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Mohamed M.A. Zaitoun, MD
Interventional Radiology Consultant, Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt
FINR-Switzerland
zaitoun82@gmail.com
2.
3. Dedication
To the memory of my late father, Prof Ashraf
Zaitoun Interventional
Radiology Unit,
Zagazig University,
Egypt
4. Knowing as much as possible
about your enemy precedes
successful battle and learning
about the disease process
precedes successful management.
5. -Ideal C.M. should be :
1-Non irritant
2-Non toxic
3-Palatable
4-Little or no side effects
5-Low osmolalty & viscosity
6-High water solubility
7-Heat & chemical stability
8-Cost effective
7. 1-Barium sulfate :
-Ba sulfate is an inert , insoluble organic salt
-Supplied as powdered chalk-like substance
-Administered either orally or rectally
-Exclusively used for GIT
-It never dissolve in water , particles are suspended
in water& may tend to settle down when allowed
to stand for a period of time , so it will be well
stirred before use
8. -Side effects :
hygroscopic effect leading to Ba impaction in
bowel
-Concentration :
Ba swallow 1:1
Ba meal 4:1 or 2:1
Ba follow through 1:1
12. 1
2
3
4
5
6
COO Na or COO Meg
I
NHCOCH3
I
CH3COHN
I
“1955”
3-Formation of C.M. salt
with sufficient solubility
13. Sodium VS Meglumine
Parameter Sodium Meglumine
Solubility Less Better
Tolerance Less Better
BBB effect Crosses Not
Vascular effects More Less
Viscosity Low High
Diuretic Less Strong
Opacification Better Less
Bronchospasm No Yes
14. -Disadvantage :
Is that it dissolves in the solution into 2 paticles ,
+ve cation ( Sodium or Meglumine ) and –ve
anion ( COO ) so it is called ionic C.M.
-They are 3 ways to reduce C.M. high osmolality
( dissociation ) :
25. *Negative ( Radiolucent ) C.M. :
-Air , O2 , Co2
-O2 & Co2 are preferred than air as they are absorbed
easier in blood >> less possibility of embolism
-Uses :
1-Gas myelography
2-Perianal air ( insufflation )
3-Arthrography
4-Double contrast Barium
5-Double contrast cystography
26. C.M. in U/S
-Gas microbubbles < 10 micron in diameter
-Advantages :
1-Too small to be arrested even in capillaries >>
no fear of embolism or infarction
2-Made of inert gas that dissolve rapidly
27. -Types :
1-Hevorisin >> air bubbles coated with galactose and
palmitic acid
2-Echovist >> coated with galactose
3-Echogen
4-Albumex >> coated with albumin
-Action :
-Provides a highly reflective interface that cause
delineation of vessels
28. -Uses :
1-Echocardiography
2-Visualization of lower limb vessels that can’t be
seen by Doppler due to sound attenuation
3-Characterization of hepatic metastases
4-Assessment of hepatic vasculature after
transplantation
5-Assessment of fallopian tubes patenccy at HSG
29. C.M. in C.T.
1-Oral CT CM :
-Used for bowel opacificcation
-High osmolar ( ionic ) iodine C.M.
( Gastrographin )
-Given 12 hrs , 5 hrs before the procedure then on table
2-Transrectal C.M. :
-For colon opacification
-150 ml
30. 3-I.V. C.M. :
-They are used for opacification of vascular tree depending on the
rate of injection & acquisition time
-Brain >> 50 ml
Abdomen >> 100 ml
-In triphasic CT >>
a)Arterial enhancement at 20 seconds
b)Venous enhancement at 60 seconds
c)Delayed at 5-10 min
Level of C.M. decreases due to shift towards tissues ( renal
excretion )
31. C.M. in MRI
Para magnetic agent ( Gadolinium )
Super magnetic agent ( Iron oxide )
1-Paramagnetic agent ( gadolinium ) :
-Action >>
a)Shortening of T1 relaxation time >> increases the signal intensity
b)Shortening of T2 relaxation time >> decreases the signal
intensity
-Best given in T1
32. -Chemistry :
Gd alone is toxic , so it is given bound to DTPA or DOTA
-Dose :
0.2 ml /kg slowly I.V.
-Indications :
1-Detect intracranial tumors
2-Differentiate between tumors & edema
3-Differentiate between disc prolapse & post-operative scar
4-Differentiate between tumor recurrence & post-operative fibrosis
33. -Complications :
1-Headache , nausea & dizziness
2-Seizures
3-Abnormal taste
4-Anaphylaxis
5-Pain & warmth at injection site
34. 2-Supermagnetic agent ( Iron oxide ) :
-Uptake by Kupffer cells in liver >> can
distinguish between normal liver & tumors
-Action >>
Shortening of T2 relaxation time
-Best given in T2
-Oral or I.V.
-GIT contrast agent
35. C.M. adverse reactions
a)Adverse systemic reaction
1-Clinically ( according to severity ) :
Minor , moderate & severe
2-Pathologically
Idiosynecratic non-idiosyncratic
b)Organ toxicity :
1-Kidney
2-Heart
3-Lung
4-CNS
5-Soft tissue
36. I)Adverse systemic reactions :
1-Clinically
i)Minor reactions >>
-Of limited duration & consequences
-Incidence is 10 % of all individuals
-Require no treatment
-e.g. >> nausea , vomiting , sensation of warmth
or mild skin rash
37. ii)Moderate reactions :
-Incidence more in young adults
-Require treatment
-e.g. >> Extensive urticaria , angioneurotic edema , bronchospasm ,
laryngospasm & hypotension
iii)Severe reactions :
-Life threatening
-Require intensive treatment
-Incidence in all age groups ( common in old )
-e.g >> severe bronchospasm , laryngospasm & hypotension
38. 2-Pathologically :
a)Non-Idiosyncratic reactions
-Limited & of minor importance
-Consequence of the physical & chemical
characteristics of C.M.
