CCS335 _ Neural Networks and Deep Learning Laboratory_Lab Complete Record
mother dairy report for engineering students
1. 1
TRAINING REPORT
AT
MOTHER DAIRY
PATPARGANJ NEW DELHI-92
Submitted By:-
Name : Mirza Mohd. Rashid & Avinash Rawat
KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project is done as a semester project, as a part of course titled “MOTHER DAIRY”.
I’m really thankful to my instructor Mr. Sachin Rohtagi, Assistant Professor, for Financial
Management, International Institute of Business studies, Noida, for his valuable guidance
and assistance, without which the accomplishment of the task would have never been
possible.
I would also like to thank him for giving this opportunity to explore into the real world
and realize the interrelation of Dairy Industry and Economics, without which a society
can never progress. In my project I have chosen the topic- “Potential and Future of the
dairy Industry” and as the study of the same, done for Delhi-NCR Region, one of the
famous and most populous regions of India.
This report contains an over view of Dairy industry of North West Region and the
Various Development and planning by co-operative societies and national dairy
development board, for a better understanding of the various steps implemented by the
government to overcome the growing demand of the dairy requirements of the country.
I’m also thankful to all those working for Mother Dairy for providing me with relevant
information and necessary clarifications.
3. 3
TABLE OF CONTENT:
S. NO.
TOPIC
Page No.
1.
Introduction to dairy industry
4
2.
Introduction to NDDB
5
3.
About company
7
4.
Processing of Milk (pasteurizer plant)
9
5.
Swot
11
6.
Air Compressor
12
7.
Boilers
15
8.
Refrigeration plant
17
9.
Nano Water Treatment Plant
21
10.
Reverse Osmosis plant
23
11.
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)
25
12.
Conclusion
29
13.
References
30
4. 4
CHAPTER 1
ABOUT DAIRY INDUSTRY
Introduction:
The dairy sector in the India has shown remarkable development in the past decade and
India has now become one of the largest producers of milk and value-added milk products
in the world. The dairy sector has developed through co-operatives in many parts of the
country. During 1997-98, the States (Delhi-Haryana-Uttar Pradesh) had 17574 million
tones production capacity, which rose to 29719 million tons by the year 2012. In addition
to many processing plants, many government co-operative societies and chilling centers
have being made.
About the Indian dairy Industry:
In India, the dairy sector plays an important role in the country’s socio-economic
development and constitutes an important segment of the rural economic. Dairy industry
provides livelihood to millions of homes in village, assuring supply of quality of milk and
milk products to both urban and rural areas. With view to keeping pace with the country’s
increasing demand of milk and milk products, the industry has being growing rapidly.
According to research report “Indian Dairy Industry Analysis” India is world’s largest
milk producers accounting of around 17% of the global milk production. Besides, India is
also one of largest consumers of milk and milk products. Due to rich nutritional qualities,
the consumption of dairy product has being growing exponentially in the country, and
considering such facts and figures, my study anticipates that the milk production in India
will grow at a CAGR of around 4% during 2012 to 2015.With rising use of dairy product,
the secondary market of dairy product has been flourishing, my report observed. Covering
the necessary aspects of the Indian dairy industry, the study facilitates knowledge about
its current market scenario and future growth. Analyzing the past and current state of the
industry, the report tries to find out how trends like the entry of international companies
and packaging are attracting the consumers and heeding towards further growth in the
market. This way, it present a clear picture of the direction, in which the industry is likely
to proceed in the coming years.
The government is taking several initiatives and running plans and programs like National
Diary Plan and Intensive Dairy Development Program to meet the growing demand for
milk in the country. Our report talks about such schemes, and government regulations to
present an objective and balanced picture of the industry. The study also discusses the
opportunities and strengths of the dairy market in a complete SWOT analysis, and
provides an insight into the competitive landscape. We hope that our comprehensive
research will help clients align their business strategies as per market dynamics, and make
sound investment decisions.
5. 5
CHAPTER 2
ABOUT NDDB:
Fig 2.1 National Dairy Development Board logo
National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was founded to replace.
Exploitation with empowerment.
Tradition with modernity.
Stagnation with growth.
An instrument for the development of India’s rural transforming dairying into an
instrument for the development of India’s rural people. Prior to NDDB, the milk market
was vastly governed by local private dairy and these dairies were neither producing milk
nor they were animal breeders and hence law of demand and supply was unheard by those
6. whose intentions were purely to make more money from both the sides – that is from
producers of milk (farmers) and consumers at large. Establishment of NDDB broke that
spell and traders were side lined in due course.
