This presentation discusses monitoring and evaluation of gender and HIV.

1. Monitoring and Evaluation
of Gender and HIV
MEASURE Evaluation

2. Before we begin…
This presentation assumes a basic knowledge of
monitoring and evaluation (M&E) principles and
practices. If you need a refresher on this
information, visit:
• https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/tra
ining/online-courses-and-resources/courses
• https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/course/m-e-
fundamentals

3. Outline
1. Define gender and related terms.
2. Identify why gender is important to HIV
outcomes and programming.
3. Review measures and indicators for gender
progress in HIV programs.

4. Activity: Vote with your feet!
• This will help us explore
gender concepts.
• Our own beliefs on gender
make a difference.
• We need to keep this in mind
when we ask people to
address gender.
Source: USAID Training of Trainers: Gender and Reproductive Health 101

5. Definitions
Photos do not indicate HIV status. A young man in Uganda. 2018. Kato
James, Courtesy of Photoshare

6. Definitions
SEX GENDER
Biological difference between
males and females:
• Universal for all human beings
• Unchanging
• Determined at birth
Beliefs about the appropriate
roles, duties, rights,
responsibilities, accepted
behaviors, opportunities, and
status of women and men, in
relation to one another:
• Constructed by society
• Differs between cultures and
over time
• Acquired
*Source: World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Integrating gender into
HIV/AIDS programmes in the health sector.

7. Definitions
Gender gap
Adherence to rigid
gender roles can
create a gender gap:
• Unequal access
to and
participation in
opportunities and
realities that
women and men
experience
Source: WHO, Why Gender and Health
Women Men

8. Sexual orientation and
gender identity
Sexual orientation is a way to describe who a
person is attracted to romantically and sexually, and
whether this person is of the same or different
gender.
Gender identity is the personal
experience of oneself as a boy or
man, girl or woman, as a mix of the
two, as neither, or as a gender
beyond woman or man.

9. For more information
MEASURE Evaluation’s Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
online course (download Flash to access):
https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/training/online-courses-and-
resources/non-certificate-courses-and-mini-tutorials/sogi/sogi

10. Definitions
Gender equality:
The state or condition that affords women and men equal
enjoyment of human rights, socially valued goods,
opportunities, and resources. Genuine equality means more
than parity in numbers or laws on the books; it means
expanded freedoms and improved overall quality of life for all
people
Gender equity:
The process of being fair to women and men, boys and girls. To
ensure fairness, measures must be taken to compensate for
cumulative economic, social, and political disadvantages that
prevent women and men and boys and girls from operating on
a level playing field.
*Source: Interagency Gender Working Group (IGWG) training resources

11. Definitions
Source: Kuttner, P. (2015). Available at http://culturalorganizing.org/the-problem-with-that-equity-vs-
equality-graphic/

12. Gender and HIV
An HIV-positive mother holds her HIV-negative daughter in Tanzania. 2016 Zacharia
Mlacha, Courtesy of Photoshare

13. Why does gender matter in HIV?
Gender inequality is a driver of the HIV epidemic.
 Gender inequality is associated with higher HIV prevalence and
incidence.
 Gender inequality is also associated with:
• Higher risk of transmission/higher prevalence
• Higher risk of intimate partner violence, which in turn
increases the risk of HIV
• More risk-associated behaviors because of vulnerability
• Less knowledge about HIV/AIDS
• Less use of programs and services

14. A middle-aged man
contracts HIV from
injecting drugs with a
dirty needle after a
stressful day at work
because societal norms
prevent him from
seeking emotional
support.
Gender and HIV
A woman contracts HIV
because societal norms
prevent wives from
insisting on condom use
with husbands, and yet
tolerate husbands’
extramarital sex.
A transgender woman defaults from her HIV medication because she is
stigmatized when accessing health care. She is afraid to return to get her
next supply of ART.
Source: WHO, http://www.who.int/gender/genderandhealth/en/index.html

15. Gender and priority populations
• Certain populations, because of their gender, are
particularly vulnerable to HIV.
• Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW)
• Men who have sex with men (MSM)
• Transgender people
• Female sex workers (FSW)
• Gender intersects with other factors (such as age, race,
ethnicity, socioeconomic status) to compound risk.

