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1. Chapters 9
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD
PRODUCTION

5. • Animal husbandry:
• The agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock is
called animal husbandry.
• The live stock reared are cows, buffaloes, pigs, horses,
sheep, camels, goats etc,

7. • Dairy farm management:
• The management of animals for milk and its
products for human consumption is called dairy
management .

8. • The measures to improve quality and quantity of
milk production are,
1. Selecting good breed cows.
2. Well housed for animals.
3. Should have adequate water
4. Maintained disease free cattle and environment.
5. Feeding with quantity and quality of fodder.
6. Hygiene is maintained in milking, storing, and
transporting milk .
7. Regular visit is done by a veterinary doctor.

9. • Apiculture:
• The maintenance of honey bee hives for
production of honey is called apiculture.
• The most common honey bee reared is Apis
indica.

10. • Poultry:
• The domesticated fowl (birds) used for food and eggs is
called Poultry.
• The poultry birds which are used for food and eggs
chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese

11. • Parameter of poultry farm management:
1. Selecting disease free suitable breeds.
2. Maintaining proper and safe farm.
3. Proper food and water supply.
4. Maintaining hygiene and health care of birds.

12. • Breed:
• Breed is group of animals related by descent and
similar in most characters like general appearance,
features size, configuration, etc.

13. • An improved breed of cattle is Jersey and poultry
bird is Leghorn

14. • Inbreeding:
• The cross made between same breed OR mating
between closely related individuals within the same
breed for 4-6 generations is called inbreeding.

15. • Advantages of inbreeding:
• Inbreeding increases homozygosity.
• Inbreeding is necessary to create pure line in any animal.
• Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive gene that are
eliminated by selection.
• Helpful in accumulation of superior genes.
• Disdvantage of inbreeding:
• The main disadvantages of inbreeding is, it causes Inbreeding
depression.
• Inbreeding depression: Continuous inbreeding reduces
fertility and productivity is called inbreeding depression.
• Out breeding
• It is the breeding of the unrelated animals of the same breed
for 4-6 generations OR between different breeds OR different
species.

16. • cross-breeding:
• Superior male of one breed is
mated with superior female of
another breed is called cross
breed.
• Interspecific hybridisation:
• It is the cross between two
different species.
• Horse and donkeys are different
species, A mule is obtained by
crossing male donkey(jack) and a
female horse.(mare).
• Hinny is is obtained by crossing
female donkey (jenny) and a male
horse (stallion).

17. • Controlled breeding in animals:
• Artificial insemination:
• The semen collected from the selected male is
injected into the reproductive tract of the selected
female.
• The semen can be introduced immediately or
stored in frozen form for later use.

18. • MOET (Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer): this
technology has successfully increased herd size of cattle
in a short time.
• Steps involved in MOET are,
1. Cow is administered with hormones FSH. It activity
induce follicular maturation and super ovulation
2. Cow Produces 6-8 eggs instead of one egg per cycle.
3. The female is either mated with an selected bull or
artificially inseminated.
4. The fertilized eggs at 8-32 cells stages are recovered
Non-surgically.
5. Each one transferred to surrogate mother for further
development.
6. The genetic mother is available for another round of
super ovulation.

20. • Fisheries:
• It is the rearing, catching, processing and selling of
fishes, shellfish and other aquatic animals.

21. • Common fresh water fishes are Catla, Rohu And
carp.

22. • Common marine water fishes are Hilsa, Sardines,
Mackerek and Pamferts.
• blue revolution:
• Increasing production of the fish is called Blue
revolution

23. • Plant breeding:
• Plant breeding is the manipulation of plant species
in order to create desired plant type. These are
better suited for cultivation, give better yields and
disease resistant.
• Plant breeding is done.
1. To increas crop yield
2. To improve quality
3. To increased tolerance to environmental stresses
(salinity, extreme temperature, and drought).
4. To resistant to pathogens ( viruses, fungi, and
bacteria)
5. To increase tolerance to insect pest.

24. • Five steps involved in plant breeding techniques.
1. Collection of genetic variability.
2. Evaluation and selection of parents
3. Cross hybridization among the selected parents.
4. Selection and testing of superior recombinants.
5. Testing, release and commercialization of new
cultivars
• Collection of genetic variability
• Genetic variability is available from wild relatives of
crop.
• All the different wild varieties and relatives are
collected and preserved
• Their characteristics are evaluated.
• The entire collection (of plants /seeds) having all the
diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called
germplasm collection.

