‘Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Biofilm - Membrane Filtration System For Internal Plant Usage’ (3rd Presentation and the final)
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I introduce my self. My name is SAJJAD KHUDHUR, I am Master degree student chemical Engineering. Today, I am presentation the 3rd and the final presentation of my research which is titled as ‘ Sustainable approach ..‘. My supervisor and co-supervisor are Dr. Teow Yeit Haan and Prof. Abdul Wahab Mohammad. Today, I am going to speak about Palm oil, Palm oil mill effluent, environment impact, problem statement, zero waste energy, Integrated technology, tension factors, process setting, results, the decree, closer look on the product, and the conclusion. In Malaysia, oil palm is a very significant crop. In the worldwide, the biggest palm oil exporter and producer is Indonesia and Malaysia is the 2nd exporter and producer. The production of crude palm oil (CPO) was increased significantly from 92,000 tonnes in year 1960 to 17.6 million tonnes in year 2009, The process to extract the palm oil needs massive and huge water quantity to sterilize the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and clarify the extracted oil.
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‘Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Biofilm - Membrane Filtration System For Internal Plant Usage’ (3rd Presentation and the final)
- 1. ‘Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Biofilm - Membrane Filtration System For Internal Plant Usage’ Student Sajjad Khudhur Abbas Supervisor Dr. Teow Yeit Haan Co-supervisor Prof. Abdul Wahab bin Mohammad Research Title ‘Final Presentation’ By
- 2. In Malaysia, oil palm is a very significant crop. In the worldwide, the biggest palm oil exporter and producer is Indonesia and Malaysia is the 2nd exporter and producer. The production of crude palm oil (CPO) was increased significantly from 92,000 tonnes in year 1960 to 17.6 million tonnes in year 2009, The process to extract the palm oil needs massive and huge water quantity to sterilize the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and clarify the extracted oil. Palm Oil in Malaysia SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 3. Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 95-96% of water 0.6-0.7% of oil 2-4% of suspended solids POME highest sources Clarifier sludge hydro cyclone sterilizer condensation SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 4. Environmental impact (Ma A. N., 2000) (Singh G. a., 1999) The stocks of local fish in lakes and rivers are declining Bathing and water sources turned into brown colour smelt foul Fresh POME Acidic Colloidal Suspension Hot Brownish High Solids Amount (40,000 mg/l) COD (50,000 mg/l) BOD (25,000 mg/l) ref SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 5. Problem Statement Briefly, the highly polluted wastewater is causing a severe pollution to the : Waterways Aquatic Habitats Impacted Human Health Affected Aquatic Life SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 6. Zero waste energy POME Treatment system Treated Water Biogas POME SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment Sludge Myth or Fact?
- 7. Available POME treatment techniques Anaerobic contact process Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) Up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film (UASFF) Up flow anaerobic sludge blanked (UASB) Fluidized bed Anaerobic filtration Conventional anaerobic digestion (Digester and pond) Conventional anaerobic digestion (Digester and pond) Aerobic Evaporation Anaerobic Membrane Biofilm Biofilm bacteria (Biological Treatment) integrated with Membrane Technology is based on WHAT FACTORS ?ANS: • COST EFFECTIVE • REQUIREMENTS • FLEXIBILITY • SIMPLICITY • CLOSED OR OPEN SYSTEM N0TE: UPON our knowledge and research, There is no previous work had or have done on using integrated biofilm- SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 8. Biofilm technique integrated with Membrane Membrane techniqueBiofilm technique SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 9. Biofilm technique integrated with Membrane Membrane techniqueBiofilm technique Swimming Attachment EPS Feeding Decomposition Treatment Process Kind – Cross flow Filter – Nano filter (NF) Feed Outlet SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 10. Process Tension Factors Membrane foulingBiofilm Bacteria dead lack SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 11. PROCESS SETTING Biofilm technique Membrane technique Parameter Value Acclimatization duration Unknown Treating period Unknown Black media amount 328 pieces White media amount 126 pieces Raw POME volume 2 litres Raw POME COD 6630 mg/l Temperature Ambient Parameter Value Pump pressure 3 bar Temperature 24.1 C Inlet POME COD 923 mg/l Filter Nano SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 12. TREATMENT SCHEME SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 13. Be confident By measuring