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Medical Ethics 
Professor ( Dr ) Monem Alshok 
Department of Medicine 
,College of Medicine 
Babylon University
It is now generally agreed that medical Ethics 
should be an integral part of medical education 
throughout undergraduates , postgraduates 
. Medical Education 
It had been recognized that good doctor – 
patient relationships were required to achieve 
. the goals of medicine 
Although there is disagreement & different 
opinions among experts about what aspects of 
Medical Ethics but the wide agreement has 
nevertheless emerged in recent years is that we 
should teach medical Ethics especially for 
.medical students & residents
Why We Teach ? Medical Ethics 
.Contribution to the care of patients 
Improve quality of patient care in term 
.of both the process & outcome of care 
. Improve Ethics of Decision _ Making 
.Improve Skills of Ethical Analysis
Who should Teach Clinical Medical Ethics 
? 
Should be taught by those who did . 1 
it well and who has the capacity to 
motivate students and residents to 
improve the quality of both : 
patient outcomes and their patient – 
physician interactions 
2.Physician Teachers are especially 
desirable , having their teachers' 
modeling of ethical behavior & 
.professional conduct
What ? Should Be Taught 
The teaching of clinical medical Ethics 
: should include 3 dimensions 
Cognitive Knowledge 2.Behavioral .1 
Skills 
.Character development. 3
How and When should Clinical Medical Ethics be 
?taught 
principles ( the 6 C 's ) had been emphasized by 6 
.one of the university 
.Clinically – based )1( 
.Case – based )2( 
Continuously reinforced in class .( 4 year )3( 
medical students and whenever possible , ethics 
teaching should be linked with students other 
learning objectives ( e.g.) an ideal time to teach 
about brain death & vegetative state is during a 
basic science course on neuroanatomy & 
.neurophysiology 
.Coordinated with clinical clerkships )4( 
Clean ( Simple ) , e.g. informed consent , teach )5( 
how you make ? in simple way 
Clinician as instructors . also as role models ) 6( 
.for students
Ethics in muthana
:Methods 
:The course consist of series of lectures 
* .Introductory lecture 
General Medical Ethics with concentration on the 4 * 
principle or fundamentals of Ethics ( Beneficence , 
) Non malfecience ,Autonomy & justice 
Patient – doctor relationships , Doctor relation to * 
his colloquiesand relation to society 
Ethics in Specialized medical disciplines * 
Ethics in researches & in recent advances of * 
medical 
technology , in Organ transplantation ,Assisted life 
prolongation & End of life issues ,Euthanasea ,Quality 
of life issues ,Stem cell research , Surrogacy & few 
other Ethical dilemmas
EEtthhiiccss 
IIss ddeeffiinneedd aass aa ‘‘ccooddee ooff ccoonndduucctt,,’’ aa mmoorraall wwaayy ooff 
((ddeeaalliinngg wwiitthh ddaayy ttoo ddaayy mmaatttteerrss iinn lliiffee(( aass iinn ddeeaatthh 
IIss aa wwaayy ooff oobbsseerrvviinngg nnoorrmmss,, vvaalluueess,, pprriinncciipplleess wwhhiicchh 
aarree aacccceepptteedd aass ssttaannddaarrdd,, ggoooodd ,, hhoonneesstt ,, ffaaiirr aanndd 
..eeqquuiittaabbllee 
IItt iimmpplliieess tthhaatt oonnee mmaayy nnoott ddoo ttoo aannootthheerr ppeerrssoonn,, 
..wwhhaatt oonnee mmaayy nnoott wwaanntt ddoonnee ttoo hhiimmsseellff 
10
EETTHHIICCSS TTHHRROOUUGGHH TTHHEE 
AAGGEESS 
’’..EEtthhiiccss iiss ddeerriivveedd ffrroomm tthhee GGrreeeekk wwoorrdd ‘‘ EEtthhooss 
,, IItt iiss aa bbrraanncchh ooff PPhhiilloossoopphhyy 
:: aakkiinn ttoo 
LLooggiicc 
MMeettaapphhyyssiiccss 
PPoolliittiiccss aanndd 