16. Gender-based violence and HIV
Violence and HIV
are mutually
reinforcing
epidemics
USAID. (n.d). Violence and HIV. Available at
https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/
ER_-_16_Days_Violence_HIV_Infograph_508.pdf

17. How does gender effect HIV
programming?
• Women or marginalized populations may not have the
power to negotiate condom use with partners.
o Simply providing condoms is not enough; providing
skills to negotiate safer sex helps empower people.
• Women often fear that abandonment or violence would
occur if they disclosed their HIV status to their partners.
o This is a barrier to HIV testing.
• In many societies, women need permission from partners
and families to seek health care.
o Permission reduces their access to health services,
including those for HIV.
Source: WHO, 2009: Integrating gender into HIV/AIDS programmes in the health sector

18. • International push led by the United States
government, the United Nations, and other
donors to address gender in programs
Source: http://www.pepfar.gov/strategy/ghi/134852.html
Gender and HIV policies

19. “Gender equality must be at the core of all our actions.
Together we must energize the global response to AIDS, while
vigorously advancing global equality.”
Michel Sidibé, UNAIDS Executive Director
“Gender-related inequalities compromise the health of women
and girls and, in turn, affect families and communities. Gender-
based violence is a serious and widespread human rights
violation, as well as a key driver of the HIV epidemic.”
Deborah von Zinkernagel, Principal Deputy Global AIDS Coordinator
(OGAC)
Gender and HIV

20. Gender M&E
Photos do not indicate HIV status. A protest rally for gender equality and transgender equal
rights organized by the LGBTQ community in Kolkata, India. 2017 Debarshi Banerjee, Courtesy of

21. Why integrate gender in M&E
efforts?
• Ensure that gender is addressed in HIV
programs in a measurable way
• Provide evidence to:
o Raise awareness about gender inequity
o Work for change
o Address the gender dimensions of health and HIV
• Demonstrate program progress and HIV
impact
• Ensure that M&E practices are not
contributing to inequalities

22. Gender M&E considers the impact of gender on the
health program, target population(s), and results.
• Data are collected by sex (or gender) and use
gender-sensitive methods and sampling
• Analyzed with an eye to potential gender
differences
• Used to improve programs and policy for all
people
Gender M&E

23. Monitoring:
• Measures gender-specific outputs
• Tracks progress of gender-specific elements of
programming
• Disaggregates data collection and analyses
• Collects data on attitudes and behavior that
reflect gender norms
• Considers gender in data analysis and use
Gender-integrated monitoring
Are programs adequately
addressing gender?

24. Evaluation:
• Measures impact on outcomes that relate to
gender-specific programming
• Identifies elements that address gender
equality
• Uses data to demonstrate progress and
• Generates demand for richer gender data
Gender-integrated evaluation
Are gender-integrated
programs and policies
making a difference?

25. Sex-disaggregated data
• HIV indicators that are presented both for men and women
or boys and girls
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
June 2017 June 2018 June 2019
Thousands
Number of adult patients on ARV
treatment after 1 year
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
June 2017 June 2018 June 2019
Thousands
Number of adult patients on ARV
treatment after 1 year
Female
Male

26. Sexual and gender identity
data
Source: PEPFAR Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting Indicator Reference Guide 2.0 (Version 2.3), Appendix A: Key Population Classification

27. Gender-sensitive data
• Indicators that address gender directly and
go beyond sex disaggregation alone—for
example:
• Gender-based violence
• Gender attitudes and norms
• Power differences
• Female autonomy
• Access to educational and economic
opportunities

28. Gender-sensitive data

29. Gender-sensitive data
• To know if we have increased women’s and
men’s participation in and benefits from
interventions, especially in areas where they have
been historically under-represented
• To know if we have reduced gender inequality
(e.g., barriers to access ) or unintentionally
exacerbated gender inequalities
• To generate evidence on how attention to gender
in programs makes outcomes more equitable and
sustainable
Source: MEASURE Evaluation. (2013). Facilitating data use for gender-aware health programming: Guidance for workshop facilitators. Retrieved from
www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/ms-13-81

30. Systems and processes
Consider:
• Logistics: Timing? Who is the interviewer?
Location?
• Questionnaire administration
o Gender biases that may affect data
 E.g., male over-reporting of # sexual partners,
underreporting of GBV
• Ethical issues, particularly for GBV and
other sensitive topics and marginalized
populations
o Review relevant international guidelines
Data collection

31. Systems and processes
• Protocols and procedures
• Stakeholder engagement
• Quality and ongoing training for M&E system staff
People, partnerships, and
planning

32. Gender M&E in HIV programs
Photos do not indicate HIV status. Public Health Ambassadors Uganda, 2016 David Alexander/Johns
Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Courtesy of Photoshare

