Dem...Managing missing values in routinely reported data: One approach from the Dem...
Managing missing values in routinely reported data: One approach from the Dem...
 
Use of Routine Data for Economic Evaluations
Use of Routine Data for Economic EvaluationsUse of Routine Data for Economic Evaluations
Use of Routine Data for Economic Evaluations
 
Routine data use in evaluation: practical guidance
Routine data use in evaluation: practical guidanceRoutine data use in evaluation: practical guidance
Routine data use in evaluation: practical guidance
 
Tuberculosis/HIV Mobility Study: Objectives and Background
Tuberculosis/HIV Mobility Study: Objectives and BackgroundTuberculosis/HIV Mobility Study: Objectives and Background
Tuberculosis/HIV Mobility Study: Objectives and Background
 
How to improve the capabilities of health information systems to address emer...
How to improve the capabilities of health information systems to address emer...How to improve the capabilities of health information systems to address emer...
How to improve the capabilities of health information systems to address emer...
 
LCI Evaluation Uganda Organizational Network Analysis
LCI Evaluation Uganda Organizational Network AnalysisLCI Evaluation Uganda Organizational Network Analysis
LCI Evaluation Uganda Organizational Network Analysis
 
Using Organizational Network Analysis to Plan and Evaluate Global Health Prog...
Using Organizational Network Analysis to Plan and Evaluate Global Health Prog...Using Organizational Network Analysis to Plan and Evaluate Global Health Prog...
Using Organizational Network Analysis to Plan and Evaluate Global Health Prog...
 
Understanding Referral Networks for Adolescent Girls and Young Women
Understanding Referral Networks for Adolescent Girls and Young WomenUnderstanding Referral Networks for Adolescent Girls and Young Women
Understanding Referral Networks for Adolescent Girls and Young Women
 
Data for Impact: Lessons Learned in Using the Ripple Effects Mapping Method
Data for Impact: Lessons Learned in Using the Ripple Effects Mapping MethodData for Impact: Lessons Learned in Using the Ripple Effects Mapping Method
Data for Impact: Lessons Learned in Using the Ripple Effects Mapping Method
 
Local Capacity Initiative (LCI) Evaluation
Local Capacity Initiative (LCI) EvaluationLocal Capacity Initiative (LCI) Evaluation
Local Capacity Initiative (LCI) Evaluation
 
Development and Validation of a Reproductive Empowerment Scale
Development and Validation of a Reproductive Empowerment ScaleDevelopment and Validation of a Reproductive Empowerment Scale
Development and Validation of a Reproductive Empowerment Scale
 
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Maternal and Child ...
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Maternal and Child ...Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Maternal and Child ...
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Maternal and Child ...
 
Using Most Significant Change in a Mixed-Methods Evaluation in Uganda
Using Most Significant Change in a Mixed-Methods Evaluation in UgandaUsing Most Significant Change in a Mixed-Methods Evaluation in Uganda
Using Most Significant Change in a Mixed-Methods Evaluation in Uganda
 
Lessons Learned In Using the Most Significant Change Technique in Evaluation
Lessons Learned In Using the Most Significant Change Technique in EvaluationLessons Learned In Using the Most Significant Change Technique in Evaluation
Lessons Learned In Using the Most Significant Change Technique in Evaluation
 
Malaria Data Quality and Use in Selected Centers of Excellence in Madagascar:...
Malaria Data Quality and Use in Selected Centers of Excellence in Madagascar:...Malaria Data Quality and Use in Selected Centers of Excellence in Madagascar:...
Malaria Data Quality and Use in Selected Centers of Excellence in Madagascar:...
 
Evaluating National Malaria Programs’ Impact in Moderate- and Low-Transmissio...
Evaluating National Malaria Programs’ Impact in Moderate- and Low-Transmissio...Evaluating National Malaria Programs’ Impact in Moderate- and Low-Transmissio...
Evaluating National Malaria Programs’ Impact in Moderate- and Low-Transmissio...
 
Improved Performance of the Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation ...
Improved Performance of the Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation ...Improved Performance of the Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation ...
Improved Performance of the Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation ...
 
Lessons learned in using process tracing for evaluation
Lessons learned in using process tracing for evaluationLessons learned in using process tracing for evaluation
Lessons learned in using process tracing for evaluation
 
Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis in the Assessment of the Actionable D...
Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis in the Assessment of the Actionable D...Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis in the Assessment of the Actionable D...
Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis in the Assessment of the Actionable D...
 
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Health Informatics
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Health InformaticsSustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Health Informatics
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Health Informatics
 

Recently uploaded

DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxMAsifAhmad
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.kishan singh tomar
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptPradnya Wadekar
 
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil ThirusanguMental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologyDeepakDaniel9
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024EwoutSteyerberg1
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communicationskatiequigley33
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationMedicoseAcademics
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsMedicoseAcademics
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Peter Embi
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectiondrhanifmohdali
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.pptRamDBawankar1
 
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturallyHow to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturallyZurück zum Ursprung
 

Recently uploaded (20)

DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
 
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil ThirusanguMental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
 
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN KALI MÁU CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG.pdf
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
 
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
GOUT UPDATE AHMED YEHIA 2024, case based approach with application of the lat...
 
