2. Introduction
• Social ecological approach to behavior change
• Interaction between and interdependence of
factors within and across all levels of a health
problem
• Behavior has multiple levels of influence
• Behavior change usually a combination of
individual and environmental/policy-level
interventions
3. Community Organizing/Building
• Community health problems range from small
to complex
• Community organizing
• Process through which communities are helped
to identify common problems or goals,
mobilize resources, and develop and implement
strategies for reaching the goals they have
collectively set
• Not a science, but an art of consensus building
5. Need for Organizing Communities
• Changes in community social structure has
lead to loss in sense of community
• Advances in electronics
• Communications
• Increased mobility
• Community organizing skills extend beyond
community health
6. Assumptions of Community Organizing
• Those who organize communities do so while
making certain assumptions
7. Community Organizing Methods
• No single preferred method
• All incorporate fundamental principles
• Start where the people are
• Participation
• Create environments in which people and
communities can become empowered as they
increase problem-solving abilities
8. Community Organizing Methods
• Locality development
• Broad self participation; process oriented;
stresses consensus and cooperation; builds
group identity and sense of community
• Social planning
• Heavily task oriented; involves people and
outside planners
• Social action
• Task and process oriented; disadvantaged
segments of the population
11. Recognizing the Issue
• Initial organizer
• recognizes that a problem exists and decides to
do something about it
• Gets things started
• Can be from within or outside of the
community
• Grass-roots, citizen initiated, bottom-up
• Top-down, outside-in
12. Gaining Entry into the Community
• Organizers need:
• Cultural sensitivity, cultural competence,
cultural humility
• Organizers need to know:
• Who is causing problem and why; how
problem has been addressed in past; who
supports and opposes idea of addressing
problem; who could provide more insight
• Gatekeepers
13. Organizing the People
• Executive participants
• Leadership identification
• Recruitment
• Expanding constituencies
• Task Force
• Coalition
14. Assessing the Community
• Community building
• Needs assessment vs. mapping community
capacity
• Community assets
• Primary building blocks
• Secondary building blocks
• Potential building blocks
15. Determining the Priorities and Setting Goals
• Criteria to consider when selecting priority
issue
• Problem must be winnable
• Must be simple and specific
• Must unite members of organizing group
• Should affect many people
• Should be part of larger plan
• Goals written to serve as guide for problem
solving
16. Arriving at a Solution and Selecting
Intervention Strategies
• Alternate solutions exist for every problem
• Probable outcomes
• Acceptability to the community
• Probable long- and short-term effects
• Costs of resources
17. Final Steps
• Implementing
• Evaluating
• Maintaining
• Looping Back
19. Health Promotion Programming
• Important tool for community health
professionals
• Health education – part of health promotion
• Health promotion – more encompassing than
health education
• Program planning
• May or may not be associated with community
organizing/building
• Process by which an intervention is planned
20.
21. Creating a Health Promotion Program
• Involves a series of steps
• Success depends on many factors
• Experienced planners use models to guide
work
• Before process begins, important to understand
and engage priority population
23. Assessing Needs of the Priority Population
• Determining purpose and scope of needs
assessment
• Gathering data
• Analyzing data
• Identifying factors linked to health problem
• Identifying program focus
• Validating prioritized need
24. Setting Appropriate Goals and Objectives
• Foundation of the program
• Portions of the programming process are
designed to achieve the goals by meeting the
objectives
25. Goals
• More encompassing than objectives
• Written to cover all aspects of the program
• Provide overall program direction
• Are more general in nature
• Usually take longer to complete
• Do not have a deadline
• Are usually not observed, but inferred
• Often not measured in exact terms
26. Objectives
• More precise than goals
• Steps to achieve the program goals
• The more complex a program, the more
objectives needed
• Composed of who, what, when, and how much
27.
28. Creating an Intervention
• Intervention
• Activities that will help the priority population
meet the objectives and achieve the program
goals
• The program that the priority population will
experience
• May be several or a few activities
30. Implementing the Intervention
• Implementation
• Putting a planned program into action
• Pilot test
• Trial run-implementation to a small group
• Determine problems and fix before full
implementation
• Phasing in
• Step-by-step implementation; implementation
with small groups
31. Evaluating the Results
• Determine the value or worth of an object of
interest
• Evaluation should occur during first steps of
program development
• Formative evaluation
• Summative evaluation
• Impact evaluation
• Outcome evaluation
32. Steps to Evaluation
• Planning the evaluation
• Collecting the data
• Analyzing the data
• Reporting the results
• Applying the results
33. Discussion Questions
• How would you explain the difference
between health education and health
promotion?
• How can community members work together
to solve health problems?
