This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as a field that studies how individuals, groups, and structure impact behavior in organizations. It discusses various theories and concepts in organizational behavior like motivation theories, personality, attitudes, perception, values, and leadership. Key topics covered include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, McGregor's Theory X and Y, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and McClelland's needs theory. The document also examines factors influencing behavior in organizations and challenges in applying organizational behavior.

1. Organizational Behavior

2. Organizational Behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness. Definition…

3. OB is a field of study… Means a distinct area of expertise with a common body of knowledge Organizational Behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness. What does it study? It studies three determinants of behavior in organization Individuals, Groups, structure Applying such knowledge… OB applies knowledge about individuals, groups and the effect of structure on behavior in order to make organization work more effectively.

4. Therefore … OB is concerned with the study of what people do in an organization and how the behavior affects the performance of the organization. It is concerned with employment related situations, and emphasizes behavior as related to concerns such as jobs, work, absenteeism, employment turnover, productivity, performance and management.

6. CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO THE FIELD OF OB

7. CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES TO THE FIELD OF OB Behavioral Science Contribution Unit of analysis Output Psychology Sociology Social psychology Anthropology Political science Learning Motivation Personality Emotions Perception Training Leadership Job satisfaction Decision making Performance appraisal Attitude Selection Work design Stress Group dynamics Work teams Communication Power Conflict Intergroup behavior Formal organisational theory Organisational technology Organisational change Organisational culture Behavioural change Attitude change Communication Group processes Group decision making Comparative values & attitudes Cross culture analysis Organisational culture &environment Conflict Intraorganisational politics Power Group Organisation system Study of O B Individual

9. VALUES… Values – Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence. Value System – A hierarchy based on ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.

10. TYPES OF VALUES… Value typologies can be developed in two approaches as per survey conducted by Milton Rokeach, the survey is popularly known as Rokeach Value Survey (RVS). RVS consists of two sets of values – Terminal values and Instrumental values

11. Terminal values – Desirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime. TYPES OF VALUES… Instrumental values – Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values.

12. Terminal and Instrumental Values in Rokeach Value Survey Terminal Values A comfortable life (a prosperous life) An exciting life ( a stimulating, active life) A sense of accomplishment ( lasting contribution) A world of peace ( free of war and conflict) A world of beauty (beauty of nature and the arts) Equality (brotherhood, equal opportunity for all) Family security (taking care of loved ones) Freedom (independence, free choice) Happiness (contentedness) Inner harmony (freedom from inner conflict) Mature love (sexual and spiritual intimacy) National security (protection from attack) Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisurely life) Salvation (saved, eternal life) Self respect (self-esteem) Social recognition 9respect, admiration) True friendship (close companionship) Wisdom (a mature understanding of life) Instrumental Values Ambitious (hardworking, aspiring) Broad minded (open minded) Capable (competent) Cheerful (lighthearted, joyful) Clean (neat, tidy) Courageous (standing up for your beliefs) Forgiving (willing to pardon others) Helpful (working for the welfare of others) Honest (sincere, truthful) Imaginative (daring, creative) Independent (self-reliant, self-sufficient) Intellectual (intelligent, reflective) Logical (consistent, rational) Loving (affectionate, tender) Obedient (dutiful, respectful) Polite (courteous, well-mannered) Responsible (dependable, reliable) Self-controlled (restrained, self-discipline)

13. ATTITUDES… Attitudes – Evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people or events. Attitude may be favorable or unfavorable – concerning objects or events. Attitudes are not the same as values, but the two are interrelated.

15. COMPONENTS OF AN ATTITUDE… Cognitive component of an attitude It is the opinion or belief segment of an attitude Affective component of an attitude It is the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude Behavioral component of an attitude An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something

16. TYPES OF ATTITUDES… There may be thousands of attitudes in a person, OB focuses attention on a very limited number of work related attitudes. These work related attitudes are positive or negative and shows how employee feel about their job. Most of the research in OB has been concerned with three attitudes namely: 1. Job Satisfaction 2. Job Involvement 3. Organizational Commitment

17. JOB SATISFACTION… The term job satisfaction refers to an individual’s general attitude toward his or her job. An individual with high level of job satisfaction holds positive attitudes about the job, while a dissatisfied individual may hold negative attitudes about the job. Low job satisfaction can result in high attrition rate, absenteeism, and poor mental health.