.. AAeesstthheettiiccss 
11
MMEEDDIICCAALL EETTHHIICCSS 
..IIss aa bbrraanncchh ooff mmoorraall pphhiilloossoopphhyy 
IIss tthhee aapppplliiccaattiioonn ooff nnoorrmmaattiivvee eetthhiiccaall pprriinncciipplleess 
..iinn mmeeddiicciinnee 
12
EETTHHIICCSS TTHHRROOUUGGHH TTHHEE 
AAGGEESS 
13 
MMoorraall PPaatthhwwaayyss 
..AA.. SSeeccuullaarr 
..BB.. RReelliiggiioouuss
CCooddeess ooff MMoorraalliittyy 
HHaammmmuurraabbii’’ss CCooddee ooff CCoonndduucctt :: 11779922BBCC 
HHiippppooccrraatteess 446600 BBCC --339999 BBCC 
WWoorrlldd MMeeddiiccaall CCoouunncciill --HHeellssiinnkkii ddeeccllaarraattiioonn 
11996644-------- llaasstt uuppddaatteedd iinn 22000088 
MMuusslliimm PPhhyyssiicciiaann’’ss OOaatthh1 4 11998800ss
DDuuaa ee MM AA 
::CChhaarraacctteerrss ooff aa pphhyyssiicciiaann 
HHoonneesstt HHuummiilliittyy,, mmooddeessttyy,, ttaaqqwwaa 
..MMaattcchhiinngg kknnoowwlleeddggee sskkiillllss aanndd aattttiittuuddee 
SSeerrvvee wwiitthh BBiirrrr wwaall EEhhssaaaann 
PPoolliittee,, rraaggee ccoonnttrrooll,, ppaattiieenntt lliisstteenneerr,, eeffffeeccttiivvee 
..ccoommmmuunniiccaattoorr 
15
EETTHHIICCAALL TTHHEEOORRIIEESS 
(( DDEEOONNTTOOLLOOGGYY ((KKaanntt 
’’ ..FFooccuusseess oonn ‘‘DDuuttiieess aanndd OObblliiggaattiioonnss 
TThhee mmeeaannss aass wweellll aass tthhee eennddss sshhoouulldd bbootthh bbee 
’’..ggoooodd 
16
VVIIRRTTUUEE TTHHOORRIIEESS 
FFooccuuss uuppoonn tthhee ‘‘QQUUAALLIITTIIEESS ooff aa 
’’..CCHHAARRAACCTTEERR 
..VViirrttuuoouuss ppeeooppllee aacctt vviirrttuuoouussllyy 
SSiimmppllyy kknnoowwiinngg tthhee rruulleess ooff ggooooddnneessss iiss nnoott 
..eennoouugghh.. OOnnee mmuusstt pprraaccttiiccee tthheemm ttoooo 
AArriissttoottllee ddeeffiinneedd iitt aass ‘‘aann aattttrriibbuuttee iinn ppeeooppllee 
wwhhoo aarree vviirrttuuoouuss bbyy nnaattuurree aanndd aacctt 
’’..aaccccoorrddiinnggllyy 
17
PPRRIINNCCIIPPLLEESS 
AAUUTTOONNOOMMYY TTaakkrriimm 
BBEENNEEFFIICCEENNCCEE BBiirrrr 
NNOONNMMAALLIIFFIICCEENNCCEE 
JJUUSSTTIICCEE AAddll 
18
AAddll oo EEhhssaaaann 
AAddll iiss eexxppeecctteedd ooff eevveerryy jjuusstt ppeerrssoonn ttoo ddiissppeennssee iinn 
.. ddaayy ttoo ddaayy lliiffee 
EEhhssaaaann iiss aa vviirrttuuee mmaannyy sstteeppss hhiigghheerr tthhaann AAddll.. IItt iiss 
aa ccoommbbiinnaattiioonn ooff AAllttrruuiissmm,, SSeellff ddeenniiaall aanndd 
..SSaaccrriiffiiccee 
..FFaazzll iiss oonnllyy aattttrriibbuuttaabbllee ttoo AAllllaahh SSTT 
19
JJUUSSTTIICCEE 
DDiissttrriibbuuttiivvee  
FFaaiirr ,, eeqquuiittaabbllee,, aanndd aapppprroopprriiaattee ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn 
.. ooff sseerrvviicceess aanndd rreessoouurrcceess 
RReettrriibbuuttiivvee  
..PPuunniisshhmmeenntt mmaattcchheedd wwiitthh ccrriimmee 
20
SSoommee eetthhiiccaall qquueessttiioonnss 
bbllaattaann استغلالاستغلالسستتغغللل ل  ..EExxppllooiittaattiioonn 
استغلالاستغلالننتتههااكك ..vviioollaattiioonn صصااررخخ  
AAbbuussee ooff aauutthhoorriittyy 
IInnjjuussttiiccee 
استغلالاستغلالسستتببدداستغلالاستغلالدد ططغغيياانن TTyyrraannnnyy  
21
Ali’s (as) mandate On Justice 
’’ O Orrddeerrllyy ppllaacceemmeenntt ooff yyoouurr mmaatttteerrss iiss jjuussttiiccee ‘‘ 
::AAnndd JJuussttiiccee rreeqquuiirreess 
DDeepptthh ooff uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg 
PPrrooffoouunnddnneessss ooff kknnoowwlleeddggee 
FFaaiirrnneessss ooff jjuuddggeemmeenntt 
..CCllaarriittyy ooff mmiinndd 
22
RReesseeaarrcchh 
VViioollaattiioonn ooff ffuunnddaammeennttaall pprriinncciippllee ooff mmeeddiiccaall 
eetthhiiccss iinn tthhee nnaammee ooff rreesseeaarrcchh aanndd bbeenneeffiitt ttoo 
..mmaannkkiinndd 
23
PPrriinncciipplleess ooff JJuussttiiccee iinn RREESSEEAARRCCHH 