The National Dairy Development Board was created in promote, finance and support
producer-owned and controlled organizations. NDDB’s efforts are co-operative principles
and the Anand Pattern of Co-operation
6
Philosophy of NDDB:
Co-operation is the preferred form of enterprise, giving people control
over the resources, through democratic self-governance.
All beneficiaries, particularly women and under privileged, must be
involved in co-operative management and decision making.
Technological and evolution search for better way to achieve the objective
in the dynamic market.
7. 7
CHAPTER 3
ABOUT THE COMPANY
"Mother Dairy" is the single largest brand of milk in India as well as in Asia, marketing
about 4.45 million litres of milk per day. Mother Dairy commands 62% market share in
the organized sector in and around Delhi, primarily because of consistent quality and
service – whatever be the crisis - floods, transport, strike, curfew etc. Mother Dairy,
Patparganj, Delhi, is presently manufacturing & selling around 8.5 lakh litres of toned
milk through bulk vending shops.
Mother Dairy, Delhi is an IS/ISO - 9001:2000 and Hazard Analysis Critical Control
Points (HACCP) and IS-14001:1996 Environment Management System (EMS) Certified
organisation.
Mother Dairy was the first Dairy in the country to implement ISO-14031 (Environment
Performance Evaluation) project. The company’s Quality Assurance Laboratory is
ISO/IEC- 17025:1999 certified by NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and
Calibration Laboratory), Department of Science & Technology, India.This provides
assurance to consumer in respect of Quality and Safety of products manufactured and
marketed by Mother Dairy. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB)
commissioned Mother Dairy in the first phase of Operation Flood in 1974. Considering
the success of Dairy industry NDDB established Fruit & Vegetable Project in Delhi in
1988 with "SAFAL" as its umbrella brand. With a view to separating the commercial
activities from developmental activities, the NDDB merged Mother Dairy and the Fruit &
Vegetable project into a wholly owned company named Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable
Ltd (MDFVL) in April 2000. This becomes the holding company of Mother Dairy India
Ltd (MDIL) – a marketing company and Mother Dairy Foods Processing Ltd (MDFPL) –
a processing company. MDFPL is a multi unit company, with units at various locations in
India. Mother Dairy, Delhi is one of the units of MDFPL.
The company is a highly trusted house hold name for its wide range of milk products
like Milk, Flavoured Milk, Ice-Cream, Dahi, Lassi, Table Butter, Dairy Whitner, Ghee
etc. The application for the award is being made for Mother Dairy, Delhi unit.Mother
dairy has taken up the concept of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)
wholeheartedly.The number of employees involved in KAIZENS and the no. of
KAIZENS per employee are very encouraging. Mother Dairy is a member of CII-TPM
Club and the KAIZENS done by Mother Dairy employees have been selected and
presented in 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th National Kaizen Conferences held from time to time
during the last three years. Our TPM efforts have resulted in increase in MTBF and
decrease in MTTR, quality improvement, Cost reduction and reduction in accidents.
Mother Dairy has received "Best Productivity Performance" award for three
consecutive years starting from1987-88 to1989-90 and again from1995-96 to1997-1998
from National productivity Council and a commendation Certificate for Rajiv Gandhi
National Quality Award, National Energy Conservation Award - 2004, Oil and Gas
8. Conservation Award - 2004, Indian Innovation Award - 2004 and Safety Initiative Award
- 2005.Over the years, Mother Dairy has not only served the daily need of milk of the
consumers of Delhi, it has also extended its milk to other States like Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh & Gujarat and is expanding its wings rapidly to
serve the masses.
Strategically located Mother Dairy booths across Delhi and NCR make it convenient for
you to pick up your daily requirement of Milk, Flavoured milk, Butter, Dahi, Lassi,
Cheese, Chaas….mouth-watering Ice Creams. The focus is on key markets for each of the
categories. In the curd category, they have been in Delhi for a while now and launched in
Mumbai just three months back. They hold a 60 per cent market share in Delhi, but it is
too soon to gauge where we stand in Mumbai.
8
Objectives and Business Philosophy of Mother Dairy :
The main stakeholder of Mother Dairy was the farmer member for whose welfare it
existed. Unlike other organizations, their objective is not to maximize the profit. They are
more interested in giving the best price for the farmers for their milk than in making a
large profit. Thus they look at the price given to their suppliers as not a cost but as an
objective. Mother Dairy had, as its main objective, “carrying out activities for the
economic development of agriculturists by efficiently organizing marketing of milk and
dairy produce, agricultural produce in raw and/or processed form and other allied
produce”.