33. Asking the right questions
Monitoring questions and data
Question: Are there gender differences in the use
of/access to HIV services/treatment?
o HIV testing
o Referral for treatment
o Use of and adherence to ART
Data needed: Sex- and age-disaggregated data
from the health information systems (data collected
at multiple points in time)

34. Asking the right questions
Monitoring questions and data
National Guidelines on Medical Management of Rape and Sexual
Violence
Question: For rape cases presenting within 72 hours, is appropriate
medical care provided, including post- exposure prophylaxis (PEP),
according to National Guidelines on Medical Management of Rape and
Sexual Violence?
Data needed: Sex- and age-disaggregated data from routine
health information systems on the number of rape survivors
presenting at the facility within 72 hours who receive services,
including PEP.
This would need custom data collection if information cannot be
obtained from a review of medical records.
See also MEASURE Evaluation’s work on data quality for PEPFAR’s GEND_GBV indicator:
https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/gend_gbv-rapid-data-quality-
review/gend_gbv-rapid-data-quality-review

35. Question: Are GBV programs and services inclusive of
men and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) community? Is everyone able to access health
services or do service providers turn people away
because of stigma and discrimination?
Data needed: Qualitative data on client
experiences and provider attitudes; data
disaggregated by sexual orientation and gender
identity
Asking the right questions
Evaluation questions and data

36. Asking the right questions
Evaluation questions and data
• Has the removal of gender-based constraints
contributed to improved HIV outcomes?
o Do transgender people feel more comfortable
accessing health services and are they therefore
adhering to their medication?
• Has the program reduced power differences in
relations between men and women?
o Is decision making more equitable?
o Do men and women have more equal opportunities?
o Has HIV-related stigma changed in the community?

37. Measuring Gender
Photos do not indicate HIV status. A family after participating in a workshop on “Gender Awaren
for Family Life” in Bangladesh, 2010. Sumon Yusuf, Courtesy of Photoshare

38. Areas of measurement
• HIV prevalence: Gender differentials
• Treatment: Who gets treatment
• Behavior: Risk and care seeking
• Knowledge: Differentials in levels and patterns
(what people know)
• Gender equality measures
(discussed on upcoming slides)
• Programmatic reach: Target populations
and coverage
Gender and HIV

39. Areas of measurement
• Stigma and discrimination/human rights:
Attitudes, laws, and policies
• Humanitarian emergencies: How gender plays a
role in access to HIV care and treatment,
violence, etc.
• Priority populations: People in sex work, men
who have sex with men, transgender people,
people who inject drugs
• Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC)
Gender and HIV

40. Measuring gender
• No “gold standard” for measuring gender norms
and attitudes or women’s empowerment
• Use multiple measures
Photo: Promundo
o You cannot use a single
measure. Gender is a
complex construct and
operates in multiple spheres.
o A scale combining several
items is more valid than a
single scale item used alone.

41. Gender-sensitive data
Gender-Equitable Men (GEM) scale: Measures
attitudes toward gender norms in intimate relationships
• Respondents: Men and women; boys and girls
• Applied in multiple countries; culturally sensitive
• Topics covered:
• Sexual relationships
• Homophobia
• Domestic chores and daily life
• Reproductive health and disease prevention
• Example items:
• “If someone insults a man, he should defend his reputation with
force if he has to.”
• “A man needs other women, even if things with his wife are fine.”
Norms
Source: Compendium of Gender Scales. Retrieved from
http://www.c-changeprogram.org/content/gender-scales-compendium/index.html

42. Gender-sensitive data
Measure household
decision making
• Respondents: Men
and women,
separately
• Applicability in
multiple settings?
Decision making
Source: Demographic and Health Survey Program. Retrieved from
http://dhsprogram.com/topics/Womens-Status-and-Empowerment.cfm
• Example items:
• Who usually makes decisions about major household
purchases?
• Who usually makes decisions about whether to take your child
for health care?
Photos do not indicate HIV status. Photo Credit: withdrmalik.org

43. Gender-sensitive data
Demographic and Health Surveys
(DHS) have standard questions on
economic empowerment
• Respondents: Men & women,
separately
• Example items:
o Knowledge/use of microcredit
programs
o Having a bank account, asset
ownership
o Control over money for different
purposes
Economic empowerment
Source: Golla, A. M., et al. (2011) Understanding and measuring women's economic empowerment: Definition,
framework and indicators. International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). Retrieved from
www.icrw.org/publications/understanding-and-measuring-womens-economic-empowerment/