..TThhee rriisskkss aanndd bbeenneeffiittss oonn tthhee ssaammee ppaarrttyy 
OOnnee ppaarrttyy bbeeaarrss tthhee rriisskkss wwhhiillee tthhee ootthheerr ppaarrttyy ggaaiinnss tthhee 
..bbeenneeffiittss 
BBootthh ppaarrttiieess mmaayy bbeeaarr tthhee rriisskkss,, wwhhiillee aannootthheerr ppaarrttyy ((ssttaakkee 
..hhoollddeerr)) ggaaiinnss tthhee bbeenneeffiittss 
BBootthh ppaarrttiieess ggaaiinn tthhee bbeenneeffiittss wwhhiillee aannootthheerr ppaarrttyy bbeeaarrss 
..tthhee ccoossttss 
24
AAssssiisstteedd lliiffee PPrroolloonnggaattiioonn 
.. AAssssiisstteedd LLiiffee PPrroolloonnggaattiioonn 
..EEuutthhaannaassiiaa.. AAssssiisstteedd ddeeaatthh iissssuueess 
..BBrraaiinn DDeeaatthh// SSoommaattiicc DDeeaatthh 
..DDeellaayyiinngg ddeeaatthh ffoorr oorrggaann hhaarrvveessttiinngg 
25
EETTHHIICCAALL DDIILLEEMMMMAASS 
..OOrrggaann ttrraaddee aanndd tthheefftt 
’’ ..PPrreessuummeedd CCoonnsseenntt.. .. ‘‘TToo OOpptt OOuutt 
26
Ethics in muthana
SSTTEEMM CCEELLLL RREESSEEAARRCCHH 
TThhee eemmppllooyymmeenntt ooff eemmbbrryyooss ttoo hhaarrvveesstt tthhee SStteemm 
..CCeellllss 
?? AArree eemmbbrryyooss aalliivvee 
??WWhheenn ddooeess lliiffee bbeeggiinn 
28
..WWhhaatt iiss aa SStteemm cceellll 
TThheeyy aarree pplluurriippootteenntt,,ttoottiippootteenntt cceellllss wwiitthh tthhee 
iinnhheerreenntt ccaappaacciittyy ttoo aannyy ooff tthhee tthhrreeee ggeerrmmiinnaall 
llaayyeerrss aanndd tthhuuss tthhee bbooddiillyy oorrggaannss.. TThheeyy aarree 
pprroodduucceedd bbyy TTRROOPPHHOOCCYYTTEESS iinn eeaarrllyy 
((..eemmbbrryyoollooggiiccaall ssttaaggeess ((55--1144 ddaayyss 
..HHuummaann GGeennoommee PPrroojjeecctt wwaass llaauunncchheedd iinn 11999988 
29
WWhhaatt ccaann sstteemm cceellll ddoo 
PPootteennttiiaallllyy aannyy cceellll,, ttiissssuuee oorr aann oorrggaann ccaann bbee 
ggrroowwnn iinn vviittrroo aass wweellll aass iinn vviivvoo 
AAnnyytthhiinngg ffrroomm ddiiaabbeetteess ttoo ccaarrddiiaacc ccoonnddiittiioonnss ttoo 
ddeeaaff eeaarrss ,, bblliinndd eeyyeess oorr ppaarraapplleeggiicc ppaattiieennttss mmaayy 
..bbee ccuurraabbllee iinn ffuuttuurree yyeeaarrss 
30
ssoouurrcceess 
EEmmbbrryyooss 
UUmmbblliiccaall ccoorrddss 
..RReecceennttllyy aadduulltt sskkiinnss,, bboonnee mmaarrrrooww eettcc 
31
SSUURRRROOGGAACCYY 
.. TThhee ddiilleemmmmaa ooff SSuurrrrooggaaccyy 
..??IIss iitt JJuussttiiffiieedd iinn cceerrttaaiinn ssppeecciiaall cciirrccuummssttaanncceess 
32
CCoommmmoonn pprraaccttiiccee 
OOvvuumm ddoonnaattiioonn iiss aacccceeppttaabbllee bbuutt tthhee ssppeerrmm 
..ddoonnaattiioonn hhaass nnoott ggaaiinneedd ppooppuullaarriittyy 
MMaannyy cclliinniiccss hhaavvee mmoovveedd ttoo aannoonnyymmoouuss 
ddoonnaattiioonn………….. WWhhiicchh ccaann rraaiissee tthhee ffeeaarr ooff 
..iinncceesstt 
33
PPhhyyssiicciiaannss sshhoouulldd 
((PPrrootteecctt tthhee hhuummaann rriigghhttss (( AAuuttoonnoommyy 
(( SSeerrvvee oonnllyy ffoorr ppaattiieenntt’’ss bbeenneeffiitt ((BBeenneeffiicceennccee 
.. OObbsseerrvvee JJuussttiiccee 
34
:: DDaattaa ccoolllleeccttiioonn 
FFoouurrtthh yyeeaarr mmeeddiiccaall ssttuuddeennttss,, aanndd 9900 
ffrroomm 5500 66tthh yyeeaarr ssttuuddeennttss 
.. iinntteerrrrooggaatteedd aabboouutt tthhee ccoouurrssee 
TThhee ssttuuddyy ccaarrrriieedd dduurriinngg tthhee 
..aaccaaddeemmiicc yyeeaarr 22000066 –– 22000077
SSttuuddeennttss SShhoouulldd kknnooww tthhee 44 
::pprriinncciipplleess 
RReessppeecctt tthhee hhuummaann rriigghhttss (( AAuuttoonnoommyy)).. AAll 
..TTaakkrriimm 
SSeerrvvee ffoorr ppaattiieenntt’’ss bbeenneeffiitt ((BBeenneeffiicceennccee))aanndd && 
((NNoonn MMaalleeffiicceennccee)) AAll BBiirrrr,, aanndd AAll IIhhssaann 