This was to be done through:
· Common branding
· Centralized marketing
· Centralized quality control
· Centralized purchases and
· Pooling of milk efficiently
Mother Dairy had declared, as its business philosophy, the following:
ensure that milk producers and farmers regularly and continually receive market prices
by offering quality milk, milk products and other food products to consumers at
competitive prices and; uphold institutional structures that empower milk producers and
farmers through processes that are equitable. The biggest strength of Mother Dairy was
the trust it had created in the minds of its consumers regarding the quality of its products.
NDDB and its brand Mother Dairy stood for guaranteed purity of whatever products it
had produced. Adulteration was simply not done in any of its products. In India, where
such trust was hard to come by, this could provide a central anchor for
Mother Dairy’s future business plans. For more than 40 years' Mother Dairy helping to
create a national network has been adapted and extended to other commodities and areas.
Their constant effort to learn and to enrich experience is central to their approach and
capacities. In times to come, Mother Dairy shall strive to become a leading player in the
food industry in India.
9. 9
CHAPTER 4
PROCESSING OF MILK (PASTERUIZER PLANT)
The Process Flow of the Mother Dairy:
Raw Milk Reception Clarification Standardization
Raw
.
Processed Milk Pasteurization Homogenization
Deep Chilling Dispatch
Fig 4.1 Process Flow of milk
Raw Milk Reception:
Raw milk received through insulated road/rail tankers at a very low temperature thus
retaining the freshness of milk. The milk goes for more than 15 stringent quality tests
before it is accepted for the processing of milk.
Milk achieved from individual producers is checked for all basic quality parameters
meeting the company specification and required norms at respective collection and
chilling centres.Milk is then supplied to the dairy units through insulated milk tankers at
<4 degree C.
Processing of Milk:
Processing of milk is done in basically 4 steps
Clarification
Standardization
Homogenization
Pasteurization
Clarification:
The chilled milk from the silos goes to the clarifier after pre-heating. The clarifier spins
the milk at very high speed, removing all the dust particles that are invisible to naked
eyes.
10. 10
Standardization:
Milk from different breeds of cow and buffalo may vary in its composition. Hence, to
make Milk uniform in composition, before supply to the market, it is standardized by
raising or lowering its fat and SNF percentage present in the milk to a desired level, so as
to deliver the milk to consumers as per prescribed norms of FSSAI.
Homogenization:
In this process, the milk is processed at very high pressure during which the large fat
globules presently in milk are broken down into tiny droplets. The milk fat gets evenly
distributed in the milk and milk become whiter and thicker. Milk is homogenized for
consumers who do not like cream layer on top.
Pasteurization:
The milk is then pasteurized, named after Louis Pasteur, a French Scientist who invented
the process to use in wine. Pasteurization was first applied by Dr. Soxhiet of Germany.
This involves heating of milk to 72 degree Celsius for 15 second and then cooling it down
to 4 degree Celsius. The process kills all pathogenic bacteria present in the milk making.
Milk production in India:
Fig.4.2 Milk production in India
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Conclusion:
Rise In total production capacity- 5%
Rise in Consumption (gms/day)- 3.55%
0
Production (Million Tonnes)
Per Capita Avaiblity
(gms/day)
11. 11
CHAPTER 5
SWOT
Strength:
Different Variety of Milk.
Recognized brand name.
66% of Delhi-NCR market share
Trust of customer
Weakness:
No Of Outlets are less.
Pays less to Farmers as compared to Amul.
This in return causes difficulties in engaging farmers.
Opportunity:
As the dairy industry is rising with rate of 5%, whereas population is rising
by 17% making vast scope for expansion.
As the rise in Index of Wholesale price of Milk roused by 10.85%, thus
there is huge potential in Milk industry.
Rise in Index no of Wholesale Price of Dairy Product from year 2010 to
2011 by 12.78%, thus making it profitable for Dairy Industry.
Threats:
Facing tough competition from competitors like AMUL.
Pricing policy for procuring milk is far less than its competitors, causing
loss in faith of farmers
Supply chain management of competitors are much better.
Recommendations:
Must focus on growing market opportunity.
Must revise its strategy of procurement of milk from farmers in regards to
payment of price/litres.
Overseas market have huge capacity, must work aggressively on global
expansion.
12. 12
CHAPTER 6
Air compressor
An electric motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline engine) into kinetic energy by
compressing and pressurizing air, which, on command, can an air compressor is a device
that converts power (usually from be released in quick bursts. There are numerous
methods of air compression, divided into either positive-displacement or negative-displacement.