18. JOB INVOLVEMENT… Job involvement measures the degree to which a person identifies psychologically with his or her job and considers his or her perceived performance level important to self worth. High level of job involvement reduces attrition and absenteeism.

19. ORGANISATIONAL COMMITMENT… Organization commitment is defined as degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its objectives and wishes to maintain membership in the organization. An employee may be dissatisfied with his or her present job and consider it a temporary condition, yet not be dissatisfied with the organization as a whole. But when dissatisfaction spreads to the organization itself, individuals are more likely to resign.

20. EFFECTS OF JOB SATISFACTION… The job satisfaction has an effect on the performance of an individual however in the organization it tends to center on its effect on productivity, absenteeism and turnover.

21. Satisfaction and productivity… “ Happy workers are productive workers” is a myth, the concept “productive workers are likely to be happy workers” may hold good. Satisfaction and absenteeism… There is a negative relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism. Absenteeism increases with decrease in job satisfaction Satisfaction and turnover… Satisfaction is also negatively related to turnover , factors like alternative job opportunities, length of tenure, labour market condition will also effect the turnover.

23. * JOB SATISFACTION AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. Satisfied employee are more likely friendly and responsive – which customers appreciate. Satisfied employees are less prone to turnover, customers are more likely to encounter familiar faces and receive experienced service. www.a2zmba.com

24. PERSONALITY…

25. Definitions… ‘ Personality is the dynamic organization within an individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.’ -Gordon Allport Personality is the sum total ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. - Stephen Robins

26. PERSONALITY DETERMINANTS… Individual Personality is the result of heredity and environment and the third factor is recognized to be situation.

27. HEREDITY… Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physical stature, facial attractiveness, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to be either completely or substantially who the parents are; that is, by their biological, physiological, and inherent makeup. The heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of an individual’s personality is the molecular structure of the genes.

28. ENVIRONMENT… Environment factor like culture in which one is raised, early conditioning; norms among family, friends, social group and other influences that one experiences, exert pressure on personality of an individual.

29. SITUTATION… Situation influences the effect of heredity and environment on personality. A individual’s personality, although generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations. The different demands of different situations call for different aspects one’s personality.

30. LOCUS OF CONTROL… Locus of control is the degree to which people believe they are masters of their own fate Some people believe that they are masters of their own fate. Other people see themselves as pawns of fate, believing that what happens to them in their lives is due to luck or chance.

31. INTERNALS… Individual who believes that they control what happens to them. EXTERNALS… Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance.

32. TYPE A AND TYPE B PERSONALITY…

33. TYPE A PERSONALITY… A person with a Type A personality is aggressively involved in chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and if required to do so, against the opposing efforts of other things or other persons.

35. TYPE B PERSONALITY… Type B is exactly opposite to type A are rarely harried by the desire to obtain a wildly increasing number of things or participate in an endless growing series of events in an ever decreasing amount of time.

37. PERCEPTION…

38. Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. - Stephen Robins

40. What do you see?

41. There's a face... and the word liar

42. Is the left center circle bigger?

43. No, they're both the same size…

44. It's a spiral, right?

45. No, these are a bunch of independent circles

46. What do you see ?

47. A couple or a skull?

48. Count the black dots!

49. 0 (ZERO)

50. What do you see?

51. Do you see the three faces?

52. Process of Perception…

53. MOTIVATION

54. It is the need or drive within an individual that drives him or her toward goal oriented action. The extent of drive depends on the prescribed level of satisfaction that can be achieved by the goal.

55. Definition…

56. “ Motivation is a predisposition to act in a specified goal directed manner” -Hellriegel and slocum

57. “ Motivation refers to goal directed behavior” -Chung

58. “ A process of stimulating the self or subordinates to get into the desired course of action” -Michael Julius

59. Difference between motivation and satisfaction… Motivation refers to the drive and effort to satisfy a want or goal. Satisfaction refers to the contentment experienced when want is satisfied. In other words, motivation implies a drive toward an outcome, and satisfaction is the outcome already experienced.

