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The Atmosphere
Bellringer
 List the ways that the atmosphere is
  different from outer space.


 Write   your list in your notebook.
Objectives
    Describe the composition of Earth’s

    atmosphere.

    Explain why air pressure changes with

    altitude.

    Explain how air temperature changes with

    atmospheric composition.

    Describe the layers of the atmosphere.

The Atmosphere
What is the Atmosphere?
    Mixture of gases that surrounds the

    Earth
Composition of the Atmosphere
    The atmosphere is made up mostly of

    nitrogen gas. Oxygen makes up a little
    more than 20% of the atmosphere.
Atmospheric Pressure
     The atmosphere is held around the Earth

    by gravity. Gravity pulls gas molecules in
    the atmosphere toward the Earth’s
    surface, causing air pressure.

    Air pressure: measure of the force with

    which air molecules push on a surface

    As altitude increases, air pressure

    decreases.
Atmospheric Temperature
    Air temperature decreases as altitude

    increases.

    Lower parts of the atmosphere are

    warmer because they contain a high
    percentage of gases that absorb solar
    energy.
Layers of the Atmosphere
    Troposphere: Layer where we live. Is

    the lowest layer of the
    atmosphere, contains almost all life-
    forms, water, and weather. Jet stream is
    at the top of the layer.

    Stratosphere: Home of the Ozone Layer.

    Average temperature is -60°C but
    temperature increases as altitude does.
Layers of the Atmosphere
    Mesosphere: The middle layer of the

    atmosphere. It is also the coldest layer,
    temperature decreases with altitude.

    Thermosphere: Uppermost atmospheric

    layer, temperatures can be 1,000°C or
    higher but you would freeze
The Atmosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere
    Ionosphere: Home of the Auroras. In

    the upper mesosphere and the lower
    thermosphere, nitrogen and oxygen
    atoms absorb harmful solar energy.

    These atoms become electrically

    charged and give off light as they radiate
    their energy.
The Atmosphere
The Atmosphere
The Atmosphere
The Atmosphere
The Atmosphere
The Atmosphere
Bellringer
    How is food heated in an oven?





    Record your response in your notebook.

Objectives
     Describe what happens to solar energy

    that reaches Earth.

     Summarize the processes of radiation,

    thermal conduction, and convection.

    Explain the relationship between the

    greenhouse effect and global warming.
The Atmosphere
Energy in the Atmosphere
    Radiation: The Earth receives energy from

    the sun by radiation. Radiation is the
    transfer of energy as electromagnetic
    waves.

    Conduction: transfer of thermal energy

    through a material by contact.

    Convection: transfer of thermal energy by

    the circulation or movement of a liquid or
    gas.
The Atmosphere
Urban Heat Islands
    Cities that have few spaces with

    vegetation and are mostly asphalt have
    temperatures that are about 10°C hotter
    than surrounding rural areas.

    This is due to the concrete and asphalt

    absorbing solar radiation and reradiating
    it.
The Greenhouse Effect and
Life on Earth
    The greenhouse effect is the process by

    which gases in the atmosphere absorb
    thermal energy and radiate it back to
    Earth.
The Atmosphere
Global Warming
    Some scientists think that an increase of

    greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
    may be the cause of global warming.

    Radiation Balance: The amount of

    energy Earth receives and the amount
    of energy returned to space must be
    approximately equal.
Think/Pair/Share
    A metal spoon left in a bowl of hot soup

    feels warm. Which process of thermal
    energy transfer is mainly responsible for
    heating the spoon?

    What is a convection current?



    How does a greenhouse stay warm?

Bellringer
    Write a poem about moving air. The

    poem should include an explanation of
    why air moves.



    Record your response in your notebook.

Objectives
    Explain the relationship between air

    pressure and wind direction.

    Describe global wind patterns.



    Explain the causes of local wind

    patterns.
Why Air Moves
    As the cold air sinks, it creates areas of

    high pressure around the poles. This
    cold polar air then flows toward the
    equator.