44. Gender-sensitive data
Women’s leadership and
political participation
• Example items:
Women in parliament
o Women in science
technology, engineering and
math (STEM)
Male engagement in family
planning
• Example items:
o Men as clients
o Men as supportive partners
o Men as agents of change
Increased engagement
Photo © Gabriel Cohen, courtesy of
Photoshare

45. Gender-sensitive data
Sexual Relationship Power Scale (SRPS):
Measures power within sexual relationships
• Respondents: Men and women, separately
• Applied in multiple countries and settings
• Example items:
o Relationship control
 “Most of the time, we do what my partner wants to do.”
 “My partner always wants to know where I am.”
o Decision-making dominance
 “Who usually has more say about whether you have sex?”
 “Who usually has more say about what you do together?”
Power
Source: https://www.c-changeprogram.org/content/gender-scales-compendium/sexual.html

46. Gender-sensitive data
Conflict Tactics Scale: Measures the extent to which
specific tactics, including acts of physical, psychological,
and sexual violence, are used
• Respondents: Men or women, intimate partners
• Applied in multiple countries and settings
• Example items:
o Suggested compromise to an argument
o Used knife or gun on partner
o Used force to make partner have sex
Intimate partner violence (1)
Source: Strauss, M. A., Hamby S. L., Bonney-McCoy S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The revised Conflict Tactics
Scales (CTS2). Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283-316. Retrieved from
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/019251396017003001

47. Gender-sensitive data
It is critical to have someone with research expertise on the team
when looking at intimate partner violence.
Following international ethics and safety guidelines for research
on violence is imperative!
Intimate partner violence (2)
https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/public
ations/violence/9241546476/en/
Compendiums of indicators are available
(see the “Resources” slides at the end).

48. Gender-sensitive data
• Demonstrate removal of gender barriers.
• Capture quality, not just quantity.
• Demonstrate change in inequality.
• Use what you’ve got!
Selecting indicators
Photo: International Fund for Agricultural Development

49. Gender-sensitive data
Quantitative measures are limited in their ability to
capture:
• Complexities of power and relationship dynamics
• Unintended consequences of shifting norms
Importance of qualitative data

50. Example Indicators
Two siblings in Madagascar, 2017, Samy Rakotoniaina/MSH, Courtesy of Photoshare

51. Sample gender and HIV indicators
Gender equality measures
Percentage (%) of people who say that wife beating is an
acceptable way for husbands to discipline their wives
Numerator: Number of respondents in an area (region, community,
country) who respond "yes" to any of the following questions:
Sometimes a husband is annoyed or angered by things that his
wife does. In your opinion, is a husband justified in hitting or
beating his wife if
• She is unfaithful to him
• Disobeys her husband
• Argues with him
• Refuses to have sex with him
• Does not do the housework adequately
Denominator: Total number of people surveyed

52. Sample gender and HIV indicators
Gender-based violence
Percentage (%) of health units that have documented and adopted a
protocol for the clinical management of GBV survivors
Numerator: Number of health facilities in the geographic region of study
(country, region, community) reporting that they have both documented and
adopted a protocol for the clinical management of GBV survivors
Denominator: Total number of health units surveyed in the geographic
region of study
Percentage (%) of people who believe that gender-based violence can
take place between same-sex couples
Numerator: Number of people who believe that GBV can occur between
two men, two women, or gender nonconforming couples
Denominator: Total number of people surveyed

53. Sample gender and HIV indicators
School-based life skills for young people
The number or percentage (if denominator is available) of
young people ages 10–24 years reached by life skills–based
HIV education in schools.
Numerator: Number of young people reached through any school-
based effort, including peer education, classroom, small group, and/or
one-on-one information, education and communication, or behavior
change communication to promote change in behavior in a school
setting
Denominator: Number of young people attending targeted schools

54. Sample gender and HIV indicators
Priority population: Female sex workers
Percentage (%) of female sex workers (FSWs)
reporting the use of a condom with every client in
the past month
Numerator: Number of FSW respondents who report
always using a condom with every client in the past
month
Denominator: Total number of FSW respondents
interviewed

55. Sample gender and HIV indicators
Avoidance of health care among key populations
because of stigma and discrimination:
Percentage (%) of key populations who have avoided health services in
the past 12 months owing to stigma and discrimination
Ask: Have you ever avoided seeking (i) health-care, / (ii) HIV testing, / (iii)
HIV medical care* or (iv) HIV treatment* in the past 12 months because of
any of the following:
1. Fear of or concern about stigma?
2. Fear or concern someone may learn you [insert behavior, e.g.,
have sex with men]?
3. Fear of or concern about or experienced violence?
4. Fear of or concern about or experienced police harassment or
arrest?
Numerator: Number of people who report avoiding healthcare owing
to stigma and discrimination
Denominator: All respondents
Disaggregated by gender, age, and priority population