Fig 6.1 Air Compressor
Types of air compressor:
According to the design and principle of operation:
1. Reciprocating compressor
2. Rotary screw compressor
3. Turbo compressor
13. 13
Positive displacement:
Positive-displacement air compressors work by forcing air into a chamber whose volume
is decreased to compress the air. Piston-type air compressors use this principle by
pumping air into an air chamber through the use of the constant motion of pistons. They
use one-way valves to guide air into a chamber, where the air is compressed. Rotary
screw compressors also use positive-displacement compression by matching two helical
screws that, when turned, guide air into a chamber, whose volume is decreased as the
screws turn. Vane compressors use a slotted rotor with varied blade placement to guide
air into a chamber and compress the volume. A type of compressor that delivers a fixed
volume of air at high pressures. Common types of positive displacement compressors
include piston compressors and rotary screw compressors.
Negative displacement:
Negative-displacement air compressors include centrifugal compressors. These use
centrifugal force generated by a spinning impeller to accelerate and then decelerate
captured air, which pressurizes it.
Fig 6.2 Cut-sectional view of Air Compressor
14. 14
Cooling:
Due to adiabatic heating, air compressors require some method of disposing of waste
heat. Generally this is some form of air- or water-cooling, although some (particularly
rotary type) compressors may be cooled by oil (that is then in turn air- or water-cooled)
and the atmospheric changes also considered during cooling of compressors.
Applications:
• To supply high-pressure clean air to fill gas cylinders
• To supply moderate-pressure clean air to a submerged surface supplied diver
• To supply moderate-pressure clean air for driving some office and school building
pneumatic HVAC control system valves
• To supply a large amount of moderate-pressure air to power pneumatic tools, such as
jackhammers
• For filling tires
• To produce large volumes of moderate-pressure air for large-scale industrial processes
(such as oxidation for petroleum coking or cement plant bag house purge systems).
15. 15
CHAPTER 7
Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The fluid does not
necessarily boil. (In North America the term "furnace" is normally used if the purpose is
not actually to boil the fluid.) The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in
various processes or heating applications, including central heating, boiler-based power
generation, cooking, and sanitation.
Fig 7.1 Boiler
Materials:
The pressure vessel of a boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or historically of
wrought iron. Stainless steel, especially of the austenitic types, is not used in wetted parts
of boilers due to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. However, ferrite stainless steel
is often used in superheated sections that will not be exposed to boiling water, and
electrically-heated stainless steel shell boilers are allowed under the European "Pressure
Equipment Directive" for production of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors. In live
steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more easily fabricated in smaller
size boilers. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (particularly for steam
locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however,
in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and
cheaper substitutes (such as steel) are used instead. For much of the Victorian "age of
steam", the only material used for boiler making was the highest grade of wrought iron,
with assembly by riveting. This iron was often obtained from specialist ironworks, such
as at Creator Moor(UK). In the 20th century, design practice instead moved towards the
use of steel, which is stronger and cheaper, with welded construction, which is quicker
16. and requires less labour. It should be noted, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode
far slower than their modern-day steel counterparts, and are less susceptible to localized
pitting and stress-corrosion. This makes the longevity of older wrought-iron boilers far
superior to those of welded steel boilers. Cast iron may be used for the heating vessel of
domestic water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some
countries, their purpose is usually to produce hot water, not steam, and so they run at low
pressure and try to avoid actual boiling
16
Fuel:
The source of heat for a boiler is combustion of any of several fuels, such as wood, coal,
oil, or natural gas. Electric steam boilers use resistance- or immersion-type heating
elements. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating steam, either directly
(BWR) or, in most cases, in specialized heat exchangers called "steam generators"
(PWR). Heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use the heat rejected from other
processes such as gas turbine.
Fig 7.2 Cut-section view of boiler
Application:
It is mainly used in production industry as well as manufacturing industry, where there is
requirement of hot water and steam.
Maintenance:
1. Daily inspection
2. Washout
3. Periodic examination
4. General overhaul.
17. 17
CHAPTER 8
Refrigeration plant
A refrigeration plant uses gas, liquid, and mechanical energy to move heat from one place
to another. A liquid, such as ammonia, which has a low boiling temperature is allowed to
pass into a space via tubing. As the pressure in the ammonia drops, the liquid begins to
boil, and enter a phase transition from liquid to gas. In doing so, there is a great
absorption of heat energy by the liquid in the tubing to create this phase change. The heat
energy is absorbed from the space, and as the liquid boils off, it forms a gas. The gas is
pulled through the tubing in the space into a suction header outside the space to the
suction of a compressor. The compressor repress rises the gas, and discharges the liquid
through cold water heat exchangers or cooling fans, exhausting the heat absorbed from
the space, into the outside atmosphere. By pressurizing and cooling the gas, the gas
returns to a liquid stage, where it is stored and reintroduced to the space to be cooled.