    Pressure Belts Are Found Every 30º

    Convection cells are separated by
    pressure belts, bands of high and low
    pressure.
What is Wind?
    The movement of air caused by

    differences in air pressure.

    The greater the air pressure difference,

    the faster the wind moves.
The Atmosphere
The Atmosphere
Coriolis Effect
    The apparent curving of the path of

    currents due to the Earth’s rotation is
    called the Coriolis effect.

    Winds deflect to the right in the Northern

    Hemisphere and to the left in Southern
    Hemisphere.
Naming Winds
    Wind is always named for the direction

    the wind is coming from.
Global Winds
    Polar Easterlies are the wind belts that

    extend from the poles to 60° latitude in
    both hemispheres.

    Westerlies are the wind belts found

    between 30° and 60° latitude in both
    hemispheres.

    Trade Winds are the winds that blow from

    30° latitude almost to the equator in both
    hemispheres
The Doldrums: The trade winds of the

    Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet
    in an area around the equator.

    The Horse Latitudes: At about 30° north

    and 30° south latitude, sinking air creates
    an area of high pressure.

     Jet Streams are narrow belts of high-

    speed winds that blow in the upper
    troposphere and lower stratosphere.
The Atmosphere
Local Winds
    Local winds generally move short

    distances and can blow from any
    direction.

    Sea and land breezes are affected by

    temperature.
The Atmosphere
Other Local Winds
    Mountain and valley breezes are

    examples of local winds caused by an
    area’s geography.
Bellringer
    Examine the filter mask. Make a list of

    three situations in which one might wear
    such a mask.



    Write your list in your notebook.

Objectives
    Compare primary and secondary air pollution.



    Identify the major sources of pollution.



    Explain the effects of the ozone hole.



    List five effects of air pollution on the human

    body.

    Identify ways to reduce air pollution.

Primary Pollutants
• Pollutants that are put directly into the air by
human or natural activity are primary pollutants.

• Examples: CO, dust, smoke, and chemicals
from paint and other substances.
Secondary Pollutants
• Pollutants that form when primary pollutants
react with other primary pollutants or with
naturally occurring substances, such as water
vapor, are secondary pollutants.

• Smog is a secondary pollutant that forms when
ozone and vehicle exhaust react with sunlight, as
shown in the next slide.
The Atmosphere
The Atmosphere
Sources of Human-Caused Air
Pollution
•Many industrial plants and electric power plants
burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce energy.
This can release large amounts of air pollution.

•Sometimes, the air inside a building can be more
polluted than the air outside. Sources of indoor
air pollution are shown on the next slide.
The Atmosphere
Acid Precipitation
    Rain, sleet or snow that contains a high

    concentration of acids

    Can effect life in many different ways

     Raise acidity of soil
     Has damaged large areas of forest
     Raises acidity of a lake or stream
The Ozone
    The Earth is protected by the ozone layer

    because it absorbs harmful UV radiation. This
    can damage genes and cause skin cancer.

     The destruction of the ozone layer is caused

    by CFCs. These served as a propellant Hole
    In 1987, most nations of the world agreed to
    ban CFCs.

    Because CFCs remain active for 60 to 120

    years, however, it will take many years for the
    ozone layer to recover.
Air Pollution and Human Health
     Short-Term: coughing, headaches, and

    itchy, watery eyes

     Long-Term effects are very dangerous

    because they may not show until many
    years after exposure.
Cleaning Up Air Pollution
    The EPA sets air quality standards to

    protect against the effects of air pollution

    The Clean Air Act requires many

    industries to use pollution-control
    devices.
Reducing Air Pollution
    The Allowance Trading System

    Companies are fined for exceeding limits
    and rewarded for low emissions.

    The EPA requires car makers to meet a

    certain standard for vehicle exhaust.

    People can make choices to reduce air

    pollution, such as car-pooling and
    conserving electricity.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1




Reading
Read the following passage. Then, answer the
questions that follow.




