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Joints
- 2. ARTICULATIONS AND BODY MOVEMENTS joint The junction between two bones forms joints or an articulation.
- 3. TYPES OF JOINTS 1. Fibrous joints 1. Sutures 2. Syndesmoses 2. Cartilaginous joints 3. Synovial joints 1. Plane (gliding) 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condylooid 5. Saddle 6. Ball and socket
- 4. 1. FIBROUS JOINTS Characteristics Joined by fibrous tissue. No joint cavity. Seldom movement. Types Sutures Interlocked by connective tissues and irregular edges between bones (skull). Syndesmoses Articulated bones connected by ligaments and bones that do not interlock. (Fibula and Tibia) Gomphosis: tooth secured by periodontal ligament.
- 5. FIBROUS JOINTS (a) (b) Dense fibrous connective tissue Suture line Fibula Tibia Suture Syndesmosis Ligament
- 6. 2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS Characteristic Articulating bone ends are connected by a plate of cartilage. Types Sympheses (growing together): connected by a flat disc of fibrous cartilage (intervertebral joints and pubic syphesis). Synchondroses: Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage (ribs-sternum or epiphyseal plates).
- 7. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (a) (c) (b) Epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) Synchondroses Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) Symphyses Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Body of vertebra
- 8. 3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS Characteristics Articulating bones are separated in a cavity containing synovial fluid. Uniaxial or multiaxial movement. Joint surfaces are enclosed in a 2 layered articular capsule (connective tissue). Inner layer: synovial membrane (smooth) Articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the bone surfaces. Articular capsule may be reinforced with ligaments containing abursae (fluid filled sacs to reduce friction). Fibrocartilage may be present in the capsule.
- 9. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A SYNOVIAL JOINT (a) (b) Periosteum Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Articular (hyaline) cartilage Articular capsule
- 10. FRICTION-REDUCING STRUCTURES: BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS (a) (b) Acromion of scapula Glenoid cavity containing synovial fluid Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Cavity in bursa containing synovial fluid Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Humerus Hyaline cartilage Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Fibrous articular capsule Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle
- 11. Types of synovial joints Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball and socket
- 22. SOME SYNOVIAL JOINTS Knee joint Hip joint Temporomandibular joint Joint disorders Sprains Dislocation
- 23. KNEE JOINT (a) (b) Femur Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament Articular capsule Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia Fibular collateral ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Patellar ligament Patella Quadriceps tendon Lateral condyle of femur Lateral meniscus Fibula Tibia
- 24. THE HIP JOINT (c) (d) Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Ischium Iliofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Greater trochanter of femur
- 25. THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (JAW) JOINT (a) (b) (c) Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Infratemporal fossa External acoustic meatus Lateral ligamentArticular capsule Neck of mandible Articular capsule Articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa Articular disc Articular tubercle Superior joint cavity Inferior joint cavity Mandibular condyle Neck of mandible Synovial membranes Laterial excursion
- 26. THE ELBOW JOINT (a) Articular capsule Synovial membrane Synovial cavity Articular cartilage Coronoid process Tendon of biceps muscle Ulna Humerus Fat pad Tendon of triceps muscle Bursa Trochlea Articular cartilage of the trochlear notch
- 28. A COMMON KNEE INJURY Lateral Medial Patella (outline) Tibial collateral ligament (torn) Medial meniscus (torn) Anterior cruciate ligament (torn) Hockey puck
- 29. KNEE JOINT (a) Femur Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament Articular capsule Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia
- 36. THE SHOULDER JOINT (a) Acromion Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Coracohumeral ligament Greater tubercle of humerus Transverse humeral ligament Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Articular capsule reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments Subscapular bursa Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Scapula Coracoid process
- 37. THE SHOULDER JOINT (b) Acromion Coracoid process Articular capsule Glenoid cavity Glenoid labrum Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Glenohumeral ligaments Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Scapula Posterior Anterior
- 38. THE SHOULDER JOINT (c) Head of humerus Muscle of rotator cuff (cut) Acromion (cut) Glenoid cavity of scapula Capsule of shoulder joint (opened)
- 39. THE HIP JOINT (a) (b) Articular cartilage Coxal (hip) bone Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Synovial cavity Articular capsule Acetabular labrum Femur Acetabular labrum Synovial membrane Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Head of femur Articular capsule (cut)
- 40. THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (JAW) JOINT (a) (b) (c) Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Infratemporal fossa External acoustic meatus Lateral ligamentArticular capsule Neck of mandible Articular capsule Articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa Articular disc Articular tubercle Superior joint cavity Inferior joint cavity Mandibular condyle Neck of mandible Synovial membranes Laterial excursion
- 41. THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (JAW) JOINT (a) Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Infratemporal fossa External acoustic meatus Lateral ligamentArticular capsule Neck of mandible
- 42. THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (JAW) JOINT (b) Articular capsule Articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa Articular disc Articular tubercle Superior joint cavity Inferior joint cavity Mandibular condyle Neck of mandible Synovial membranes