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Open Educational Resources:
Implementation and Impact
DREAM 2017 - San Francisco, CA
Drs. David Wiley and Richard Sebastian
Lumen Learning / Achieving the Dream
Unless otherwise noted
this presentation is licensed CC BY 4.0
education = sharing
sharing
what you know
sharing
feedback
sharing
encouragement
sharing
passion
sharing
yourself
“internet”
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Copying
a book
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Distributing
a book
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
unprecedented capacity
sharing
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
education = sharing
unprecedented capacity
education
except, it doesn’t
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
©
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Copying
a book
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Distributing
a book
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Copyright
Regulates
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Copying
a book
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Distributing
a book
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Internet
Enables
Copyright
Forbids
Open Educational Resources (OER)
Which “open”?
open ≈ free
the internet is already free to
read / watch / listen
open = a free grant of permissions
• Make and own a copyRetain
• Use in a wide range of waysReuse
• Adapt, modify, and improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs
1. retain + redistribute =
download and share for free
2. revise + remix =
edit, improve, customize, collaborate
3. reuse = class, lab, study group, etc.
Implications of the 5Rs
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
• Make and own a copyRetain
• Use in a wide range of waysReuse
• Adapt, modify, and improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs
Open
A free grant of the 5R permissions
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
“Faux-pen”
1. Free (but gated) access
2. All rights reserved PLUS Terms of Use
Cost to
Students
Permissions
for Faculty
and Students
Commercial
Textbooks
Expensive Restrictive
“The Web”
MOOCs
Library Resources
“Free” Restrictive
Open Educational
Resources
Free 5Rs
choosing traditionally ©
materials
Internet
Enables
Copyright
Forbids
choosing open educational
resources
Internet
Enables
Open
Permits
OER Examples
Full courses, complete textbooks,
chapters, modules, videos, simulations,
assessments, syllabi, etc.
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
OER Adoption
Replacing whatever was previously in
the “Required Materials” section of your
syllabus with OER
High Impact OER Adoption
1. Improves affordability,
2. Invigorates pedagogy,
3. Does it at scale, and
4. Improves student success
High Impact OER Adoption
1. Improves affordability,
2. Invigorates pedagogy,
3. Improves student success, and
4. Does it at scale
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
Textbook Pricing in Context
One Month Access to… Costs…
Netflix – 20k Movies / TV Episodes $7.99 / month
Spotify – 15M Songs $9.99 / month
VitalSource – 1 Biology Textbook $28.37 / month
A Wizard of Earthsea
Textbooks written in
disappearing ink
“Disappearing Ink” Strategies
Buyback, rental, e-books
online subscriptions
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
The Academic Costs of Textbooks
48% take fewer courses
26% drop a course
21% withdraw from a course
66% go without textbooks
37% earn a poor grade
Retain and Redistribute
Solve the affordability problem
High Impact OER Adoption
1. Improves affordability,
2. Invigorates pedagogy,
3. Improves student success, and
4. Does it at scale
Invites New Thinking
Backward design and other basic models
Open Pedagogy
Pedagogy distinguished by permissions?
“What does open allow me to do?”
Open Pedagogy
• People learn when they do things
• Copyright restricts what we’re allowed to do
• Open permits us to do new things
• How will doing new things impact learning?
Will we learn more? more deeply? different
things?
Disposable Assignments
Students hate doing them
You hate grading them
Huge wasted opportunity
US college students spend
approximately 40 million hours
doing homework every year.