Parameters ! DO COD TSS MLSS NH3-N PH SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 14. Results Slide SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment Acclimatization Stage ‘Hexafilter media’ TestDa y 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 COD 6630 3680 3440 3101 2908 2421 2220 2201 2400 2410 2409 2430 2190.3 2215 MLSS *103 12.1 0 15.10 9.80 6.50 3.90 3.30 3.00 2.70 3.23 3.66 3.07 2.45 3.26 3.12 NH3-N 970 350 309 287 240 227 226 200 193 121 112 109 90 81 Turb. 3740 1108 655 325 190 133 113 110 108 152 119 110 79 66 1 Acclimatization Stage ‘Black media’ TestDay 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 COD 6630 3550 3340 3010 2905 2901 2900 2769 2630 2510 2484 2450 3010 3005 MLSS *103 12.1 0 13.10 10.50 8.77 6.10 5.90 5.46 4.23 3.20 3.23 3.01 2.96 2.20 2.00 NH3-N 970 330 295 260 233 218 210 177 153 89 95 102 75 63 Turb. 3740 998 845 755 598 357 293 175 113 130 89 60 20 15 All in mg/l, except Turbidity in
- 15. Results Slide SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment Biological Treatment Membrane Raw POME Hexafilter Black media NF Units Test 24 hr 48 hr 72 hr 24 hr 48 hr 72 hr - COD 1450 760 1130 850 690 910 1040 19 mg/l MLSS 0.006 0.0031 0.0025 0.0025 0.0035 0.0026 0.0032 0.0003 mg/l NH3-N 101 93 100 107 102 86 93 1.19 mg/l pH 8.021 7.258 7.422 7.651 7.654 7.973 7.855 6.473 - TSS 290 140 420 405 340 470 410 0 mg/l DO 2.03 1.88 2.49 2.71 2.38 1.79 2.57 4.44 mg/l Turbidity 87.9 140 122 93 130 111 76 0.381 NTU 2 Hexafilter Black media Membrane
- 16. Black Media Biofilm carriers at the 2nd day of the bacteria growth stage Bacteria growth after 15 days at the media surface Bacteria growth after one month at the media surface Footages from different sections Footage (Black Media) SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 17. Hexafilter Media Biofilm carriers at the 2nd day of the bacteria growth stage Bacteria growth after 15 days at the media surface Bacteria growth after one month at the media surface Footages from different sections Footage (Black Media) SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 18. Footages (Treated POME samples ) RAW POME Distilled POME H medi a B medi a Membran e Sample The sample is following which standards? Standards RAW POME Diluted POME H media B media Membrane Sample 1 2 Slightly 3 Slightly 4 Slightly 5 6 Slightly Slightly 7 8 9 10 11 Slightly Slightly No Definition 1 NWQSFM CLASS I 2 NWQSFM CLASS IIA 3 NWQSFM CLASS IIB 4 NWQSFM CLASS III 5 NWQSFM CLASS IV 6 NWQSFM CLASS V No Definition 7 DOE CLASS I 8 DOE CLASS II 9 DOE CLASS III 10 DOE CLASS IV 11 DOE CLASS V SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 19. Result’s Closer LOOK Biofilm bacteria treatment is complicated since the treatment is wobbling Membrane is so easy to be blocked This integrated system won’t give product with certain properties This integrated system needs Control system Its possible and better to use low level membrane like macro but the treated wastewater won’t be same quality as the Nano. SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 20. CONCLUSION surface area crimpy surface narrow corners Mixing Moisture NF membrane SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 21. Future studies, endorsing and recommendations SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment Series reactors Sedimentation system Catalyst Fixed temperature Deep reactor for biofilm growth stage Short depth reactor for POME treatment stage Closed system Treatment age not longer than 24 hours Using media with high surface area Endorsements
- 22. The Decree From Standards side As a Scientist ! Strongly Definitely SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 23. Global Warming SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment Temperature rising rising sea level Floods Heat waves Extinctions of animals and plants Desertification
- 24. Q & A SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
- 25. THANK YOU SAJJAD K. A. 3rd Presentation POME treatment
Editor's Notes
- Good Morning! I introduce my self. My name is SAJJAD KHUDHUR, I am Master degree student chemical Engineering. Today, I am presentation the 3rd and the final presentation of my research which is titled as ‘ Sustainable approach ..‘. My supervisor and co-supervisor are Dr. Teow Yeit Haan and Prof. Abdul Wahab Mohammad. Today, I am going to speak about Palm oil, Palm oil mill effluent, environment impact, problem statement, zero waste energy, Integrated technology, tension factors, process setting, results, the decree, closer look on the product, and the conclusion.
- I start this presentation by small introduction about palm oil. Oil palm is very important and special crop in Malaysia. The biggest in palm oil production and exporting is Indonesia , while Malaysia comes after. At year 1960, Palm oil production was 92,000 ton/year, while palm oil production at year 2009 is 17.6 million ton. Palm oil production process demands huge quantities of water for sterilizing the palm fruit, and clarifying the oil.