Fig 8.1 Refrigeration plant
Methods of refrigeration:
Methods of refrigeration can be classified as
Non-cyclic
Cyclic
Thermoelectric
Magnetic.
18. 18
Non-cyclic refrigeration:
In non-cyclic refrigeration, cooling is accomplished by melting ice or by subliming dry
ice (frozen carbon dioxide). These methods are used for small-scale refrigeration such as
in laboratories and workshops, or in portable coolers. Ice owes its effectiveness as a
cooling agent to its melting point of 0 °C (32 °F) at sea level. To melt, ice must absorb
333.55 kJ/kg (about 144 Btu/lb) of heat. Foodstuffs maintained near this temperature have
an increased storage life. Solid carbon dioxide has no liquid phase at normal atmospheric
pressure, and sublimes directly from the solid to vapour phase at a temperature of -78.5
°C (-109.3 °F), and is effective for maintaining products at low temperatures during
sublimation. Systems such as this where the refrigerant evaporates and is vented to the
atmosphere are known as "total loss refrigeration”.
Cyclic refrigeration:
This consists of a refrigeration cycle, where heat is removed from a low-temperature
space or source and rejected to a high-temperature sink with the help of external work,
and its inverse, the thermodynamic power cycle. In the power cycle, heat is supplied from
a high-temperature source to the engine, part of the heat being used to produce work and
the rest being rejected to a low-temperature sink. This satisfies the second law of
thermodynamics. A refrigeration cycle describes the changes that take place in the
refrigerant as it alternately absorbs and rejects heat as it circulates through a refrigerator.
It is also applied to HVACR work, when describing the "process" of refrigerant flow
through an HVACR unit, whether it is a packaged or split system. Heat naturally flows
from hot to cold. Work is applied to cool a living space or storage volume by pumping
heat from a lower temperature heat source into a higher temperature heat sink. Insulation
is used to reduce the work and energy needed to achieve and maintain a lower
temperature in the cooled space. The operating principle of the refrigeration cycle was
described mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat engine. The most common
types of refrigeration systems use the reverse-Rankine vapour-compression refrigeration
cycle, although absorption heat pumps are used in a minority of applications.
Cyclic refrigeration can be classified as:
1. Vapour cycle, and
2. Gas cycle
Vapour cycle refrigeration can further be classified as:
1. Vapour-compression refrigeration
2. Vapour-absorption refrigeration
19. 19
Vapour-compression cycle:
Fig 8.2 Vapour-compression cycle
The vapour-compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators as well as in many
large commercial and industrial refrigeration systems. Figure 1 provides a schematic
diagram of the components of a typical vapour-compression refrigeration system. Vapour
compression refrigeration the thermodynamics of the cycle can be analysed on a diagram.
In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such as Freon enters the compressor as a vapour.
From point 1 to point 2, the vapour is compressed at constant entropy and exits the
compressor as a vapour at higher temperature, but still below the vapour pressure at that
temperature. From point 2 to point 3 and on to point 4, the vapour travels through the
condenser which cools the vapour until it starts condensing, and then condenses the
vapour into a liquid by removing additional heat at constant pressure and temperature.
Between points 4 and 5, the liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion valve (also
called a throttle valve) where its pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash evaporation
and auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half of the liquid.
Vapour absorption cycle:
In the early years of the twentieth century, the vapour absorption cycle using water-ammonia
systems was popular and widely used. After the development of the vapour
compression cycle, the vapour absorption cycle lost much of its importance because of its
low coefficient of performance (about one fifth of that of the vapour compression cycle).
20. 20
Gas cycle:
When the working fluid is a gas that is compressed and expanded but doesn't change
phase, the refrigeration cycle is called a gas cycle. Air is most often this working fluid. As
there is no condensation and evaporation intended in a gas cycle, components
corresponding to the condenser and evaporator in a vapour compression cycle are the hot
and cold gas-to-gas heat exchangers in gas cycles. The gas cycle is less efficient than the
vapour compression cycle because the gas cycle works on the reverse Brayton cycle
instead of the reverse Rankine cycle. As such the working fluid does not receive and
reject heat at constant temperature. In the gas cycle, the refrigeration effect is equal to the
product of the specific heat of the gas and the rise in temperature of the gas in the low
temperature side. Therefore, for the same cooling load, a gas refrigeration cycle needs a
large mass flow rate and is bulky.
Thermoelectric refrigeration:
Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junction of
two different types of materials. This effect is commonly used in camping and portable
coolers and for cooling electronic components and small instruments.
