1. Effective Communication Skills
for Engineers and Scientists
Mohammad Tawfik
Aerospace Engineering Department
17-18 July 2012
2. Your Speaker
• Mohammad Tawfik
• Assistant Professor, Aerospace Engineering,
Cairo University
• BSc., Aerospace Engineering, Cairo University
• Diploma, Computer Science, Cairo University
• MSc., Aerospce Engineering, Old Dominion U.
• Meng, Mechanical Engineering, U. Maryland
• PhD, Mechanical Engineering, U. Maryland
3. Your Speaker
• National Encouragement Award 2008,
Egypt, awarded June 2009.
• Who’s Who in the World, 2010.
• Outstanding Lecturer Award, German
University in Cairo, October 2006.
17. The DISC Model
• The DISC Personality System is the universal
language of behaviour.
• Research has shown that behavioural
characteristics can be grouped together in
four major divisions called personality styles.
• People with similar personality profiles styles
tend to exhibit specific behavioural
characteristics common to that profile.
• All people share these four styles in varying
degrees of intensity.
18. The DISC Model
The acronym DISC stands for the four
personality styles represented by the
letters:
• D (Drive)
• I (Influence)
• S (Steadiness)
• C (Compliance)
19. D!
General Characteristics:
• Direct. Decisive. High Ego Strength. Problem
Solver. Risk Taker. Self Starter
Value to Team:
• Bottom-line organizer. Places value on time.
Challenges the status quo. Innovative
Possible Weaknesses:
• Oversteps authority. Argumentative attitude.
Dislikes routine. Attempts too much at once.
20. D!
Greatest Fear:
• Being taken advantage of.
Motivated By:
• New challenges.
• Power and authority to take risks and make
decisions.
• Freedom from routine and mundane tasks.
• Changing environments in which to work and
play.
21. D!
Ideal Environment:
• Innovative focus on future.
• Non-routine challenging tasks and activities.
• Projects that produce tangible results.
• Freedom from controls, supervision, and details.
• Personal evaluation based on results, not
methods.
22. D!
Remember a High D May Want:
• Authority
• Varied activities
• Prestige
• Freedom
• Assignments promoting growth
• “Bottom line" approach
• Opportunity for advancement.
23. D!
DO:
• Be brief, direct, and to the point.
• Ask "what" not "how" questions.
• Focus on business; remember they desire
results.
• Suggest ways for him/her to achieve results,
be in charge, and solve problems.
• Highlight logical benefits of featured ideas
and approaches.
24. D!
DON'T:
• Wander.
• Repeat yourself.
• Focus on problems.
• Be too sociable.
• Make generalizations.
• Make statements without support.
25. I!
General Characteristics:
• Enthusiastic. Trusting; Optimistic. Persuasive;
Talkative. Impulsive; Emotional
Value to Team:
• Creative problem solver. Great encourager. Motivates
others to achieve. Positive sense of humour.
Negotiates conflicts; peace maker.
Possible Weaknesses:
• More concerned with popularity than tangible results.
Inattentive to detail. Overuses gestures and facial
expressions. Tends to listen only when it's convenient.
26. I!
Greatest Fear:
• Rejection.
Motivated By:
• Flattery, praise, popularity, and acceptance.
• A friendly environment.
• Freedom from many rules and regulations.
• Other people available to handle details.
27. I!
Ideal Environment:
• Practical procedures.
• Few conflicts and arguments.
• Freedom from controls and details.
• A forum to express ideas.
• Group activities in professional and social
environments
28. I!
Remember a High I May Want:
• Social esteem and acceptance
• Freedom from details and control
• People to talk to
• Positive working conditions
• Recognition for abilities
• Opportunity to motivate and influence others.
29. I!
DO:
• Build a favorable, friendly environment.
• Give opportunity for them to verbalize
about ideas, people and their intuition.
• Assist them in developing ways to transfer
talk into action.
• Share testimonials from others relating to
proposed ideas.
30. I!
DO:
• Allow time for stimulating, sociable
activities.
• Submit details in writing, but don't dwell on
them.
• Develop a participative relationship.
• Create incentives for following through on
tasks.
31. I!
DON'T:
• Eliminate social time.
• Do all the talking.
• Ignore their ideas or accomplishments.
• Tell them what to do.
32. S!
General Characteristics:
• Good listener; Team player. Possessive. Steady;
Predictable. Understanding; Friendly.
Value to Team:
• Reliable and dependable. Loyal team worker.
Compliant towards authority. Good listener, patient
and empathetic. Good at reconciling conflicts.