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
 
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturallyHow to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
How to cure cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis naturally
 
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
 

Monitoring and Evaluating Male Engagement in Family Planning Programs

  • 1. Monitoring and Evaluating Male Engagement in Family Planning Programs Bridgit Adamou, MPH MEASURE Evaluation University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill October 26, 2016 American Evaluation Association Conference
  • 2. • Background • Objectives • Methodology • Results • Recommendations • Next Steps Outline
  • 3. Background Gender equity recognized as a prerequisite for better health and integrated into global development goals. Organized FP efforts focus primarily on women, with less attention to men. Efforts to expand the vision for constructive male engagement are evolving. Male Engagement in FP Programs
  • 4. Background M&E challenges in this area include: • lack of clear behavioral objectives • limited data on men • lack of a common set of male engagement in FP indicators • difficulty in capturing gender’s complexity • complication measuring gender outcomes M&E of Male Engagement in FP
  • 5. Objectives • Understand current landscape of M&E of male FP use of services and methods • Identify gaps • Make recommendations to address the gaps
  • 6. Methodology Peer-reviewed articles and grey literature  English  January 1996—April 2016  Not bound by geographical location  Must include FP, male engagement, and not be redundant  Abstracted data entered into Excel spreadsheet Desk Review
  • 7. Methodology National FP strategies or policies  2006—present  23 national FP/RH policies, strategies, or frameworks  Representative of all regions of the world  75% of USAID’s FP priority countries represented
  • 8. Methods  List of individuals developed from the desk review, the team’s experience, in-person contacts at the Women Deliver conference, and snowball sampling  20 people were contacted; 9 people interviewed from 8 organizations  Interviews were conducted by phone or Skype Key Informant Interviews
  • 9. Results Recent publications reveal increased uniformity in definitions with the most commonly mentioned approaches aligning with Margaret Greene et al.’s framework depicting men’s roles through three overlapping areas:  Men as clients  Men as partners  Men as agents of change Defining and Operationalizing Male Engagement in FP
  • 10. Results Approach Description Programmatic Examples MEN AS CLIENTS Address men’s reproductive and FP needs Increasing knowledge of HTSP and modern contraceptives; promoting male- controlled FP options; ensuring quality in provision of FP services to men MEN AS PARTNERS Engage men as supportive partners Encourage healthy communication making among couples; foster shared responsibility for decisions around FP MEN AS AGENTS OF CHANGE Promote gender equality as a means of improving men’s and women’s health as an end in itself Promote gender equitable fatherhood; advocate against discriminatory laws; encourage reflection of values that drive gender inequality
  • 11. Results Men as clients: 37% Men as partners: 25% Men as agents of change: 4% Two or more categories: 25% All three categories: 7% 37% 21% 25% 6% 4% 7% Approaches for Engaging Men in FP Programming Men as clients Men as clients & Men as partners Men as partners Men as partners & Men as agents of change Men as agents of change Men as clients, Men as partners, & Men as agents of change
  • 12. Results • Significant variation in the degree to which male engagement in FP is mentioned and included as a strategic approach in national FP/RH policies • Some documents, such as Rwanda’s National Family Planning Policy (2012), list promoting greater male participation in FP programs as one of its goals with no further reference to men nor strategy for how that will be achieved • No trend in which countries include male engagement in FP as a goal and/or programmatic approach
  • 13. Results • Few programs report findings disaggregated by sex and by contraceptive method, making it difficult to determine the effect of programming on male use of methods • Among country strategies and policies, few include indicators for measuring male engagement in FP • KIIs revealed the need to rely on program-specific M&E or through DHS • There are few commonly used indicators specifically capturing male engagement in FP Measuring Male Engagement in FP
  • 14. Recommendations Many programs may focus on one or two of the three approaches to male engagement in FP, however understanding and addressing the full spectrum of male engagement can provide longer-term, more sustainable impact. USE A SHARED DEFINITION
  • 15. Recommendations IDENTIFY AND ADOPT KEY INDICATORS MEN AS CLIENTS MEN AS PARTNERS MEN AS AGENTS OF CHANGE INDIVIDUAL  Percent of men who report currently using FP  Percent of men who have ever used an FP method  Number of vasectomies performed  Number of condoms distributed  Couple-years of protection (CYP)  Percent of men who support the use of modern contraception for themselves or their partners  Number of men/women who report joint decision making for FP  Extent of change in attitudes towards gender norms (GEM Scale)  Belief if women use FP, they’re unfaithful/ promiscuous COMMUNITY / FACILITY  Number of vasectomy referrals  Number of operational facilities that offer vasectomy services  Number of FP providers trained on male- specific FP  Percent of primary healthcare facilities providing male-friendly FP services  Number of men reached with FP information/ services by community- based worker  Attitudes regarding male participation in family health care (qual)  Perceived family/social network approval for FP  Number of providers trained on gender equity and sensitivity STRUCTURAL  Vasectomy included in FP guidelines/strategies, regulations, or policies  Evidence of engagement of men in FP incorporated into national health standards or policies  Number of gender equitable laws  Number of national level programs/ policies/advocacy campaigns that address gender equity
  • 16. Recommendations EMPLOY EXISTING DATA COLLECTION APPROACHES AND METHODS • DHS • Routine Health Information Systems (RHIS) • Facility records • Data collection forms specific to a particular program or intervention for quantitative indicators not covered in RHIS • Structured in-depth interviews • Document reviews of existing laws, strategies, etc.
  • 17. Next Steps Develop a guide to M&E of male engagement in FP, including key indicators and indicator reference sheets.
  • 18. This presentation was produced with the support of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the terms of MEASURE Evaluation cooperative agreement AID-OAA-L-14-00004. MEASURE Evaluation is implemented by the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partnership with ICF International; John Snow, Inc.; Management Sciences for Health; Palladium; and Tulane University. Views expressed are not necessarily those of USAID or the United States government. www.measureevaluation.org