                           Chapter menu                         Resources

                                 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


Passage 2 The chinook, or “snow eater,” is a
dry wind that blows down the eastern side of
the Rocky Mountains. Arapaho Indians gave
the chinook its name because of its ability to
melt large amounts of snow very quickly.
Chinooks form when moist air is forced over a
mountain range. The air cools as it rises. As
the air cools, it releases moisture by raining or
snowing.

Continued on the next slide


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                                    Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


Passage 2, continued As the dry air flows over the
mountaintop, it compresses and heats the air
below. The warm, dry wind that results is worthy of
the name “snow eater” because it melts a half
meter of snow in a few hours! The temperature
change caused when a chinook rushes down a
mountainside can also be dramatic. In 1943 in
Spearfish, South Dakota, the temperature at 7:30 in
the morning was –4°F. But two minutes later, a
chinook caused the temperature to soar 49° to
45°F.


                            Chapter menu                         Resources

                                  Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


1. Which of the following descriptions best explains
why the chinook is called “the snow eater”?
A The chinook is so cold that it prevents the
formation of snow in the atmosphere.
B The chinook is so warm that it prevents the
formation of snow in the atmosphere.
C The chinook is a warm wind that has high
humidity.
D The chinook is a warm wind that has low
humidity.

                             Chapter menu                         Resources

                                   Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


1. Which of the following descriptions best explains
why the chinook is called “the snow eater”?
A The chinook is so cold that it prevents the
formation of snow in the atmosphere.
B The chinook is so warm that it prevents the
formation of snow in the atmosphere.
C The chinook is a warm wind that has high
humidity.
D The chinook is a warm wind that has low
humidity.

                             Chapter menu                         Resources

                                   Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1



2. According to the passage, at what time did the
temperature reach 45°F in Spearfish, South
Dakota?
F 7:30 p.m.
G 7:32 p.m.
H 7:30 a.m.
I 7:32 a.m.



                            Chapter menu                         Resources

                                  Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1



2. According to the passage, at what time did the
temperature reach 45°F in Spearfish, South
Dakota?
F 7:30 p.m.
G 7:32 p.m.
H 7:30 a.m.
I 7:32 a.m.



                            Chapter menu                         Resources

                                  Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


Interpreting Graphics
Use the illustration below to answer the questions that
follow.




                             Chapter menu                         Resources

                                   Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1



1. Which of the following statements describes how
temperature changes in the mesosphere?
A Temperature increases as altitude increases.
B Temperature decreases as altitude increases.
C Temperature decreases as pressure increases.
D Temperature does not change as pressure increases.




                            Chapter menu                         Resources

                                  Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1



1. Which of the following statements describes how
temperature changes in the mesosphere?
A Temperature increases as altitude increases.
B Temperature decreases as altitude increases.
C Temperature decreases as pressure increases.
D Temperature does not change as pressure increases.




                            Chapter menu                         Resources

                                  Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1

2. In which layers does
temperature decrease as
pressure decreases?
F the troposphere and the
mesosphere
G the troposphere and the
stratosphere
H the ozone layer and the
troposphere
I the ozone layer and the
thermosphere

                            Chapter menu                         Resources

                                  Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1

2. In which layers does
temperature decrease as
pressure decreases?
F the troposphere and the
mesosphere
G the troposphere and the
stratosphere
H the ozone layer and the
troposphere
I the ozone layer and the
thermosphere

                            Chapter menu                         Resources

                                  Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter I1




                       Chapter menu                         Resources

                             Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1



3. A research balloon took measurements at 23 km, 35
km, 52 km, 73 km, 86 km, 92 km, 101 km, and 110 km.
Which measurements were taken in the mesosphere?
A measurements at 23 km and 35 km
B measurements at 52 km and 73 km
C measurements at 86 km and 92 km
D measurements at 101 km and 110 km



                           Chapter menu                         Resources

                                 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1



3. A research balloon took measurements at 23 km, 35
km, 52 km, 73 km, 86 km, 92 km, 101 km, and 110 km.
Which measurements were taken in the mesosphere?
A measurements at 23 km and 35 km
B measurements at 52 km and 73 km
C measurements at 86 km and 92 km
D measurements at 101 km and 110 km



                           Chapter menu                         Resources

                                 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1




Math
Read each question and choose the best answer.