Possible Weaknesses:
• Resists change. Takes a long time to adjust to
change. Holds a grudge; sensitive to criticism.
Difficulty establishing priorities.
33. S!
Greatest Fear:
• Loss of security.
Motivated By:
• Recognition for loyalty and dependability.
• Safety and security.
• No sudden changes in procedure or lifestyle.
• Activities that can be started and finished.
34. S!
Ideal Environment:
• Practical procedures and systems.
• Stability and predictability.
• Tasks that can be completed at one time.
• Few conflicts and arguments.
• A team atmosphere.
35. S!
Remember a High S May Want:
• Security in situations
• Sincere appreciation
• Repeated work patterns
• Time to adjust to change
• Limited territory of responsibility.
36. S!
DO:
• Create a favorable environment: personal
and agreeable.
• Express a genuine interest in them as a
person.
• Provide them with clarification for tasks
and answers to "how" questions.
• Be patient in drawing out their goals.
37. S!
DO:
• Present ideas or departures from current
practices in a non-threatening manner; give
them time to adjust.
• Clearly define goals, procedures and their role in
the overall plan.
• Assure them of personal follow-up support.
• Explain how their actions will minimize the risks
involved and enhance current procedures.
39. C!
General Characteristics:
• Accurate; analytical. Conscientious; careful. Fact-
finder; precise. High standards; systematic.
Value to Team:
• Perspective: "the anchor of reality." Conscientious and
even-tempered. Thorough to all activities. Defines
situation; gathers, criticizes and tests information.
Possible Weaknesses:
• Needs clear-cut boundaries for actions/relationships.
Bound by procedures and methods. Gets bogged
down in details. Prefers not to verbalize feelings. Will
give in rather that argue.
40. C!
Greatest Fear:
• Criticism.
Motivated By:
• Standards of high quality.
• Limited social interaction.
• Detailed tasks.
• Logical organization of information.
41. C!
Ideal Environment:
• Tasks and projects that can be followed
through to completion.
• Specialized or technical tasks.
• Practical work procedures and routines.
• Few conflicts and arguments.
• Instructions and reassurance that they are
doing what is expected of them.
42. C!
Remember a High C May Want:
• Autonomy and independence
• Controlled work environment
• Reassurance
• Precise expectations and goals
• Exact job descriptions
• Planned change.
43. C!
DO:
• Prepare your case in advance.
• Delineate pros and cons of proposed ideas.
• Support ideas and statements with accurate
data.
• Reassure them that no surprises will occur.
• Submit an exact job description with a
precise explanation of how that task fits into
the big picture.
44. C!
DO:
• Review recommendations with them in a
systematic and comprehensive manner.
• Be specific when agreeing.
• Disagree with the facts rather than the
person when disagreeing.
• Be patient, persistent, and diplomatic while
providing explanations.
48. Barriers to effective listening
1- People perceive stimuli according to their individual
frames of reference
2- People perceive stimuli according to their own
expectations
3- People perceive stimuli according to individual
attitudes and beliefs
4- The continuing relationship between speaker and
listener plays an important role in perception
5- Ineffective listeners are unaware of nonverbal cues
6- ''Signal'' words can cause anxiety or raise emotions
49. Common Communication Errors
• Finishing others’ sentences
• Preparing our response before someone has
completed speaking
• Multitasking while ‘listening’
• Filtering content or meaning based on the
speaker
• Speaking for others (we…)
50. Keys to effective listening
• 1- Find areas of interest
• 2- Judge content, not delivery
• 3- Hold your fire
• 4- Listen for ideas
• 5- Be flexible
• 6- Work at listening
• 7- Resist distractions
• 8- Exercise your mind
• 9- Keep your mind open
• 10- Capitalize on fact thought is faster than speech
51. Getting better at listening
SUMMARIZE
PARAPHRASE
Pull together
Restate what was the main points
said in your own of a speaker
words
QUESTION
Challenge speaker
to think further,
clarifying both your
and their
understanding
53. Nonverbal Communication
• Nonverbal Communication is a message not
encoded in words!
• 7% of the message is transmitted through
words
• 38% of the message is transmitted through
tone and inflections
• 55% of the message is transmitted through
body language
56. Forms of nonverbal communication
• Eye contact
• Gesture
• Posture
• Clothing
• Facial expressions
• Voice
57. Cross-cultural Communication
• Time in Other Cultures
• Kinesics in Different Cultures
• Proxemics across Cultures
• Touch in Different Cultures
• Dress in Other Cultures