Magnetic refrigeration:
Magnetic refrigeration, or adiabatic demagnetization, is a cooling technology based on the
magneto caloric effect, an intrinsic property of magnetic solids. The refrigerant is often a
paramagnetic salt, such as cerium magnesium nitrate. The active magnetic dipoles in this
case are those of the electron shells of the paramagnetic atoms. A strong magnetic field is
applied to the refrigerant, forcing its various magnetic dipoles to align and putting these
degrees of freedom of the refrigerant into a state of lowered entropy. A heat sink then
absorbs the heat released by the refrigerant due to its loss of entropy. Thermal contact
with the heat sink is then broken so that the system is insulated, and the magnetic field is
switched off. This increases the heat capacity of the refrigerant, thus decreasing its
temperature below the temperature of the heat sink.
21. 21
CHAPTER 9
NANO WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Nano filtration is a relatively recent membrane filtration process used most often with low
total dissolved solids water such as surface water and fresh groundwater, with the purpose
of softening (polyvalent caution removal) and removal of disinfection by-product
precursors such as natural organic matter and synthetic organic matter. Nano filtration is
also becoming more widely used in food processing applications such as dairy, for
simultaneous concentration and partial (monovalent ion) demineralization.
Fig 9.1 Nano water treatment plant
General:
Nano filtration is a membrane filtration based method that uses nanometer sized
cylindrical through-pores that pass through the membrane at a 90°. Nano filtration
membranes have pore sizes from 1-10 Angstrom, smaller than that used in microfiltration
and ultrafiltration, but just larger than that in reverse osmosis. Membranes used are
predominantly created from polymer thin films. Materials that are commonly used
include polyethylene terephthalate or metals such as aluminum. Pore dimensions are
controlled by pH, temperature and time during development with pore densities ranging
22. from 1 to 106 pores per cm2. Membranes made from polyethylene terephthalate and other
similar materials, are referred to as “track-etch” membranes, named after the way the
pores on the membranes are made. “Tracking” involves bombarding the polymer thin film
with high energy particles. This results in making tracks that are chemically developed
into the membrane, or “etched” into the membrane, which are the pores. Membranes
created from metal such as alumina membranes, are made by electrochemically growing a
thin layer of aluminium oxide from aluminium metal in an acidic medium.
22
Range of applications:
Historically, nanofiltration and other membrane technology used for molecular separation
was applied entirely on aqueous systems. The original uses for nanofiltration were water
treatment and in particular water softening. Nano filters can “soften” water by retaining
scale-forming, hydrated divalent ions (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+) while passing smaller hydrated
monovalent ions. In recent years, the use of nanofiltration has been extended into other
industries such as milk and juice production. Research and development in solvent-stable
membranes has allowed the application for nanofiltration membranes to extend into new
areas such as pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and flavour and fragrance industries.
Development in organic solvent nanofiltration technology and commercialization of
membranes used has extended possibilities for applications in a variety of organic
solvents ranging from non-polar through polar to polar aprotic.
Industry Uses:
Fine chemistry and Pharmaceuticals Non-thermal solvent recovery and management
Room temperature solvent exchange Oil and Petroleum chemistry Removal of tar
components in feed Purification of gas condensates Bulk Chemistry Product Polishing
Continuous recovery of homogeneous catalysts Natural Essential Oils and similar
products Fractionation of crude extracts Enrichment of natural compounds Gentle
Separations Medicine Able to extract amino acids and lipids from blood and other cell
culture.
Advantages and Disadvantages:
One of the main advantages and reasons for why Nano filtration is considered a prime
method softening water is that during the process of retaining calcium and magnesium
ions while passing smaller hydrated monovalent ions is performed without adding extra
sodium ions, as used in ion exchangers. Many separation processes that do not operate at
room temperature. Performing gentle molecular separation is linked with Nano filtration
that is often not included with other forms of separation processes (centrifugation). These
are two of the main benefits that are associated with Nano filtration. Nano filtration has a
very favorable benefit of being able to process large volumes and continuously produce
streams of have a Nano filtration is the least used method of membrane filtration in
industry as the membrane pores sizes are limited to only nanometers. Anything smaller,
reverse osmosis is used and anything larger is used for ultrafiltration. Ultrafiltration can
also be used in cases where Nano filtration can be used, due to it being more
conventional. A main disadvantage associated with nanotechnology, as with all
membrane filter technology, is the cost and maintenance of the membranes used.