56. • Integrating Gender in the Monitoring and Evaluation of Health Programs: A
Toolkit: https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/ms-17-
122- en
• The Importance of Gender in HIV and AIDS Data:
https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/fs-17-205c
• Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Mini Course:
https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/training/online-courses-and-
resources/non-certificate-courses-and-mini-tutorials/sogi/sogi
• Guidelines for integrating gender into an M&E framework and system
assessment https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/tr-
16-128-en
MEASURE Evaluation gender M&E HIV
Resources

57. MEASURE Evaluation gender M&E HIV
Resources
• Compendium of Gender Equality and HIV Indicators:
https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/ms-13-82
• Violence against women and girls: A compendium of monitoring and
evaluation indicators: https://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/ms-08-
30
• Gender M&E eLearning Course
https://www.globalhealthlearning.org/course/gender-m-e
• GEND_GBV Rapid Data Quality Review
https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/gend_gbv-rapid-data-quality-
review/gend_gbv-rapid-data-quality-review
MEASURE Evaluation Gender Resources: www.measureevaluation.org/gender

58. Gender integration in programming
References and resources
• Caro, D. (2009). A manual for integrating gender into reproductive health
and HIV programs: from commitment to action. USAID and IGWG. Retrieved
from http://www.culturalpractice.com/wp-content/downloads/4-2009-2.pdf
• Communication for Change (C-Change). (n.d.). Compendium of gender
scales. Retrieved from http://www.c-changeprogram.org/content/gender-
scales-compendium/index.html
• Doggett, E., Krishna, A., Robles, O.J., & Betron, M. (2016). Gender and sexual
and reproductive health 101. Retrieved from
http://www.globalhealthlearning.org/course/gender-and-sexual-and-
reproductive-health-101

59. Gender integration in programming
References and resources
• Gender Practitioners Collaborative. (n.d.). Minimum standards for
mainstreaming gender equality. Retrieved from http://genderstandards.org/
• Global AIDS Indicator Registry: http://www.indicatorregistry.org/export-
indicators/27
• IGWG. Gender analysis and integration. Retrieved from
https://www.igwg.org/training/gender-analysis-and-integration/
• It’s Pronounced Metrosexual. (2018). The Genderbread
Person V4. Retrieved from
https://www.itspronouncedmetrosexual.com/
2018/10/the-genderbread-person-v4/

60. Gender Integration in Programming
References & Resources
• Kuttner, P. (2016). The problem with that equity vs. equality graphic you’re
using. Cultural Organizing. Retrieved from http://culturalorganizing.org/the-
problem-with-that-equity-vs-equality-graphic/
• PEPFAR Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting Indicator Reference Guide 2.0
(Version 2.3) (2018).
• Strauss, M. A., Hamby S. L., Bonney-McCoy S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The
revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283-316.
Retrieved from
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/019251396017003001
• USAID. (n.d). Violence and HIV. Retrieved from
https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1864/ER_-
_16_Days_Violence_HIV_Infograph_508.pdf

61. Gender Integration in Programming
References and Resources
• USAID. (2012). USAID Gender equality and women's female empowerment policy.
Washington, DC, USA: USAID. Retrieved from
https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/GenderEqualityPolicy_0
.pdf
• WHO and PATH. (2005). Researching Violence against women: A Practical guide
for researchers and activists. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/violence/9241546476/en/
• WHO. (2009). Integrating gender into HIV/AIDS programmes in the health sector:
tool to improve responsiveness to women’s needs. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/gender/documents/gender_hiv_guidelines_en.pdf
• WHO. (2016). A tool for strengthening gender-sensitive national HIV and SRH
monitoring and evaluation systems. Retrieved from
https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/tool-SRH-monitoring-eval-
systems_en.pdf

62. This presentation was produced with the support of the United States Agency
for International Development (USAID) under the terms of MEASURE
Evaluation cooperative agreement AID-OAA-L-14-00004. MEASURE
Evaluation is implemented by the Carolina Population Center, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partnership with ICF International; John Snow,
Inc.; Management Sciences for Health; Palladium; and Tulane University.
Views expressed are not necessarily those of USAID or the United States
government.
www.measureevaluation.org