AAcctt wwiitthh JJuussttiiccee.. AAll__AAddll 
SSoouurrcceess ooff MMeedd EEtthhiiccss :: RReelliiggiioonn ,, CCoonnsscciieennccee 
((aanndd ccoonnssuueettuuddee (( TTrraaddiittiioonn && HHaabbiitt 
36
IIssllaammiicc mmoorraall ccooddee aallssoo 
mmeennttiioonneedd 
:: TThhee mmoorraall ccooddee ooff IIssllaamm iiss 
AAmmrr BBiill MMaarrooooff wwaa nnaahhii AAnnaall –– 
((MMuunnkkaarr,, ((3311::1177 
..iiee BBiidd ggoooodd ,, ffoorrbbiidd eevviill 
IIff yyoouu ddoonn’’tt ddoo ggoooodd ddoonn’’tt ddoo hhaarrmm 
IItt wwaass aallssoo tthhee mmiissssiioonn ssttaatteemmeenntt ooff IImmaamm 
..HHuussssaaiinn aa..ss iinn KKaarrbbaallaa 
37
IIssllaammiicc SSoouurrcceess aallssoo mmeennttiioonneedd 
..NNoobbllee QQuurraann iiss tthhee ffiinnaall ddiivviinnee tteessttaammeenntt oonn eetthhiiccss 
HHaaddiitt ee NNaabbvvii……BB’’aaaassaatt llaattmmaamm mmaakkrraamm aall aakkhhllaaqq’’ 
..‘‘ii..ee II aamm sseenntt ttoo aaccccoommpplliisshh mmoorraalliittyy 
.. IImmaamm AAllii iiss aa rroollee mmooddeell ooff PPrroopphheett’’ss tteeaacchhiinnggss 
NNaahhaajj aall BBaallaagghhaa iiss aa rrooaaddmmaapp oonn eetthhiiccss 
IImmaamm ZZaaiinn AAll AAbbeeddiinn SSaajjjjaadd aa..ss ggaavvee uuss tthhee 
mmoonnuummeennttaall SSaahhiiffaa- ee KKaammiillaa ccoonnttaaiinniinngg DDuuaa--ee 
’’..MMaakkaarraamm AAll AAkkaakkhhllaaqq 
38
: Results 
of the students thought the course is %85 
theoretically & practically useful .A 
bout 75% of the students mention the 
course is relevant to their medical training 
.& to their future career 
consider that the issues of patient – %80 
Dr relationships & Dr – Dr relationships an 
.important teaching subject 
Few of the 6th year student were unable 
.to recall the 4 principles 
mention the method of problem 10% 
solving approach & be simple way & the 
.language better in Arabic
The students are an important materials in the 
evaluation of the . medical education 
They have to be involved in planning for 
development of medical curriculum also during 
assessment of this medical curriculum , that is 
why we consider their overviews & opinions 
Finally we hope in future we can introduce the 
programmed that involve engagement of the 
students in project work , small groups 
workshops & seminars ; and also every attempts 
will be made to encourage other faculty staffs 
from various medical disciplines to share in our 
course & participate in the education of clinical 
. medical Ethics
Some example of Case teaching 
:approach 
Q1.An elderly woman is admitted to the hospital after 
suffering from stroke . She is not conscious & must be fed 
through NGT . She does not have a living will or a health 
care proxy . However , her son insists to hospital that he 
? . wants the tube removed so his mother can die 
Q2 .What is Islamic position on fetal tissue & stem cell 
? transplant 
Iran has taken a very pragmatic approach and taken a lead 
in the Islamic world to allow stem cell research , even 
(eugenics and animal cloning. (Mansur Senaie ,2006 
Q3 . Is abortion allowed for pregnancy happed by rape or in 
? unmarried virgin girl
لالاخيخيييرر ففيي ققررااءءةة االالاّ ف ففيي تتددببرر 
وولالاففيي ععببااددةة االالاّ ف ببتتففككرر 
وولالا ففيي ععللمم االالاّ ف ببححللمم 
اامماامم االلممتتققيينن ععلليي (( عع )) 
أأللسسللمم ععللييكك يياا ااببوو أأللححسسننيينن ووررححممتتهه 
ووببررككااتتهه 
أأللسسللمم ععللييكك يياااامماامميي ععلليي ااببنن 
ممووسسىى االلررضضاا (( عع ))
AALLSSAALLAAMM AALLAAIIKKOOMM WWAA 
RRAAHHMMAATTAAHHUU WWAA BBAARRAAKKAATTUUHH 
WWAA MMAA AALLAAIINNAA IILLLLAALLAABBAALLAAGGAAHH AALL 
MMUUBBEEEENN YYAA SSEEEENN 
43