23. 23
CHAPTER 10
Reverse Osmosis Plant
A reverse osmosis plant is a manufacturing plant where the process of reverse osmosis
takes place. An average modern reverse osmosis plant needs six kilowatt-hours of
electricity to desalinate one cubic metre of water. The process also results in an amount of
salty briny waste. The challenge for these plants is to find ways to reduce energy
consumption, use sustainable energy sources, improve the process of desalination and to
innovate in the area of waste management to deal with the waste. Self-contained water
treatment plants using reverse osmosis, called reverse osmosis water purification units,
are normally used in a military context. A 1000 Lph commercial Reverse Osmosis Plant
fitted with ultraviolet treatment system.
Fig 10.1 Reverse Osmosis Plant
24. 24
Examples of reverse osmosis plants
In operation
• In Israel at Ashkelon on the Mediterranean coast, the world's largest reverse osmosis
plant is producing 320,000 cubic metres of water a day at around possibly $0.50 USD per
cubic meter.
• In western Saudi Arabia at Yanbu, production started in 1999 at 106,904 cubic meters of
water a day. Later in 2009 with some expansion the production reached to 132,000 cubic
meters of water a day.
• In Sindh Province Pakistan the provincial government has installed 382 reverse osmosis
plants in the province out of which 207 are installed in backward areas of Sindh which
includes districts of Thar, Thatta, Badin, Sukkur, Shaheed, Benazirabad, Noshero, Feroz,
and others while 726 are on the final stage of their completion.
Under construction
• In China a desalination plant will be built for Tianjin, to produce 100,000 cubic metres
of desalinated seawater a day.
• In Spain 20 reverse osmosis plants will be built along the Costas, expecting to meet
slightly over 1% of Spain's total water needs.
• In Pakistan South Asia's biggest reverse osmosis plant is Under Construction in Dadu to
treat the effluent of RBOD for irrigation and drinking purposes
25. 25
CHAPTER 11
EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP)
Effluent treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, including
household sewage and runoff. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to
remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an
environmentally safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated
sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). With suitable
technology, it is possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water, although this is
usually only done in places with limited water supplies, such as Windhoek and Singapore.
Fig 11.1 Effluent treatment plant
Origins of sewage:
Sewage is generated by residential, institutional, commercial and industrial
establishments. It includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens,
sinks and so forth that is disposed of via sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes
liquid waste from industry and commerce. The separation and draining of household
waste into grey water and black water is becoming more common in the developed world,
with grey water being permitted to be used for watering plants or recycled for flushing
toilets. Sewage may include storm water runoff. Sewerage systems capable of handling
26. storm water are known as combined sewer systems. This design was common when urban
sewerage systems were first developed, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.119
combined sewers require much larger and more expensive treatment facilities than
sanitary sewers. Heavy volumes of storm runoff may overwhelm the sewage treatment
system, causing a spill or overflow. Sanitary sewers are typically much smaller than
combined sewers, and they are not designed to transport storm water. Backups of raw
sewage can occur if excessive infiltration/inflow (dilution by storm water and/or
groundwater) is allowed into a sanitary sewer system. Communities that have urbanized
in the mid-20th century or later generally have built separate systems for sewage (sanitary
sewers) and storm water, because precipitation causes widely varying flows, reducing
sewage treatment plant efficiency. As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it may
pick up various contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals,
organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Some jurisdictions require storm
water to receive some level of treatment before being discharged directly into waterways.
Examples of treatment processes used for storm water include retention basins, wetlands,
and buried vaults with various kinds of media filters, and vortex separators (to remove
coarse solids).
26
Process overview:
Fig 11.2 Water treatement flow diagram
Sewage can be treated close to where the sewage is created, a decentralized system (in
septic tanks, bio filters or aerobic treatment systems), or be collected and transported by a
network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant, a centralized system
27. (see sewerage and pipes and infrastructure). Sewage collection and treatment is typically
subject to local, state and federal regulations and standards. Industrial sources of sewage
often require specialized treatment processes (see Industrial wastewater treatment).
Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment.
• Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where
heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the
surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be
discharged or subjected to secondary treatment.
• Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary
treatment is typically performed by indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms in a
managed habitat. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the
micro-organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.
• Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary
treatment in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem
(estuaries, low-flow Rivers, coral reefs,). Treated water is sometimes disinfected
chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons and microfiltration) prior to discharge
into a stream, river, bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf
course, green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater
recharge or agricultural purposes.
27
Filtration:
Sand filtration removes much of the residual suspended matter.22–23 Filtration over
activated carbon, also called carbon adsorption, removes residual toxins.19.
Lagooning:
A sewage treatment plant and lagoon in Everett, Washington, United States. Lagooning
provides settlement and further biological improvement through storage in large man-made
ponds or lagoons. These lagoons are highly aerobic and colonization by native
macrophytes, especially reeds, is often encouraged. Small filter feeding invertebrates such
as Daphnia and species of Rotifera greatly assist in treatment by removing fine
particulates.