                           Chapter menu                         Resources

                                 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


1. An airplane is flying at a speed of 500 km/h
when it encounters a jet stream moving in the
same direction at 150 km/h. If the plane flies with
the jet stream, how much farther will the plane
travel in 1.5 h?
A 950 km
B 525 km
C 225 km
D 150 km


                             Chapter menu                         Resources

                                   Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


1. An airplane is flying at a speed of 500 km/h
when it encounters a jet stream moving in the
same direction at 150 km/h. If the plane flies with
the jet stream, how much farther will the plane
travel in 1.5 h?
A 950 km
B 525 km
C 225 km
D 150 km


                             Chapter menu                         Resources

                                   Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


2. Today’s wind speed was measured at 18 km/h.
What was the wind speed in meters per hour?
F 1.8 m/h
G 180 m/h
H 1,800 m/h
I 18,000 m/h




                           Chapter menu                         Resources

                                 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


2. Today’s wind speed was measured at 18 km/h.
What was the wind speed in meters per hour?
F 1.8 m/h
G 180 m/h
H 1,800 m/h
I 18,000 m/h




                           Chapter menu                         Resources

                                 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


3. Rockport received 24.1 cm of rain on Monday,
12.5 cm of rain on Tuesday, and 5.8 cm of rain
on Thursday. The rest of the week, it did not rain.
How much rain did Rockport receive during the
week?
A 18.3 cm
B 36.6 cm
C 42.4 cm
D 45.7 cm


                             Chapter menu                         Resources

                                   Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


3. Rockport received 24.1 cm of rain on Monday,
12.5 cm of rain on Tuesday, and 5.8 cm of rain
on Thursday. The rest of the week, it did not rain.
How much rain did Rockport receive during the
week?
A 18.3 cm
B 36.6 cm
C 42.4 cm
D 45.7 cm


                             Chapter menu                         Resources

                                   Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


4. A weather station recorded the following
temperatures during a 5 h period: 15°C, 18°C,
13°C, 15°C, and 20°C. What was the average
temperature during this period?
F 14.2°C
G 15.2°C
H 16.2°C
I 20.2°C



                            Chapter menu                         Resources

                                  Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


4. A weather station recorded the following
temperatures during a 5 h period: 15°C, 18°C,
13°C, 15°C, and 20°C. What was the average
temperature during this period?
F 14.2°C
G 15.2°C
H 16.2°C
I 20.2°C



                            Chapter menu                         Resources

                                  Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


5. The temperature in Waterford, Virginia,
increased 1.3°C every hour for 5 h. If the
temperature in the morning was –4°C, what was
the temperature 4 h later?
A 2.5°C
B 2.3°C
C 1.3°C
D 1.2°C



                           Chapter menu                         Resources

                                 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Standardized Test Preparation
 Chapter I1


5. The temperature in Waterford, Virginia,
increased 1.3°C every hour for 5 h. If the
temperature in the morning was –4°C, what was
the temperature 4 h later?
A 2.5°C
B 2.3°C
C 1.3°C
D 1.2°C



