3.14.24 Gender Discrimination and Gender Inequity.pptx
The Atmosphere
2. Bellringer
List the ways that the atmosphere is
different from outer space.
Write your list in your notebook.
3. Objectives
Describe the composition of Earth’s
atmosphere.
Explain why air pressure changes with
altitude.
Explain how air temperature changes with
atmospheric composition.
Describe the layers of the atmosphere.
5. What is the Atmosphere?
Mixture of gases that surrounds the
Earth
6. Composition of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is made up mostly of
nitrogen gas. Oxygen makes up a little
more than 20% of the atmosphere.
7. Atmospheric Pressure
The atmosphere is held around the Earth
by gravity. Gravity pulls gas molecules in
the atmosphere toward the Earth’s
surface, causing air pressure.
Air pressure: measure of the force with
which air molecules push on a surface
As altitude increases, air pressure
decreases.
8. Atmospheric Temperature
Air temperature decreases as altitude
increases.
Lower parts of the atmosphere are
warmer because they contain a high
percentage of gases that absorb solar
energy.
9. Layers of the Atmosphere
Troposphere: Layer where we live. Is
the lowest layer of the
atmosphere, contains almost all life-
forms, water, and weather. Jet stream is
at the top of the layer.
Stratosphere: Home of the Ozone Layer.
Average temperature is -60°C but
temperature increases as altitude does.
10. Layers of the Atmosphere
Mesosphere: The middle layer of the
atmosphere. It is also the coldest layer,
temperature decreases with altitude.
Thermosphere: Uppermost atmospheric
layer, temperatures can be 1,000°C or
higher but you would freeze
12. Layers of the Atmosphere
Ionosphere: Home of the Auroras. In
the upper mesosphere and the lower
thermosphere, nitrogen and oxygen
atoms absorb harmful solar energy.
These atoms become electrically
charged and give off light as they radiate
their energy.
19. Bellringer
How is food heated in an oven?
Record your response in your notebook.
20. Objectives
Describe what happens to solar energy
that reaches Earth.
Summarize the processes of radiation,
thermal conduction, and convection.
Explain the relationship between the
greenhouse effect and global warming.
22. Energy in the Atmosphere
Radiation: The Earth receives energy from
the sun by radiation. Radiation is the
transfer of energy as electromagnetic
waves.
Conduction: transfer of thermal energy
through a material by contact.
Convection: transfer of thermal energy by
the circulation or movement of a liquid or
gas.
24. Urban Heat Islands
Cities that have few spaces with
vegetation and are mostly asphalt have
temperatures that are about 10°C hotter
than surrounding rural areas.
This is due to the concrete and asphalt
absorbing solar radiation and reradiating
it.
25. The Greenhouse Effect and
Life on Earth
The greenhouse effect is the process by
which gases in the atmosphere absorb
thermal energy and radiate it back to
Earth.
27. Global Warming
Some scientists think that an increase of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
may be the cause of global warming.
Radiation Balance: The amount of
energy Earth receives and the amount
of energy returned to space must be
approximately equal.
28. Think/Pair/Share
A metal spoon left in a bowl of hot soup
feels warm. Which process of thermal
energy transfer is mainly responsible for
heating the spoon?
What is a convection current?
How does a greenhouse stay warm?
29. Bellringer
Write a poem about moving air. The
poem should include an explanation of
why air moves.
Record your response in your notebook.
30. Objectives
Explain the relationship between air
pressure and wind direction.
Describe global wind patterns.
Explain the causes of local wind
patterns.
31. Why Air Moves
As the cold air sinks, it creates areas of
high pressure around the poles. This
cold polar air then flows toward the
equator.
Pressure Belts Are Found Every 30º
Convection cells are separated by
pressure belts, bands of high and low
pressure.
32. What is Wind?
The movement of air caused by
differences in air pressure.
The greater the air pressure difference,
the faster the wind moves.
35. Coriolis Effect
The apparent curving of the path of
currents due to the Earth’s rotation is
called the Coriolis effect.
Winds deflect to the right in the Northern
Hemisphere and to the left in Southern
Hemisphere.
36. Naming Winds
Wind is always named for the direction
the wind is coming from.
37. Global Winds
Polar Easterlies are the wind belts that
extend from the poles to 60° latitude in
both hemispheres.
Westerlies are the wind belts found
between 30° and 60° latitude in both
hemispheres.
Trade Winds are the winds that blow from
30° latitude almost to the equator in both
hemispheres
38. The Doldrums: The trade winds of the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet
in an area around the equator.
The Horse Latitudes: At about 30° north
and 30° south latitude, sinking air creates
an area of high pressure.
Jet Streams are narrow belts of high-
speed winds that blow in the upper
troposphere and lower stratosphere.
40. Local Winds
Local winds generally move short
distances and can blow from any
direction.
Sea and land breezes are affected by
temperature.
42. Other Local Winds
Mountain and valley breezes are
examples of local winds caused by an
area’s geography.
43. Bellringer
Examine the filter mask. Make a list of
three situations in which one might wear
such a mask.
Write your list in your notebook.
44. Objectives
Compare primary and secondary air pollution.
Identify the major sources of pollution.
Explain the effects of the ozone hole.
List five effects of air pollution on the human
body.
Identify ways to reduce air pollution.
45. Primary Pollutants
• Pollutants that are put directly into the air by
human or natural activity are primary pollutants.
• Examples: CO, dust, smoke, and chemicals
from paint and other substances.
46. Secondary Pollutants
• Pollutants that form when primary pollutants
react with other primary pollutants or with
naturally occurring substances, such as water
vapor, are secondary pollutants.
• Smog is a secondary pollutant that forms when
ozone and vehicle exhaust react with sunlight, as
shown in the next slide.
49. Sources of Human-Caused Air
Pollution
•Many industrial plants and electric power plants
burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce energy.
This can release large amounts of air pollution.
•Sometimes, the air inside a building can be more
polluted than the air outside. Sources of indoor
air pollution are shown on the next slide.
51. Acid Precipitation
Rain, sleet or snow that contains a high
concentration of acids
Can effect life in many different ways
Raise acidity of soil
Has damaged large areas of forest
Raises acidity of a lake or stream
52. The Ozone
The Earth is protected by the ozone layer
because it absorbs harmful UV radiation. This
can damage genes and cause skin cancer.
The destruction of the ozone layer is caused
by CFCs. These served as a propellant Hole
In 1987, most nations of the world agreed to
ban CFCs.
Because CFCs remain active for 60 to 120
years, however, it will take many years for the
ozone layer to recover.
53. Air Pollution and Human Health
Short-Term: coughing, headaches, and
itchy, watery eyes
Long-Term effects are very dangerous
because they may not show until many
years after exposure.
54. Cleaning Up Air Pollution
The EPA sets air quality standards to
protect against the effects of air pollution
The Clean Air Act requires many
industries to use pollution-control
devices.
55. Reducing Air Pollution
The Allowance Trading System
Companies are fined for exceeding limits
and rewarded for low emissions.
The EPA requires car makers to meet a
certain standard for vehicle exhaust.
People can make choices to reduce air
pollution, such as car-pooling and
conserving electricity.