Nutrient removal:
Wastewater may contain high levels of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. Excessive
release to the environment can lead to a buildup of nutrients, called eutrophication, which
can in turn encourage the overgrowth of weeds, algae, and cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae). This may cause an algal bloom, a rapid growth in the population of algae. The
algae numbers are unsustainable and eventually most of them die. The decomposition of
the algae by bacteria uses up so much of the oxygen in the water that most or all of the
animals die, which creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition
to causing deoxygenating, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate drinking
water supplies. Different treatment processes are required to remove nitrogen and
phosphorus.
28. 28
Nitrogen removal:
Nitrogen is removed through the biological oxidation of nitrogen from ammonia to nitrate
(nitrification), followed by denitrification, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas.
Nitrogen gas is released to the atmosphere and thus removed from the water. Nitrification
itself is a two-step aerobic process, each step facilitated by a different type of bacteria.
The oxidation of ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2) is most often facilitated by
Nitrosomonas spp. ("nitroso" referring to the formation of a nitroso functional group).
Nitrite oxidation to nitrate (NO3), though traditionally believed to be facilitated by
Nitrobacter spp. (nitro referring the formation of a nitro functional group), is now known
to be facilitated in the environment almost exclusively by Nitrospira spp. Denitrification
requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological communities to form.
It is facilitated by a wide diversity of bacteria. Sand filters, lagooning and reed beds can
all be used to reduce nitrogen,but the activated sludge process (if designed well) can do
the job the most easily.:17–18 Since denitrification is the reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen
gas, an electron donor is needed. This can be, depending on the wastewater, organic
matter (from faeces), sulfide, or an added donor like methanol. The sludge in the anoxic
tanks (denitrification tanks) must be mixed well (mixture of recirculated mixed liquor,
return activated sludge [RAS], and raw influent) e.g. by using submersible mixers in
order to achieve the desired denitrification. Sometimes the conversion of toxic ammonia
to nitrate alone is referred to as tertiary treatment. Many sewage treatment plants use
centrifugal pumps to transfer the nitrified mixed liquor from the aeration zone to the
anoxic zone for denitrification. These pumps are often referred to as Internal Mixed iquor
Recycle (IMLR) pumps. The bacteria Brocadia anammoxidans, is being researched for its
potential in sewage treatment. It can remove nitrogen from waste water. In addition the
bacteria can perform the anaerobic oxidation of ammonium and can produce the rocket
fuel hydrazine from waste water.
Phosphorus removal:
Each person excretes between 200 and 1000 grams of phosphorus annually. Studies of
United States sewage in the late 1960s estimated mean per capita contributions of 500
grams in urine and feces, 1000 grams in synthetic detergents, and lesser variable amounts
used as corrosion and scale control chemicals in water supplies. Source control via
alternative detergent formulations has subsequently reduced the largest contribution, but
the content of urine and feces will remain unchanged. Phosphorus removal is important as
it is a limiting nutrient for algae growth in many fresh water systems. (For a description of
the negative effects of algae, see Nutrient removal). It is also particularly important for
water reuse systems where high phosphorus concentrations may lead to fouling of
downstream equipment such as reverse osmosis.
29. 29
CONCLUSION
Mother diary is one of the largest liquid milk plants in Asia. It sells more than 32 lakh
litres of milk per day, out of which approximately 11.5 lakh litres of milk is sold as bulk
vended milk and another 19 lakh litres of milk is sold in sachets in 5 different variants i.e.
full cream, standardized, toned, double, toned, skim milk across 6 states.
Mother diary not only takes care of people’s health by providing good quality milk and
milk products but also cares a lot for the environment.
In an effort to conserve fuel, mother diary utilizes the abundant solar energy to
preheat the water going into boilers.
For maintaining ground water level, a rain water harvesting plant has been
installed in the diary premise.
There is an effluent treatment plant in which the water used for cleaning the
equipment and tankers is treated before being discharged into sewage system.
Strategically located mother diary managed more than 1000 milk shops across Delhi and
NCR make it convenient for the consumers to pick up their daily requirement of milk,
flavoured milk, butter, dahi, lassie, mouth-watering ice cream etc. Mother’s dairy‘s state
of the art processing and stringent quality management system ensure that the consumers
get the best quality products from its large range of products portfolio.
I understand all the working of the plant and the department and the interconnection
associated between them. I felt very honoured and privileged on doing my training from
such a reputed firm country India.