                           Chapter menu                         Resources

                                 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

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The Atmosphere

  • 2. Bellringer  List the ways that the atmosphere is different from outer space.  Write your list in your notebook.
  • 3. Objectives Describe the composition of Earth’s  atmosphere. Explain why air pressure changes with  altitude. Explain how air temperature changes with  atmospheric composition. Describe the layers of the atmosphere. 
  • 5. What is the Atmosphere? Mixture of gases that surrounds the  Earth
  • 6. Composition of the Atmosphere The atmosphere is made up mostly of  nitrogen gas. Oxygen makes up a little more than 20% of the atmosphere.
  • 7. Atmospheric Pressure The atmosphere is held around the Earth  by gravity. Gravity pulls gas molecules in the atmosphere toward the Earth’s surface, causing air pressure. Air pressure: measure of the force with  which air molecules push on a surface As altitude increases, air pressure  decreases.
  • 8. Atmospheric Temperature Air temperature decreases as altitude  increases. Lower parts of the atmosphere are  warmer because they contain a high percentage of gases that absorb solar energy.
  • 9. Layers of the Atmosphere Troposphere: Layer where we live. Is  the lowest layer of the atmosphere, contains almost all life- forms, water, and weather. Jet stream is at the top of the layer. Stratosphere: Home of the Ozone Layer.  Average temperature is -60°C but temperature increases as altitude does.
  • 10. Layers of the Atmosphere Mesosphere: The middle layer of the  atmosphere. It is also the coldest layer, temperature decreases with altitude. Thermosphere: Uppermost atmospheric  layer, temperatures can be 1,000°C or higher but you would freeze
  • 12. Layers of the Atmosphere Ionosphere: Home of the Auroras. In  the upper mesosphere and the lower thermosphere, nitrogen and oxygen atoms absorb harmful solar energy. These atoms become electrically  charged and give off light as they radiate their energy.
  • 19. Bellringer How is food heated in an oven?  Record your response in your notebook. 
  • 20. Objectives Describe what happens to solar energy  that reaches Earth. Summarize the processes of radiation,  thermal conduction, and convection. Explain the relationship between the  greenhouse effect and global warming.
  • 22. Energy in the Atmosphere Radiation: The Earth receives energy from  the sun by radiation. Radiation is the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves. Conduction: transfer of thermal energy  through a material by contact. Convection: transfer of thermal energy by  the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas.
  • 24. Urban Heat Islands Cities that have few spaces with  vegetation and are mostly asphalt have temperatures that are about 10°C hotter than surrounding rural areas. This is due to the concrete and asphalt  absorbing solar radiation and reradiating it.
  • 25. The Greenhouse Effect and Life on Earth The greenhouse effect is the process by  which gases in the atmosphere absorb thermal energy and radiate it back to Earth.
  • 27. Global Warming Some scientists think that an increase of  greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may be the cause of global warming. Radiation Balance: The amount of  energy Earth receives and the amount of energy returned to space must be approximately equal.
  • 28. Think/Pair/Share A metal spoon left in a bowl of hot soup  feels warm. Which process of thermal energy transfer is mainly responsible for heating the spoon? What is a convection current?  How does a greenhouse stay warm? 
  • 29. Bellringer Write a poem about moving air. The  poem should include an explanation of why air moves. Record your response in your notebook. 
  • 30. Objectives Explain the relationship between air  pressure and wind direction. Describe global wind patterns.  Explain the causes of local wind  patterns.
  • 31. Why Air Moves As the cold air sinks, it creates areas of  high pressure around the poles. This cold polar air then flows toward the equator. Pressure Belts Are Found Every 30º  Convection cells are separated by pressure belts, bands of high and low pressure.
  • 32. What is Wind? The movement of air caused by  differences in air pressure. The greater the air pressure difference,  the faster the wind moves.
  • 35. Coriolis Effect The apparent curving of the path of  currents due to the Earth’s rotation is called the Coriolis effect. Winds deflect to the right in the Northern  Hemisphere and to the left in Southern Hemisphere.
  • 36. Naming Winds Wind is always named for the direction  the wind is coming from.
  • 37. Global Winds Polar Easterlies are the wind belts that  extend from the poles to 60° latitude in both hemispheres. Westerlies are the wind belts found  between 30° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres. Trade Winds are the winds that blow from  30° latitude almost to the equator in both hemispheres
  • 38. The Doldrums: The trade winds of the  Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet in an area around the equator. The Horse Latitudes: At about 30° north  and 30° south latitude, sinking air creates an area of high pressure. Jet Streams are narrow belts of high-  speed winds that blow in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
  • 40. Local Winds Local winds generally move short  distances and can blow from any direction. Sea and land breezes are affected by  temperature.