Renewable Assignments
Students see value in doing them
You see value in grading them
The work adds value to the world
Everyone wants to feel like
their work matters
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
PM4ID
Renewable Assignments
Are enabled by the 5R permissions
Learning by making Society can build on
In the classroom -
In public The ideas
In the open The ideas and the artifacts
#OpenPed as Learning by Making
High Impact OER Adoption
1. Improves affordability,
2. Invigorates pedagogy,
3. Improves student success, and
4. Does it at scale
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
metric
cost
A Multi-Institutional Study of the
Impact of Open Textbook Adoption
on the Learning Outcomes of Post-
secondary Students
Fischer, Hilton, Robinson, and Wiley
Journal of Computing in
Higher Education (2015)
Research Context
• 4,909 treatment
• 11,818 control
• 50 different undergraduate courses
• 130 teachers
• 10 US institutions
Methodology
Quasi-experimental design with:
• Propensity score matched groups
• Dependent variables: Completion; C or Better;
Credits Enrolled This Term; Credits Enrolled
Next Term
• Independent variable: Textbook condition
• 3 covariates: age, gender, and race
Journal of Computing in Higher Education (2015)
Credits Taken
Semester OER Users Others Result
Fall 13.29 11.14 t (8101) = 27.81 p < .01
Winter 10.71 9.16 F(1, 6440) = 154.08, p <.01
Journal of Computing in Higher Education (2015)
Improving Course Throughput Rates
and Open Educational Resources:
Results from the Z Degree Program
at Tidewater Community College
Hilton, Fischer, Wiley, and Williams
International Review
of Research in Open and
Distance Learning (2016)
Course Throughput Rate
IRRODL (in press)
Drop
Deadline
Withdraw
Deadline
Final
Grade
Students
Commercial vs OER
2.3% | 1.8%
9.9% | 8.1%
68% | 74%
(Face to Face)
60% | 66%
Drop
Withdraw
C or Better
CTR
IRRODL (in press)
Commercial vs OER
4.0% | 1.4%
13.7% | 13.1%
66% | 70%
(Online)
54% | 60%
Drop
Withdraw
C or Better
CTR
IRRODL (in press)
A Preliminary Exploration
of the Relationships Between
Student-Created OER, Sustainability,
and Students Success
Wiley, Tonks, Webb, and Weston
International Review
of Research in Open and
Distance Learning (in press)
Research Context
• 181 middle and high school students
• Online, public, charter school with a
commitment to OER
• Course on Digital Photography
IRRODL (in press)
Methodology
• Students were invited to create / remix
open tutorials, study guides, and games
• Extra credit or TA credit
• From no to 5-10% student-created OER over
four years
• Compare student grades on course
assignments
IRRODL (in press)
IRRODL (in press)
metric
cost
Cost-Savings Achieved in Two
Semesters Through the Adoption
of Open Educational Resources
Hilton, Robinson, Wiley and Ackerman
International Review
of Research in Open and
Distance Learning (2014)
Research Context
• 256 faculty at eight US colleges
• 194 taught using only TPM
• 48 taught using only OER
• 14 taught some courses using TPM,
others using OER
Methodology
• Review college bookstore website for
each course
• Select the cheapest new print or new
digital price from the bookstore,
Amazon, and other options
Results
• On average, required TPM for a course
cost US $90.61 per student
• Faculty received services supporting OER
adoption valued at US $5 per student
• OER were 94% less expensive than TPM
The Tidewater Z-Degree and the
INTRO Model for Sustaining OER
Adoption
Wiley, Hilton, Williams, and DeMarte
Educational Policy Analysis
Archives (2016)
INcreased
Tuition
Revenue through
Open educational resources
INTRO Model
Tuition revenue retained (not refunded)
due to decreases in drop rates
182 * .89 * $164.35 (in-state) * 3
+ 182 * .11 * $358.95 (out-of-state) * 3
US $101,042 INTRO annually
INTRO at Tidewater
Education Policy Analysis Archives (2016)
metric
cost
Mad, Glad, Sad, Rad:
A Framework for Evaluating the
Return on Investment in
Textbooks and Other
Educational Materials
Wiley, Hilton, Fischer, and Puente
Under Review
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
TPM
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200
“Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
TPM
OER
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200
Journal of Computing in Higher Education (2015)
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
metric
cost
• 6% higher Course
Throughput Rate
• 2.15 credits higher
enrollment intensity
• 94% lower textbook
costs
• $100k tuition saved
per year
Open Educational Resources: Implementation and Impact
impact.lumenlearning.com
High Impact OER Adoption
1. Improves affordability,
2. Invigorates pedagogy,
3. Improves student success, and
4. Does it at scale
OER-based Degrees
When elective and required courses
adopt OER so a student can
graduate without ever being asked
to buy a textbook
OER-based Degrees
ATD & OER-based Degrees
High Impact OER Adoption
1. Improves affordability,
2. Invigorates pedagogy,
3. Improves student success, and
4. Does it at scale
Open Educational Resources
A free grant of the 5R permissions
Discussion!
@opencontent
david@lumenlearning.com

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