Values are ideals that guide personal conduct and involvement in career, helping distinguish right from wrong and lead a meaningful life. Personal values like honesty define individuals, while cultural values sustain community connections. Beliefs are convictions held without proof. Worldviews are organized sets of ideas explaining social and physical worlds. Rituals are formal symbolic actions performed regularly. Hierarchies rank and organize elements in a system with each subordinate to another. Ideologies are sets of doctrines and symbols adopted by social movements acting in extreme ways due to their beliefs.

2. What are Values?
• Values are ideals that guide or qualify
your personal conduct, interaction with
others, and involvement in your career.
Like morals, they
• help you to distinguish what is right
from what is wrong and
• inform you on how you can conduct
your life in a meaningful way.

3. Personal Values
• Personal values are principles that
define you as an individual.
Personal values, such as honesty,
reliability, and trust, determine
how you will face the world and
relate with people.

4. Cultural Values
• Cultural values, like the practice of
your faith and customs, are
principles that sustain connections
with your cultural roots. They help
you feel connected to a larger
community of people with similar
backgrounds.

5. Beliefs
• A Belief is a conviction in
the truth of a proposition.
• Beliefs are held without
recourse to proof
or evidence.
• Belief Systems often deal
with issues which
cannot be explained by
reason or logic –creation,
the meaning of life,
afterlife.

6. WORLDVIEWS
• An organised and accepted
set of ideas attempting to
explain the social, cultural,
physical and psychological
world.
• Linked to values and beliefs
• Christian, Jewish and Muslim
worldviews focus on human
individuality
• Hindu and Buddhist
worldviews have a wider
social perspective.

7. Rituals
A ritual is a formalized,
predetermined set of symbolic
actions performed in a particular
environment at a regular, recurring
interval. The set of actions that
comprise a ritual often include, but
are not limited to, such things as
recitation, singing, group
processions, repetitive dance,
manipulation of sacred objects
Examples are,- Hindus performing
Puja, Catholics taking Communion.
Muslims praying.

8. Hierarchy
• A hierarchy (from Greek
ιερός-hieros, sacred, and
άρχω-arkho, rule) is a
system of ranking and
organizing things or
people, where each
element of the system
(except for the top
element) is subordinate to
a single other element.

9. Ideology
• The body of doctrine,
myth and symbols of a
social movement, a social
class or institution.
• People who adopt
ideologies often act in
extreme ways because
their ideology ( set of
beliefs) makes them think
they are special.
• Islamic Fundamentalism,
• Communism, Nazism,
Zionism are ideologies

10. CONCEPTS FOR BELIEF
SYSTEMS
• values • beliefs • continuity
• customs • norms • change
• language• symbols • worldviews
• philosophy • ideology
• globalisation • power structures
• ritual • hierarchy • life cycle
• myth • conflict