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Ethics in muthana

  • 1. Medical Ethics Professor ( Dr ) Monem Alshok Department of Medicine ,College of Medicine Babylon University
  • 2. It is now generally agreed that medical Ethics should be an integral part of medical education throughout undergraduates , postgraduates . Medical Education It had been recognized that good doctor – patient relationships were required to achieve . the goals of medicine Although there is disagreement & different opinions among experts about what aspects of Medical Ethics but the wide agreement has nevertheless emerged in recent years is that we should teach medical Ethics especially for .medical students & residents
  • 3. Why We Teach ? Medical Ethics .Contribution to the care of patients Improve quality of patient care in term .of both the process & outcome of care . Improve Ethics of Decision _ Making .Improve Skills of Ethical Analysis
  • 4. Who should Teach Clinical Medical Ethics ? Should be taught by those who did . 1 it well and who has the capacity to motivate students and residents to improve the quality of both : patient outcomes and their patient – physician interactions 2.Physician Teachers are especially desirable , having their teachers' modeling of ethical behavior & .professional conduct
  • 5. What ? Should Be Taught The teaching of clinical medical Ethics : should include 3 dimensions Cognitive Knowledge 2.Behavioral .1 Skills .Character development. 3
  • 6. How and When should Clinical Medical Ethics be ?taught principles ( the 6 C 's ) had been emphasized by 6 .one of the university .Clinically – based )1( .Case – based )2( Continuously reinforced in class .( 4 year )3( medical students and whenever possible , ethics teaching should be linked with students other learning objectives ( e.g.) an ideal time to teach about brain death & vegetative state is during a basic science course on neuroanatomy & .neurophysiology .Coordinated with clinical clerkships )4( Clean ( Simple ) , e.g. informed consent , teach )5( how you make ? in simple way Clinician as instructors . also as role models ) 6( .for students
  • 8. :Methods :The course consist of series of lectures * .Introductory lecture General Medical Ethics with concentration on the 4 * principle or fundamentals of Ethics ( Beneficence , ) Non malfecience ,Autonomy & justice Patient – doctor relationships , Doctor relation to * his colloquiesand relation to society Ethics in Specialized medical disciplines * Ethics in researches & in recent advances of * medical technology , in Organ transplantation ,Assisted life prolongation & End of life issues ,Euthanasea ,Quality of life issues ,Stem cell research , Surrogacy & few other Ethical dilemmas
  • 9. EEtthhiiccss IIss ddeeffiinneedd aass aa ‘‘ccooddee ooff ccoonndduucctt,,’’ aa mmoorraall wwaayy ooff ((ddeeaalliinngg wwiitthh ddaayy ttoo ddaayy mmaatttteerrss iinn lliiffee(( aass iinn ddeeaatthh IIss aa wwaayy ooff oobbsseerrvviinngg nnoorrmmss,, vvaalluueess,, pprriinncciipplleess wwhhiicchh aarree aacccceepptteedd aass ssttaannddaarrdd,, ggoooodd ,, hhoonneesstt ,, ffaaiirr aanndd ..eeqquuiittaabbllee IItt iimmpplliieess tthhaatt oonnee mmaayy nnoott ddoo ttoo aannootthheerr ppeerrssoonn,, ..wwhhaatt oonnee mmaayy nnoott wwaanntt ddoonnee ttoo hhiimmsseellff 10
  • 10. EETTHHIICCSS TTHHRROOUUGGHH TTHHEE AAGGEESS ’’..EEtthhiiccss iiss ddeerriivveedd ffrroomm tthhee GGrreeeekk wwoorrdd ‘‘ EEtthhooss ,, IItt iiss aa bbrraanncchh ooff PPhhiilloossoopphhyy :: aakkiinn ttoo LLooggiicc MMeettaapphhyyssiiccss PPoolliittiiccss aanndd .. AAeesstthheettiiccss 11