- The 3rd slide is presenting palm oil mill effluent or known as POME (shortcut name). This liquid is involving 95 to 96 percent of water, 0.6 to 0.7 percent of oil, and 2 – 4 percent of suspended solids. The question here, POME is coming from where? We can answer this question that this wastewater is coming from palm oil production industry, specifically from clarifier sludge, hydro cyclone, and sterilizer condensation.
- There are several huge impacts of discharging Palm oil mill effluent. From the facts or the reports from the local citizens, they complained that their bathing and water sources had turned into brown colour and smelt foul. In addition, the fish amount are declining in different lakes and rivers. The fresh POME has several properties, such as acidic, hot, brownish, high solid amount, and high range of COD and BOD. These information are got from (Singh at 1999).
- After brief introduction about palm oil, the wastewater, and the environment impacts. Now, we should understand what is the problem statement of POME discharging? So that the problem statement is stating that this POME has severe effect on the waterways, aquatic habitats, human health, and aquatic life.
- Zero waste energy is considered as the perfect system to treat pollutant material with no harmful side product. The shown system is considered as the best process for getting useful products with no harmful effect on the environment such as CO2 gas. Chemical Engineers speak and dealing with balance, as you can observe, the balance had achieved theoretically. Required process to treat POME, to produce biogas which can use for energy purposes, treated water which can be use for plant internal usage, and sludge to be used as fertilizer.
- Among several POME treatment process, such as biofilm, membrane, evaporation, fluidized bed, CSTR and etcetera. Biofilm techno and membrane treatment had chosen based on some factors like: Cost effective, requirements, flexibility, simplicity, and closed or open system. Upon this research, and what had found, there is no work had done on integrated (Biofilm-membrane) for POME.
- The used materials and equipment had shown in this slide, for both biofilm bacteria and membrane. On your left hand is the biofilm technology, and the membrane technique is on your right hand.
- This slide is showing both biofilm and membrane treatment in details. The biofilm bacteria starts swimming in the wastewater for getting suitable surface for their attachment. After finding the required surface, the attachment process starts. EPS material stands for extra cellular substance which is helping the biofilm bacteria to make well and tough equipping. Then the bacteria will search for food to improve their biofilm, and for growing. In case the bacteria haven't find enough food, it will decompose from the surface, moving to get another better spot. The process in the picture below the scheme. For membrane treatment, Nano filter was the chosen filter type, and the technique is crossflow. There settings were recommended. As you can observe in the membrane process picture, the treated water is passing through the filter media while the untreated is pumped and recycled.
- The biofilm bacteria process is showed on your left hand, while the membrane fouling is showed on your right hand.
- Each process has known has settings and options. In the biofilm technique, the acclimatization duration was unknown (The decision was around one month). Treating period was unknow (the decided period was 72 hours). The media amount is 328 pieces for the black, and 126 pieces for the hexafilter media. The used wastewater volume is two litres with 6630 mg/l of COD. Finally the used temperature is the ambient. For membrane treatment, the pump pressure was 3 bar, the temperature was 24.1 C, inlet POME COD 923 mg/l, and the filter kind is Nano.
- This slide is highly importance because its involving the whole process scheme. The process starts with collecting the needed materials (wastewater from SimeDarby, Biofilm carrier, Treatment reactor). There are Two kind of biofilm media had been using (Hexafilter, Black). There are two treatment reactors, one had filled with hexafilter media while the other had filled with the black media. It had used two litres of POME for biofilm acclimatization stage. Several measurements were done such as DO, COD, TSS, MLSS, NH3-N, and pH level for nearly one month. The biofilm evolution had made during this duration. The next stage is treating POME by employing this biofilm bacteria. Fresh POME had added to the treatment reactor. Tests were done for each 24 Hours till three days. After treating POME by the biofilm bacteria, The membrane treatment should be after. Lastly, the final treatment had done on the wastewater. That’s the whole process scheme with details as I had explained already.
- Parameters are showing the treatment path, so Be confident by measuring parameters. In this POME treatment, DO, COD, TSS, MLSS, NH3-N, PH level had done for ensuring the process and the results quality.
- This slide is presenting the treatment results. This slide contains part one of the treatment which means the acclimatization process. The upper table is referring to the Hexafilter media, while the bottom is referring to the black media. COD, MLSS, NH3-N, and turbidity tests were made during this period. The biofilm evolution were made for 27 days. These results are showing that 15 days period is sufficient to reach the maximum growth for both kind of media by referring to the COD results, and regardless the other measurements because COD is the indication of biofilm bacteria activity and it’s growth. Its obvious that the treatment was very unstable after the fifteenth day. So that its quite better to go for 15 days of biofilm evolution.