25. • Evaluation and selection of parents
• The germplasm is evaluated to identify plants with
desirable combination of characters.
• The selected plants are multiplied and used in
hybridization.
• Pure line is created wherever need of desirable alleles.
• Cross hybridization among the selected parents
• selected parent are cross hybridised by emasculation
and bagging.
• The hybrid produced has combined character of both
parents.
• Usually one in few hundred to a thousand crosses,
offsprings shows desirable combinations.

26. • Selection and testing of superior recombinants
• 1. Selection is done for the hybrids produced by cross
hybridization.
• 2. It requires careful scientific observations and evaluation of
desired characters.
• 3. Hybrid plants that are superior to both of the parents are
selected.
• Testing, release and commercialization of new cultivars
• 1. Selected hybrids are evaluated for their yield, quality,
disease resistance etc.
• 2. This evaluation is done in the research fields and recording
their performance.
• 3. Testing is done in the farmers ‘fields’ at least for three
generation.
• 4. The hybrid seeds are commercialized and marketed to
formers.

27. • Green revolution:
• Development of high yield varieties of wheat and rice in
1960s by plant breeding technique to increase food
production is called green revolution.
• Wheat and Rice:
• Increase in wheat and rice production was done by
introducing semi dwarf varieties.
• Semi dwarf varieties was developed by Norman E
Borlaug in mexico.
• Two high yielding wheat varieties introduced in India in
1963 are Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.
• IR-8 and Taichung Native-1 are the two rice varieties
used to develop semi dwarf rice variety. in 1966. The
semi dwarf rice varieties developed in India during
1966 are Jaya and Ratna.

28. • Sugarcane:
• Saccharum barberi, grown
in north India, had poor
sugar content and yield.
• Saccharum officinarum,
grown in south India, had
thicker stem and higher
sugar content. But they did
not grow in north India.
• The sugarcane species
obtained after cross
breeding between these
two species, had thick
stems, high sugar content,
high yield and ability to
grow in north India also.

29. • Plant diseases and plant breeding for disease
resistance:
• Fungal disease: Red rot of sugarcane, brown rust of
wheat
• Bacterial disease: Citrus canker, black rot of
crucifers
• Viral disease: Tobacco mosaic, Turnip mosaic.
• germplasm collection:
• The collection of all the diverse alleles of all the
genes of a crop plant is called

30. • Mutation breeding: It is the process of breading artificially
inducing mutation by mutagen like chemical aniline or
gamma radiation.
• Dr. Swamynathan was the first person introduced mutation
breeding in India. Hence he was regarded as father of
radiation genetics in India.
• Biofortification: It is the process of developing crops with
higher levels of vitamins, minerals proteins and healthier fats.
• Four improving objectives of biofortification are
1. Protein content and quality
2. Oil content and quality
3. Vitamin content and
4. Micronutrient and mineral content
• Ex: Atlas 66 is a wheat variety having high protein content.
• Iron fortified rice has rich in iron content.

31. • Single cell protein (SCP):
• It is the alternative protein source of nutrition
extracted from beneficial microbes.
• The microbes used to extract SCP are Spirulina,
chlorella, Methylophilus etc.

32. chlorella

33. • Tissue culture :
• It is the technique of culturing cells into tissue, organ or
organism on cultural media under laboratory condition.
• Totipotency: The ability of a single cell develop into a tissue
or organ or individual is called totipotency.
• The totipotency of plant cells are more than animal cells.
• Micropropogation: The method of producing thousand of
plants through tissue culture is called micropropogation.

34. • Explant: Any part of the plant body or tissue that is
used in tissue culture is called explant.
• Usually parenchyma tissue of stem or root is used
as explant.
• Callus: the undifferentiated and unorganized mass
of cells developed by explant during tissue culture is
called callus.
• The plants developed from tissue culture are
genetically identical to plant from which explant
was taken. Hence they are called somaclones.

36. • components that are used in the tissue culture
nutrient medium are,
1. Distilled water
2. Inorganic salts
3. Vitamins
4. Amino acids
5. Growth hormones
6. Sucrose
7. Agar

37. • applications of plant tissue culture.
1. Production of large number of plant from small
tissue or single cell.
2. Production of genetically identical plants
(somaclones).
3. Recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants by
meristem culture.
4. Seedless plants can be multiplied.
• Meristem culture: The meristem of virus infected
plant is free of virus. This meristem is used as
explant to develop healthy plants from diseased
plants.

38. • Somatic hybridization:
• The process of fusion of
protoplast of somatic cells
of different species of
plant to develop somatic
hybrid is called somatic
hybridization.
• Ex: The protoplast of
potato and tomato are
fused to get pomato.