  • 11. MMEEDDIICCAALL EETTHHIICCSS ..IIss aa bbrraanncchh ooff mmoorraall pphhiilloossoopphhyy IIss tthhee aapppplliiccaattiioonn ooff nnoorrmmaattiivvee eetthhiiccaall pprriinncciipplleess ..iinn mmeeddiicciinnee 12
  • 12. EETTHHIICCSS TTHHRROOUUGGHH TTHHEE AAGGEESS 13 MMoorraall PPaatthhwwaayyss ..AA.. SSeeccuullaarr ..BB.. RReelliiggiioouuss
  • 13. CCooddeess ooff MMoorraalliittyy HHaammmmuurraabbii’’ss CCooddee ooff CCoonndduucctt :: 11779922BBCC HHiippppooccrraatteess 446600 BBCC --339999 BBCC WWoorrlldd MMeeddiiccaall CCoouunncciill --HHeellssiinnkkii ddeeccllaarraattiioonn 11996644-------- llaasstt uuppddaatteedd iinn 22000088 MMuusslliimm PPhhyyssiicciiaann’’ss OOaatthh1 4 11998800ss
  • 14. DDuuaa ee MM AA ::CChhaarraacctteerrss ooff aa pphhyyssiicciiaann HHoonneesstt HHuummiilliittyy,, mmooddeessttyy,, ttaaqqwwaa ..MMaattcchhiinngg kknnoowwlleeddggee sskkiillllss aanndd aattttiittuuddee SSeerrvvee wwiitthh BBiirrrr wwaall EEhhssaaaann PPoolliittee,, rraaggee ccoonnttrrooll,, ppaattiieenntt lliisstteenneerr,, eeffffeeccttiivvee ..ccoommmmuunniiccaattoorr 15
  • 15. EETTHHIICCAALL TTHHEEOORRIIEESS (( DDEEOONNTTOOLLOOGGYY ((KKaanntt ’’ ..FFooccuusseess oonn ‘‘DDuuttiieess aanndd OObblliiggaattiioonnss TThhee mmeeaannss aass wweellll aass tthhee eennddss sshhoouulldd bbootthh bbee ’’..ggoooodd 16
  • 16. VVIIRRTTUUEE TTHHOORRIIEESS FFooccuuss uuppoonn tthhee ‘‘QQUUAALLIITTIIEESS ooff aa ’’..CCHHAARRAACCTTEERR ..VViirrttuuoouuss ppeeooppllee aacctt vviirrttuuoouussllyy SSiimmppllyy kknnoowwiinngg tthhee rruulleess ooff ggooooddnneessss iiss nnoott ..eennoouugghh.. OOnnee mmuusstt pprraaccttiiccee tthheemm ttoooo AArriissttoottllee ddeeffiinneedd iitt aass ‘‘aann aattttrriibbuuttee iinn ppeeooppllee wwhhoo aarree vviirrttuuoouuss bbyy nnaattuurree aanndd aacctt ’’..aaccccoorrddiinnggllyy 17
  • 17. PPRRIINNCCIIPPLLEESS AAUUTTOONNOOMMYY TTaakkrriimm BBEENNEEFFIICCEENNCCEE BBiirrrr NNOONNMMAALLIIFFIICCEENNCCEE JJUUSSTTIICCEE AAddll 18
  • 18. AAddll oo EEhhssaaaann AAddll iiss eexxppeecctteedd ooff eevveerryy jjuusstt ppeerrssoonn ttoo ddiissppeennssee iinn .. ddaayy ttoo ddaayy lliiffee EEhhssaaaann iiss aa vviirrttuuee mmaannyy sstteeppss hhiigghheerr tthhaann AAddll.. IItt iiss aa ccoommbbiinnaattiioonn ooff AAllttrruuiissmm,, SSeellff ddeenniiaall aanndd ..SSaaccrriiffiiccee ..FFaazzll iiss oonnllyy aattttrriibbuuttaabbllee ttoo AAllllaahh SSTT 19
  • 19. JJUUSSTTIICCEE DDiissttrriibbuuttiivvee  FFaaiirr ,, eeqquuiittaabbllee,, aanndd aapppprroopprriiaattee ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn .. ooff sseerrvviicceess aanndd rreessoouurrcceess RReettrriibbuuttiivvee  ..PPuunniisshhmmeenntt mmaattcchheedd wwiitthh ccrriimmee 20
  • 20. SSoommee eetthhiiccaall qquueessttiioonnss bbllaattaann استغلالاستغلالسستتغغللل ل ..EExxppllooiittaattiioonn استغلالاستغلالننتتههااكك ..vviioollaattiioonn صصااررخخ  AAbbuussee ooff aauutthhoorriittyy IInnjjuussttiiccee استغلالاستغلالسستتببدداستغلالاستغلالدد ططغغيياانن TTyyrraannnnyy  21
  • 21. Ali’s (as) mandate On Justice ’’ O Orrddeerrllyy ppllaacceemmeenntt ooff yyoouurr mmaatttteerrss iiss jjuussttiiccee ‘‘ ::AAnndd JJuussttiiccee rreeqquuiirreess DDeepptthh ooff uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg PPrrooffoouunnddnneessss ooff kknnoowwlleeddggee FFaaiirrnneessss ooff jjuuddggeemmeenntt ..CCllaarriittyy ooff mmiinndd 22
  • 22. RReesseeaarrcchh VViioollaattiioonn ooff ffuunnddaammeennttaall pprriinncciippllee ooff mmeeddiiccaall eetthhiiccss iinn tthhee nnaammee ooff rreesseeaarrcchh aanndd bbeenneeffiitt ttoo ..mmaannkkiinndd 23