-e.g. >> hyperosmolarity , chemotoxicity of
iodinated benzoic acid derivatives
Clinically vasodilatation , tachycardia , bradycardia
, hypotension & flushing
39. b)Idiosyncratic or anaphylactic reactions :
-Include the intermediate & severe fatal reactions
-Pathogenesis of reations >>
1-Release of vaso-active substances e.g. histamine &
serotonin
2-Antigen-antibody reaction
3-Disturbance of activation systems , e.g. kinin ,
coagulation & fibrinolysin
4-Psychological reaction
40. -Prophylaxis :
1-Non-idiosyncratic reactions
a)Nausea & vomiting by prolonging the time of injection
b)Arm pain ( due to venous endothelial irritation )
-Selecting a large vein
-Flushing the vessel with saline
-Using a meglumine salt rather than Na salt (more irritant)
41. 2-Idiosyncratic reactions :
a)Screening patients for determined risk factors >>
-Risk factors : a patient with history of allergy is more
likely to develop a severe reaction more than another
without such history
-Risk group includes >> asthma , hay fever & eczema
-A prior sensitivity to urographic C.M. increases the risk
of severe reaction
42. b)I.V. injection of a test dose of C.M.
c)Hydro-cortisone 100 mg orally or parenterally at
least 12 hours prior to injection ( provide
protection for idiosyncratic reaction )
-An open I.V. line is maintained open during C.M.
for further injection of medication
43. c)A resuscitation team at the time of injection to
deal with any life threatening condition
d)Antihistaminics ( hasn’t been accepted as
effective preventive measure )
e)Rapid injection of C.M. is proved not to
precipitate an adverse systemic reaction than a
slow injection
44. -Treatment :
1-Minor reactions >> no traetment
2-Major reactions >>
-Antihistaminics has no role
-Hydrocortisone used in prophylaxis of the high
risk patients
45. 3-Fundamental therapeutic measures >>
a)Epinephrine for hypotension , bronchospasm ,
laryngospasm & angioneurotic edema
-Route of administration :
S.C. 1:1000 epinephrine 0.2-0.3 ml
I.V. 1:10000 epinephrine ( not used in old age or
CV diseases )
46. -Hypotension :
*With tachycardia >> give epinephrine
*With bradycardia (due to vagal stimulation ) >>
give atropine 0.5-2 mg I.V.
-Laryngeal edema :
Isn’t responding to traetment we do tracheostomy
& administer oxygen
50. b)Acute obstruction of tubular lumen by :
1-Abnormal urinary protein ( multiple myeloma )
2-Uric acid ( patient with very high serum uric acid
level ) C.M. has a uricosuric effect )
51. -Treatment >>
By large fluid intake , alkaline diuretic + allopurinol
-Protocol of protection against C.M. nephrotoxicity:
1-I.V. hydration 12 hours prior & during exam
2-Use a moderate amount of C.M.
3-Manitol infusion after C.M. administration
4-In renal failure : hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may
be needed due to slow removal of C.M. by kidney
52. 2-Cardio-toxicity :
a)Cardiac arrythmias
b)Ischemia ( increased HR leading to increased O2
demand )
c)Conduction abnormalities
d)Others >> chest pain , loss of consciousness , cardiac
arrest
-Precautions >> in high risk patients
a)Avoid bolus injection ( injection rate at 1 ml/sec or
injection over 10-16 minutes )
b)ECG monitoring during exam
53. 3-Pulmonary toxicity :
-Bronchospasm due to >>
a)Direct pulmonary toxicity
b)Idiosyncratic reaction
4-Neurotoxicity :
-Convulsions
-Cerebral hypoxia
54. 5-Soft tissue toxicity :
-Sloughing of skin and edema of soft tissue due to
extra-vasation of C.M.
55. C.M. in G.I.T.
1-Ba sulphate
-Used as :
Ba swallow , Ba meal , Ba follow through & Ba enema
-Character :
1-High density for GIT
2-Resistance to aggregation of particles
3-Resistance to flocculation
56. 2-Gastrographin
-Uses :
a)If there is suspected perforation ( contrast will
be seen in peritoneal cavity in plain film , then in
the bladder after 2 hours )
b)Post-operative due to possibility of leakage
c)In CT scanning of the abdomen for
opacification of the GIT
57. 3-Air & Co2
-For double contrast study ( Ba meal & enema )
for mucosal pattern
4-Urographin :
Used in sialography
58. C.M. in respiratory system
-Hytrast is used in bronchography
C.M. in myelography & CT myelography
-Omnipaque
-Amipaque
-Myodil ( not used )
59. C.M. in biliary system
-Oral cholecystogram : biloptin , solu-biloptin & telepaque
-T tube cholangiogram : diluted urographin
( as it is very irritant )
C.M. in female genital system
-Urographin 76 %
-Lipidol
60. C.M. in renal system
a)I.V.U.
-Urographin 76 %
-Urovision 58 %
-Non-ionic ( ultravist ) in patients with sensitivity towards
urographin (expensive)
b)Retrograde pyelogram
urographin 30 %
Hypaque 25 %
c)Cystogram & urethrogram
Urographin 30 % or ( 76 % diluted 1:4 )
61. C.M. in lymphangiography
-Lipidol in the dorsum of the foot ( films taken after 24 , 48 & 72
huors )
C.M. in angiography & venography
-Urographin ( high concentration )
-Angiographin
-Hypaque 85 %
C.M. in sinogram
-Urographin 76 %