- This slide is presenting the second part of the treatment results which are including the biological treatment and membrane treatment results. The biological treatment were settled for 72 hours for both kind of media. COD, MLSS, NH3-N, PH, TSS, DO, Turbidity, these measurements were made during these three days for each 24 hours which means it was made three times. Hexafilter had showed a great treatment and better than the black media. The biological results showed that the black media is slightly beyond the hexafilter efficiency. In addition, it seems the hexafilter had gave better performance and treatment, which means using hexafilter is giving good treatment with less time duration in comparing with the black carrier. Membrane had showed really great treatment to the used wastewater. Its great treatment in comparing to the biological one. By looking to the range of all the parameters with comparing it with the out product from the biological treatment, its obvious that using membrane technology is very important in this integrated system.
- Real footages are showed in this slide for the black media during the acclimatization process. On your left hand, the scheme starts with single black media. The 2nd column is showing the acclimatization at the 2nd day. The first picture in the third column is showing the acclimatization at the fifteenth day. The last picture is showing the acclimatization process after one month. This slide is showing the evolution of the biofilm bacteria.
- Like the previous slide, This slide is presenting some taken pictures during the acclimatization process by using the hexafilter media.
- This slide is presenting samples from all the treatment stages (raw POME, Diluted POME, Treated POME biologically, and treated POME by membrane. After getting the treatment results, its quite important to know the treated wastewater is applicable to which standards! On your right hand, A table is showing the treated POME from different stages with it’s suitability for different standards. Below this table, A definition table for these standards, for example number one stands for NWQSFM ( National water quality standards for Malaysia) CLASS 1. The determination had made depending on these standards. Raw POME is obeying non at all of the standards, as well as the diluted. The treated POME by hexafilter is obeying standards number 6 and 11 which its class V or the fifth class but its slightly higher (considered as ERROR). The treated POME by black media is obeying the same standards as hexafilter had obeyed with the same conditions. The discharged wastewater from Nano filter membrane is following standards number 2, 3, 4 with slight different, while its following standards 5, and 8 exactly with no difference.
- This section is presenting A closer look on the treatment results. First of all, This closer look had came out that this biological treatment had wobbled and its complicated, so that its requiring more measurements and more settings. Second, this integrated system needs more control, to give certain product. Third, Using membrane with high range COD POME will block the membrane filter in small duration. Fourth, Control system should be involved. Fifth and lastly, with high range polluted wastewater, its better to use low level membrane such as macro but keep in mind, the treated wastewater won’t be same quality as using nano.
- Now, it is the conclusion section. Starting with the surface area, the biological treatment effort is following the surface area of the media. Its not the only one, but its one of the highest effect on the treatment performance. The waved biofilm media surface has great effect on the bacteria attachment level. The more surface has waves the more bacteria attachment strength increased. Narrow corners are highly needed to protect the bacteria from the aeration. Mixing is not useful at all for this biological system because its leading to biofilm aeration. Moisture is highly demanded by the bacteria. During the acclimatization and the treatment, It was noticed the biofilm bacteria is providing some moisture at the top of the surface, in order to deviate and manipulate the treatment conditions to the demanded by the biofilm bacteria. Finally, Nano filtration – cross flow membrane had showed great treatment to the wastewater
- For future studies, some endorsing and recommendations were made to improve this integrated system for getting high quality treated wastewater. Briefly, the recommendations are using: 1-series reactors, 2-deep reactor for biofilm growth stage, 3-media with high surface area, 4-treatment age shouldn’t longer than 24 hours because the first 24 hours including the peak time. 5-closed system, 6- catalyst, 7- fixed temperature, 8- short depth reactor for POME treatment age, 8- sedimentation system.
- This slide is presenting the decree section which means the final decision. From the standards look, this integrated system is giving treated wastewater following some of the standards, so that its strongly approved, Definitely there is no issue with the applicable standards, But As a scientist look, its definitely rejected because this treated water should placed in comparison with the ideal water properties for producing the highest quality water. Otherwise, this treated wastewater will lead to global issues for example damaging watercourses.
- I want to link this research with the global warming since wastewater is one of the factors which is raising global warming. In case of continued discharging of wastewater without comparing to the ideal water, Unfortunally, several severe global issues will develop such as: floods, extinctions of animals and plants, heat waves, temperature rising, rising sea level, and desertification.
- Now, we move to the Questions and answers session. Please, You may ask.
- Thank you for your listening and attention.