  • 23. PPrriinncciipplleess ooff JJuussttiiccee iinn RREESSEEAARRCCHH ..TThhee rriisskkss aanndd bbeenneeffiittss oonn tthhee ssaammee ppaarrttyy OOnnee ppaarrttyy bbeeaarrss tthhee rriisskkss wwhhiillee tthhee ootthheerr ppaarrttyy ggaaiinnss tthhee ..bbeenneeffiittss BBootthh ppaarrttiieess mmaayy bbeeaarr tthhee rriisskkss,, wwhhiillee aannootthheerr ppaarrttyy ((ssttaakkee ..hhoollddeerr)) ggaaiinnss tthhee bbeenneeffiittss BBootthh ppaarrttiieess ggaaiinn tthhee bbeenneeffiittss wwhhiillee aannootthheerr ppaarrttyy bbeeaarrss ..tthhee ccoossttss 24
  • 24. AAssssiisstteedd lliiffee PPrroolloonnggaattiioonn .. AAssssiisstteedd LLiiffee PPrroolloonnggaattiioonn ..EEuutthhaannaassiiaa.. AAssssiisstteedd ddeeaatthh iissssuueess ..BBrraaiinn DDeeaatthh// SSoommaattiicc DDeeaatthh ..DDeellaayyiinngg ddeeaatthh ffoorr oorrggaann hhaarrvveessttiinngg 25
  • 25. EETTHHIICCAALL DDIILLEEMMMMAASS ..OOrrggaann ttrraaddee aanndd tthheefftt ’’ ..PPrreessuummeedd CCoonnsseenntt.. .. ‘‘TToo OOpptt OOuutt 26
  • 27. SSTTEEMM CCEELLLL RREESSEEAARRCCHH TThhee eemmppllooyymmeenntt ooff eemmbbrryyooss ttoo hhaarrvveesstt tthhee SStteemm ..CCeellllss ?? AArree eemmbbrryyooss aalliivvee ??WWhheenn ddooeess lliiffee bbeeggiinn 28
  • 28. ..WWhhaatt iiss aa SStteemm cceellll TThheeyy aarree pplluurriippootteenntt,,ttoottiippootteenntt cceellllss wwiitthh tthhee iinnhheerreenntt ccaappaacciittyy ttoo aannyy ooff tthhee tthhrreeee ggeerrmmiinnaall llaayyeerrss aanndd tthhuuss tthhee bbooddiillyy oorrggaannss.. TThheeyy aarree pprroodduucceedd bbyy TTRROOPPHHOOCCYYTTEESS iinn eeaarrllyy ((..eemmbbrryyoollooggiiccaall ssttaaggeess ((55--1144 ddaayyss ..HHuummaann GGeennoommee PPrroojjeecctt wwaass llaauunncchheedd iinn 11999988 29
  • 29. WWhhaatt ccaann sstteemm cceellll ddoo PPootteennttiiaallllyy aannyy cceellll,, ttiissssuuee oorr aann oorrggaann ccaann bbee ggrroowwnn iinn vviittrroo aass wweellll aass iinn vviivvoo AAnnyytthhiinngg ffrroomm ddiiaabbeetteess ttoo ccaarrddiiaacc ccoonnddiittiioonnss ttoo ddeeaaff eeaarrss ,, bblliinndd eeyyeess oorr ppaarraapplleeggiicc ppaattiieennttss mmaayy ..bbee ccuurraabbllee iinn ffuuttuurree yyeeaarrss 30
  • 30. ssoouurrcceess EEmmbbrryyooss UUmmbblliiccaall ccoorrddss ..RReecceennttllyy aadduulltt sskkiinnss,, bboonnee mmaarrrrooww eettcc 31
  • 31. SSUURRRROOGGAACCYY .. TThhee ddiilleemmmmaa ooff SSuurrrrooggaaccyy ..??IIss iitt JJuussttiiffiieedd iinn cceerrttaaiinn ssppeecciiaall cciirrccuummssttaanncceess 32
  • 32. CCoommmmoonn pprraaccttiiccee OOvvuumm ddoonnaattiioonn iiss aacccceeppttaabbllee bbuutt tthhee ssppeerrmm ..ddoonnaattiioonn hhaass nnoott ggaaiinneedd ppooppuullaarriittyy MMaannyy cclliinniiccss hhaavvee mmoovveedd ttoo aannoonnyymmoouuss ddoonnaattiioonn………….. WWhhiicchh ccaann rraaiissee tthhee ffeeaarr ooff ..iinncceesstt 33
  • 33. PPhhyyssiicciiaannss sshhoouulldd ((PPrrootteecctt tthhee hhuummaann rriigghhttss (( AAuuttoonnoommyy (( SSeerrvvee oonnllyy ffoorr ppaattiieenntt’’ss bbeenneeffiitt ((BBeenneeffiicceennccee .. OObbsseerrvvee JJuussttiiccee 34
  • 34. :: DDaattaa ccoolllleeccttiioonn FFoouurrtthh yyeeaarr mmeeddiiccaall ssttuuddeennttss,, aanndd 9900 ffrroomm 5500 66tthh yyeeaarr ssttuuddeennttss .. iinntteerrrrooggaatteedd aabboouutt tthhee ccoouurrssee TThhee ssttuuddyy ccaarrrriieedd dduurriinngg tthhee ..aaccaaddeemmiicc yyeeaarr 22000066 –– 22000077
  • 35. SSttuuddeennttss SShhoouulldd kknnooww tthhee 44 ::pprriinncciipplleess RReessppeecctt tthhee hhuummaann rriigghhttss (( AAuuttoonnoommyy)).. AAll ..TTaakkrriimm SSeerrvvee ffoorr ppaattiieenntt’’ss bbeenneeffiitt ((BBeenneeffiicceennccee))aanndd && ((NNoonn MMaalleeffiicceennccee)) AAll BBiirrrr,, aanndd AAll IIhhssaann AAcctt wwiitthh JJuussttiiccee.. AAll__AAddll SSoouurrcceess ooff MMeedd EEtthhiiccss :: RReelliiggiioonn ,, CCoonnsscciieennccee ((aanndd ccoonnssuueettuuddee (( TTrraaddiittiioonn && HHaabbiitt 36