  • 42. Other Local Winds Mountain and valley breezes are  examples of local winds caused by an area’s geography.
  • 43. Bellringer Examine the filter mask. Make a list of  three situations in which one might wear such a mask. Write your list in your notebook. 
  • 44. Objectives Compare primary and secondary air pollution.  Identify the major sources of pollution.  Explain the effects of the ozone hole.  List five effects of air pollution on the human  body. Identify ways to reduce air pollution. 
  • 45. Primary Pollutants • Pollutants that are put directly into the air by human or natural activity are primary pollutants. • Examples: CO, dust, smoke, and chemicals from paint and other substances.
  • 46. Secondary Pollutants • Pollutants that form when primary pollutants react with other primary pollutants or with naturally occurring substances, such as water vapor, are secondary pollutants. • Smog is a secondary pollutant that forms when ozone and vehicle exhaust react with sunlight, as shown in the next slide.
  • 49. Sources of Human-Caused Air Pollution •Many industrial plants and electric power plants burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce energy. This can release large amounts of air pollution. •Sometimes, the air inside a building can be more polluted than the air outside. Sources of indoor air pollution are shown on the next slide.
  • 51. Acid Precipitation Rain, sleet or snow that contains a high  concentration of acids Can effect life in many different ways   Raise acidity of soil  Has damaged large areas of forest  Raises acidity of a lake or stream
  • 52. The Ozone The Earth is protected by the ozone layer  because it absorbs harmful UV radiation. This can damage genes and cause skin cancer. The destruction of the ozone layer is caused  by CFCs. These served as a propellant Hole In 1987, most nations of the world agreed to ban CFCs. Because CFCs remain active for 60 to 120  years, however, it will take many years for the ozone layer to recover.
  • 53. Air Pollution and Human Health Short-Term: coughing, headaches, and  itchy, watery eyes Long-Term effects are very dangerous  because they may not show until many years after exposure.
  • 54. Cleaning Up Air Pollution The EPA sets air quality standards to  protect against the effects of air pollution The Clean Air Act requires many  industries to use pollution-control devices.
  • 55. Reducing Air Pollution The Allowance Trading System  Companies are fined for exceeding limits and rewarded for low emissions. The EPA requires car makers to meet a  certain standard for vehicle exhaust. People can make choices to reduce air  pollution, such as car-pooling and conserving electricity.
  • 56. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 Reading Read the following passage. Then, answer the questions that follow. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 57. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 Passage 2 The chinook, or “snow eater,” is a dry wind that blows down the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. Arapaho Indians gave the chinook its name because of its ability to melt large amounts of snow very quickly. Chinooks form when moist air is forced over a mountain range. The air cools as it rises. As the air cools, it releases moisture by raining or snowing. Continued on the next slide Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 58. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 Passage 2, continued As the dry air flows over the mountaintop, it compresses and heats the air below. The warm, dry wind that results is worthy of the name “snow eater” because it melts a half meter of snow in a few hours! The temperature change caused when a chinook rushes down a mountainside can also be dramatic. In 1943 in Spearfish, South Dakota, the temperature at 7:30 in the morning was –4°F. But two minutes later, a chinook caused the temperature to soar 49° to 45°F. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 59. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 1. Which of the following descriptions best explains why the chinook is called “the snow eater”? A The chinook is so cold that it prevents the formation of snow in the atmosphere. B The chinook is so warm that it prevents the formation of snow in the atmosphere. C The chinook is a warm wind that has high humidity. D The chinook is a warm wind that has low humidity. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 60. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 1. Which of the following descriptions best explains why the chinook is called “the snow eater”? A The chinook is so cold that it prevents the formation of snow in the atmosphere. B The chinook is so warm that it prevents the formation of snow in the atmosphere. C The chinook is a warm wind that has high humidity. D The chinook is a warm wind that has low humidity. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 61. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 2. According to the passage, at what time did the temperature reach 45°F in Spearfish, South Dakota? F 7:30 p.m. G 7:32 p.m. H 7:30 a.m. I 7:32 a.m. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 62. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 2. According to the passage, at what time did the temperature reach 45°F in Spearfish, South Dakota? F 7:30 p.m. G 7:32 p.m. H 7:30 a.m. I 7:32 a.m. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 63. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 Interpreting Graphics Use the illustration below to answer the questions that follow. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 64. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 1. Which of the following statements describes how temperature changes in the mesosphere? A Temperature increases as altitude increases. B Temperature decreases as altitude increases. C Temperature decreases as pressure increases. D Temperature does not change as pressure increases. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 65. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 1. Which of the following statements describes how temperature changes in the mesosphere? A Temperature increases as altitude increases. B Temperature decreases as altitude increases. C Temperature decreases as pressure increases. D Temperature does not change as pressure increases. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 66. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 2. In which layers does temperature decrease as pressure decreases? F the troposphere and the mesosphere G the troposphere and the stratosphere H the ozone layer and the troposphere I the ozone layer and the thermosphere Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 67. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 2. In which layers does temperature decrease as pressure decreases? F the troposphere and the mesosphere G the troposphere and the stratosphere H the ozone layer and the troposphere I the ozone layer and the thermosphere Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 68. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 69. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 3. A research balloon took measurements at 23 km, 35 km, 52 km, 73 km, 86 km, 92 km, 101 km, and 110 km. Which measurements were taken in the mesosphere? A measurements at 23 km and 35 km B measurements at 52 km and 73 km C measurements at 86 km and 92 km D measurements at 101 km and 110 km Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 70. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 3. A research balloon took measurements at 23 km, 35 km, 52 km, 73 km, 86 km, 92 km, 101 km, and 110 km. Which measurements were taken in the mesosphere? A measurements at 23 km and 35 km B measurements at 52 km and 73 km C measurements at 86 km and 92 km D measurements at 101 km and 110 km Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 71. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 Math Read each question and choose the best answer. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 72. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 1. An airplane is flying at a speed of 500 km/h when it encounters a jet stream moving in the same direction at 150 km/h. If the plane flies with the jet stream, how much farther will the plane travel in 1.5 h? A 950 km B 525 km C 225 km D 150 km Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 73. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 1. An airplane is flying at a speed of 500 km/h when it encounters a jet stream moving in the same direction at 150 km/h. If the plane flies with the jet stream, how much farther will the plane travel in 1.5 h? A 950 km B 525 km C 225 km D 150 km Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 74. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 2. Today’s wind speed was measured at 18 km/h. What was the wind speed in meters per hour? F 1.8 m/h G 180 m/h H 1,800 m/h I 18,000 m/h Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 75. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 2. Today’s wind speed was measured at 18 km/h. What was the wind speed in meters per hour? F 1.8 m/h G 180 m/h H 1,800 m/h I 18,000 m/h Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 76. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 3. Rockport received 24.1 cm of rain on Monday, 12.5 cm of rain on Tuesday, and 5.8 cm of rain on Thursday. The rest of the week, it did not rain. How much rain did Rockport receive during the week? A 18.3 cm B 36.6 cm C 42.4 cm D 45.7 cm Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 77. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 3. Rockport received 24.1 cm of rain on Monday, 12.5 cm of rain on Tuesday, and 5.8 cm of rain on Thursday. The rest of the week, it did not rain. How much rain did Rockport receive during the week? A 18.3 cm B 36.6 cm C 42.4 cm D 45.7 cm Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 78. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 4. A weather station recorded the following temperatures during a 5 h period: 15°C, 18°C, 13°C, 15°C, and 20°C. What was the average temperature during this period? F 14.2°C G 15.2°C H 16.2°C I 20.2°C Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 79. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 4. A weather station recorded the following temperatures during a 5 h period: 15°C, 18°C, 13°C, 15°C, and 20°C. What was the average temperature during this period? F 14.2°C G 15.2°C H 16.2°C I 20.2°C Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 80. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 5. The temperature in Waterford, Virginia, increased 1.3°C every hour for 5 h. If the temperature in the morning was –4°C, what was the temperature 4 h later? A 2.5°C B 2.3°C C 1.3°C D 1.2°C Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
  • 81. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter I1 5. The temperature in Waterford, Virginia, increased 1.3°C every hour for 5 h. If the temperature in the morning was –4°C, what was the temperature 4 h later? A 2.5°C B 2.3°C C 1.3°C D 1.2°C Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.