The document summarizes major health problems in India, including communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory infections, leprosy, and AIDS. Nutritional problems such as protein energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia, low birth weight, and iodine deficiency disorders are also discussed. Environmental sanitation problems related to lack of safe water and proper excreta disposal are mentioned. Medical care problems pertaining to inadequate financial resources and uneven distribution of health services are outlined. The population problem of India is also briefly noted.

1. HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA

2. INTRODUCTION:
 Assessment of health status and health problems is the
first requisite for any planned effort to develop health
care services.
 The data required for the analysis of health situation and
health problems comprise of mortality, morbidity,
demographic conditions, socioeconomic factors etc

3. HEALTH
 Acc to who health as a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity

4.  “Health problem is a state in which we are
unable to function normally (state of ill health,
unhealthiness)”

5. MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS :
 communicable disease problem
 nutritional problem
 environmental sanitation problem
 medical care problem
 population problem

6. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE PROBLEMS
 Communicable diseases are continue to be the major
health problem in India. The diseases continue to be of
greater importance are

7. MALARIA:
 Malaria is caused by a parasite that is Anopheles
mosquitoes
 Symptoms: Anemia, Bloody stools,Chills, Coma,
Convulsion, Fever, Headache, Jaundice, Muscle pain,
Nausea, Sweating, Vomiting

8. CONT..:
 SIGNS AND TESTS: During a physical examination, the
doctor may find an enlarged liver or enlarged spleen. A
complete blood count (CBC) will identify anemia if it is
present.

10. CONT..:
 Treatment: Chloroquine, for chloroquine-resistant
infections(quinine plus doxycycline, tetracycline, or
clindamycin)

11. TUBERCULOSIS:
 Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial
infection that involves the lungs, but may spread to other
organs.
 Causes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tuberculosis)

12. CONT…
 Symptoms:
- Cough (usually cough up mucus),
- Coughing up blood,
- Excessive sweating, especially at night,
- Fatigue, Fever, Unintentional weight loss,
- Breathing difficulty,
- Chest pain,
- Wheezing

14. CONT…
 Tests:
 Sputum examination and cultures,
 Biopsy of the affected tissue (rare),
 Bronchoscopy, Chest CT scan, Chest x-ray,
 Thoracentesis,
 Tuberculin skin test

15. CONT…
 Treatment:
Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol , Amikacin,
Ethionamide, Moxifloxacin, Para-aminosalicylic acid,
Streptomycin

16. DIARRHOEAL DISEASE:
 Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in
children under five years old.
 leading cause of malnutrition in children under five years old.
 Causes: Infection(bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms),

17. CONT…
 Prevention and treatment:
- access to safe drinking-water
- improved sanitation,
- exclusive breastfeeding or the first six months of life,
- good personal and food hygiene,
- health education about how infections spread rotavirus
vaccination.
- Rehydration, Zinc supplements, Nutrient-rich foods,
Consulting a health worker if there are signs of
dehydration

18. ARI:
 Acute respiratory infections are causes of mortality and morbidity
in children below 5yrs of age.
 It is estimated that about 13.6% hospital admissions and 13%
inpatient deaths in paediatric ward are due to ARI.
 Acc. To 2009, Around two million deaths each year with the
incidence of 0.29 and 0.05 episodes per child-year occurs.
 Causes: Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae,
Staphylococcus aureus and other bacterial species, measles virus,
human parainfluenza viruses, influenza virus and varicella virus.

19. LEPROSY
 is another major public health problem in India.
 In 2002: 0.44 million cases were there.
 During the year 2003-2004: 2.20 lakh new cases were
detected out of which child cases were 14.91%, all the
states and union territories reported cases of leprosy.
 India accounts for the 60% of the leprosy cases in the world.

20. AIDS
 Since AIDS was first detected in year 1986,
 the cumulative number of cases has risen to 124995 by
the end of Aug 2007.
 In 2009 : Total cases-2.4 million, 1.7 lakh HIV/AIDS
related deaths were reported. 41% of new cases were
reported from Orissa, Bihar, West bangal,U.P, Rajsthan,
M.P, and Gujrat.

22. OTHERS:
 Kala-azar, Meningitis, viral hepatitis, Japanese encephalitis,
entric fever, and helmenthic infestations are among the other
important communicable disease problems in india

23. NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS

24. PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION:
PEM refers to the deficiency of energy and protein in the body.
 1-2% of preschool children in India suffer from PEM.
 In 1998, India is ranked 2nd in the world of the number of children
suffering from malnutrition.
 In 1991,it has around 150 million children, constituting 17.5% of
India's population, who are below the age of 6 years.
 The 2011 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report ranked India 15th,
amongst leading countries with hunger situation

26. CONT….
 CAUSES: Inadequate intake of food both in quantity and
quality, Infections (Diarrhea, Respiratory infections, measles,
intestinal worms)
 TYPES: MARASMUS, KWASHIORKER

27. NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA:
 India has probably the highest prevalence of nutritional
anaemia in women and children.
 About one half of the non-pregnant women and children
are estimated to suffer from anaemia.
 60-80% of pregnant women are anaemic.
 20-40% of maternal deaths are attributed to anaemia.
 Mostly the anaemia is of iron deficiency and less frequently
is of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency

28. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
 This is the major public health problem in developing
countries.
 About 30% of the babies are born of low birth weight as
compared to about 4% in some developed countries.
 Cause : Maternal malnutrition and anaemia.
 CAUSES: Inadequate nutritional intake during
pregnancy.

29. XEROPHTHALMIA
 About 0.04% of total blindness in India are attributed
to nutritional deficiency of Vit. A.
 Keramalacia has been the major cause of nutritional
blindness in children usually between 1-3 years of age.

30. DRYNESS BITOT SPOT
keratomalacia BILATERAL BLINDNESS

31. IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDER
 Goitre
 The prevalence rate in some parts of Himachal Pradesh
was 28.7%(Sirmor) and 34.5%(Mandi) ,45.8% in
ropar;64.4% in bihar;27% in Arunachal Pradesh.
 According to 2011 census, 71 million people in India
suffer from this, 1.3 crore people in UP, M.P-0.82 crore,
Bihar-0.62 crore.

32. ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

33.  The two main problems
1.) lack of safe water in many areas of the country
2.) primitive methods of excreta disposal.
Beside these, there has been a growing concern about the
impact of new problems resulting from population
explosion, urbanization and industrialization leading to
hazards to human health in the air, in water, and in food
chain.

34. MEDICAL CARE PROBLEMS

35. * Inadequate financial sources
* health benefits to the urban population.
* Uneven distribution
* Migration to the urban areas, health problems have been
* Aggravated like overcrowding in hospitals,
inadequate staffing
* Scarcity of certain drugs and medicines.
Thus the major health care problem is inequitable distribution and
inadequate services.

36. POPULATION PROBLEM

37. SUMMARIZATION

38. RECAPTULIZATION

39. REFERENCES