  • 36. IIssllaammiicc mmoorraall ccooddee aallssoo mmeennttiioonneedd :: TThhee mmoorraall ccooddee ooff IIssllaamm iiss AAmmrr BBiill MMaarrooooff wwaa nnaahhii AAnnaall –– ((MMuunnkkaarr,, ((3311::1177 ..iiee BBiidd ggoooodd ,, ffoorrbbiidd eevviill IIff yyoouu ddoonn’’tt ddoo ggoooodd ddoonn’’tt ddoo hhaarrmm IItt wwaass aallssoo tthhee mmiissssiioonn ssttaatteemmeenntt ooff IImmaamm ..HHuussssaaiinn aa..ss iinn KKaarrbbaallaa 37
  • 37. IIssllaammiicc SSoouurrcceess aallssoo mmeennttiioonneedd ..NNoobbllee QQuurraann iiss tthhee ffiinnaall ddiivviinnee tteessttaammeenntt oonn eetthhiiccss HHaaddiitt ee NNaabbvvii……BB’’aaaassaatt llaattmmaamm mmaakkrraamm aall aakkhhllaaqq’’ ..‘‘ii..ee II aamm sseenntt ttoo aaccccoommpplliisshh mmoorraalliittyy .. IImmaamm AAllii iiss aa rroollee mmooddeell ooff PPrroopphheett’’ss tteeaacchhiinnggss NNaahhaajj aall BBaallaagghhaa iiss aa rrooaaddmmaapp oonn eetthhiiccss IImmaamm ZZaaiinn AAll AAbbeeddiinn SSaajjjjaadd aa..ss ggaavvee uuss tthhee mmoonnuummeennttaall SSaahhiiffaa- ee KKaammiillaa ccoonnttaaiinniinngg DDuuaa--ee ’’..MMaakkaarraamm AAll AAkkaakkhhllaaqq 38
  • 38. : Results of the students thought the course is %85 theoretically & practically useful .A bout 75% of the students mention the course is relevant to their medical training .& to their future career consider that the issues of patient – %80 Dr relationships & Dr – Dr relationships an .important teaching subject Few of the 6th year student were unable .to recall the 4 principles mention the method of problem 10% solving approach & be simple way & the .language better in Arabic
  • 39. The students are an important materials in the evaluation of the . medical education They have to be involved in planning for development of medical curriculum also during assessment of this medical curriculum , that is why we consider their overviews & opinions Finally we hope in future we can introduce the programmed that involve engagement of the students in project work , small groups workshops & seminars ; and also every attempts will be made to encourage other faculty staffs from various medical disciplines to share in our course & participate in the education of clinical . medical Ethics
  • 40. Some example of Case teaching :approach Q1.An elderly woman is admitted to the hospital after suffering from stroke . She is not conscious & must be fed through NGT . She does not have a living will or a health care proxy . However , her son insists to hospital that he ? . wants the tube removed so his mother can die Q2 .What is Islamic position on fetal tissue & stem cell ? transplant Iran has taken a very pragmatic approach and taken a lead in the Islamic world to allow stem cell research , even (eugenics and animal cloning. (Mansur Senaie ,2006 Q3 . Is abortion allowed for pregnancy happed by rape or in ? unmarried virgin girl
  • 41. لالاخيخيييرر ففيي ققررااءءةة االالاّ ف ففيي تتددببرر وولالاففيي ععببااددةة االالاّ ف ببتتففككرر وولالا ففيي ععللمم االالاّ ف ببححللمم اامماامم االلممتتققيينن ععلليي (( عع )) أأللسسللمم ععللييكك يياا ااببوو أأللححسسننيينن ووررححممتتهه ووببررككااتتهه أأللسسللمم ععللييكك يياااامماامميي ععلليي ااببنن ممووسسىى االلررضضاا (( عع ))
  • 42. AALLSSAALLAAMM AALLAAIIKKOOMM WWAA RRAAHHMMAATTAAHHUU WWAA BBAARRAAKKAATTUUHH WWAA MMAA AALLAAIINNAA IILLLLAALLAABBAALLAAGGAAHH AALL MMUUBBEEEENN YYAA SSEEEENN 43

Editor's Notes

  1. you don’t