60. Employees' performance is, of course, partially determined by the opportunities given them to demonstrate their abilities. If employees are never given opportunities to utilize all of their skills, then the employer may never have the benefit of their total performance. Work performance is also contingent upon employee abilities. If employees lack the learned skills or innate talents to do a particular job, then performance will be less than optimal. A third dimension of performance is motivation.

61. Dimension of performance… motivation Performance Opportunity Ability

62. Mechanism of Motivation…

63. What are motives? Inherited drives Felt needs Behavior attempt to reduce tension Need unfulfilled Tension: physical or psychological Need fulfilled

64. NEEDS… An internal state of disequilibrium or deficiency which has the capacity to energies or trigger a behavioral response

66. Motivation theories…

67. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs… Achievement Challenging job Status Job title Friendship Friends in Work Group Stability Pension Plan Sustenance Base Salary Self-Actuali-zation Needs Esteem Needs Belongingness Needs Physiological Needs Security Needs

68. Douglas McGregor's Theory… Douglas McGregor, a professor of industrial Administration at MIT (USA) theorized that every person has certain basic assumptions about other people’s attitude towards work and organization the assumption is labeled as Theory X and Theory Y.

71. Herzberg’s 2-factor Theory… Fredrick Herzberg (1959) extended the work of Maslow and developed a specific content theory of work motivation. He conducted a widely reported study of about 200 accountants and engineers from eleven industries in the Pittsburgh area. He used the critical incident method of obtaining data for analysis. He asked them two questions: a) When did you feel particularly good about your job and what turned you on? b) When did you feel exceptionally bad about your job and what turned you off?

72. CONTARSTING VIEW OF SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION… TRADITIONAL VIEW Satisfaction Dissatisfaction Satisfaction No Satisfaction No Dissatisfaction Dissatisfaction HERZBERG’s VIEW Motivators Hygiene Factor

75. Motivational factors are directly related to the job itself. Present of such factor create a highly motivating situation, but their absence does not cause job dissatisfaction. These factors are ‘content oriented’.

77. Maintenance factors are ‘context oriented’ their presence does not significantly motivate the person. The presence of such factors prevents dissatisfaction and maintains a certain level of motivation but any reduction in the availabilities of these factors is likely to affect motivation and bring down the level of performance. According to Herzberg, Hygiene factors can dissatisfy by their absence but they cannot satisfy by their presence.

78. Motivational vs. Hygiene Factors… Status goes down with Hygiene factors; Recognition goes up with Motivators Motivational Factors Hygiene factors When present lead to satisfaction and motivation. When present, help in preventing dissatisfaction but do not increase satisfaction or motivation. When absent prevents both satisfaction and motivation. When absent increase dissatisfaction with the job.

80. Need for Achievement (nAch): The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards. Need for Power (nPow): The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. Need for Affiliation (nAff): The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationship

82. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy and Alderfer’s ERG Theory… Maslow’s theory follows a rigid, step like progression. ERG theory does not assume that there exists a rigid hierarchy. It demonstrates that (i) more than one need may be operative at the same time, and (ii) if the gratification of a higher level need is suppressed, the desire to satisfy lower level need increases. In ERG all the need categories could be operating at the same time. Physiological Security Social Esteem Self Actu- alisation Existence Relatedness Growth Maslow ERG

85. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory… Vroom explains that motivation is a product of how much one wants something and one’s estimate of the probability that a certain action will lead to it. This relationship is given in the formula:- V X E = M V = Valence is strength of desire for something E = Expectancy is probability getting it with a certain action M = Motivation is strength of drive towards an action

86. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory… Range of Valence and Expectancy Valance -1 0 +1 Expectancy 0 +1

87. EQUITY THEORY… James Stacy Adams (1965) proposed the equity theory which was based on his belief that an individual’s motivation is influenced by his perception of how equitably he is treated at work.

88. EQUITY THEORY… To express his ideas, Adam used following formula: Person’s Outcomes Equity exists when- Person’s Inputs Other’s outcomes Other’s inputs Negative Inequity exists when- Person’s Outcomes Person’s Inputs Other’s outcomes Other’s inputs < Positive Inequity exists when- Person’s Outcomes Person’s Inputs Other’s outcomes Other’s inputs >