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81-220-1 - Chapter4
1.
Chapter 4 -
Rational Choice Theory Michelle Palaro Criminology 81-220-1 Fall 2014 © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
2.
Development of Rational
Choice Theory • Classical Criminology – Roots of rational choice theory – Developed by Cesare Beccaria • Thinking About Crime – James Q. Wilson –More contemporary version of classical theory based on intelligent thought processes © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
3.
Class Discussion/Activity Discuss
the underlying assumptions about human decision making made by Cesare Beccaria and Becker. What is the importance of these assumptions for classical theory? © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
4.
Concepts of Rational
Choice • Evaluating the Risks of Crime – Crime is avoided when risks outweigh © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. rewards • Offense-Specific Crime • Offender-Specific Crime
5.
Concepts of Rational
Choice • Structuring Criminality – Economic need/opportunity – Evaluating personal traits and © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. experience – Criminal expertise
6.
Concepts of Rational
Choice • Structuring Crime – Choosing the place of crime – Choosing targets – Creating scripts © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
7.
Class Discussion/Activity 1.
Imagine you were a burglar. What script would you follow to avoid detection? 2. How may the police use the fact that offenders follow certain scripts? © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
8.
Is Crime Truly
Rational? • Rational choice approach: the decision to commit crime, regardless of its substance, is structured by: – Where it occurs – Characteristics of the target • Is drug use rational? • Is violence rational? © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
9.
Why Do People
Commit Crime? • Edgework – Exhilarating, momentary integration of © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. danger, risk, and skill • Seductions of crime – Situation inducements or immediate benefits that draw offenders into law violations
10.
Why Do People
Commit Crime? • Situational Crime Prevention – Seeks to reduce or eliminate particular crimes in specific settings – Criminal acts will be avoided if: • Potential targets are carefully guarded • The means to commit crime are controlled • Potential offenders are carefully monitored – Defensible space © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
11.
• Crime Prevention
Strategies – Increase the effort needed to commit crime – Increase the risk of committing crime – Reduce rewards of crime – Induce guilt: increase crime – Reduce provocation – Remove excuses © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Controlling Crime
12.
Controlling Crime •
Evaluating Situational Crime Prevention – Hidden benefits © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Diffusion • Discouragement – Hidden costs • Displacement • Extinction – Replacement
13.
Class Discussion/Activity Women
who apply for a restraining order against their abusive husbands, boyfriends, or a stalker must reveal their home address to the offender. The purpose is to allow the offender to stay away from the women’s home as required by the restraining order. 1. What problems do you anticipate with this requirement? 2. If you had a stalker and you are fairly certain that he doesn’t know your address would you file for a restraining order? © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
14.
• Fear of
criminal penalties convinces potential law violator that pains of crime outweigh its benefits • Perception and Deterrence – The perception that punishment will be forthcoming influences criminality – Some individuals and classes of offenders are more deterrable than others © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. General Deterrence
15.
• Punishment and
Deterrence • Certainty of Punishment – Police and Certainty of Punishment • Severity of Punishment • Swiftness of Punishment – Inter-relationship of factors © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. General Deterrence
16.
• Evaluating General
Deterrence – Rationality – System effectiveness – Criminals discount punishments – Some offenders – and some crimes – are more “deterrable” than others. © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. General Deterrence
17.
• The view
that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts • Incarceration may delay recidivism • Harshest treatment may increase rather than reduce crime – Punishment may breed defiance rather than deterrence – Harshest punishments may case psychological problems – Neighborhoods may feel victimized © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Specific Deterrence
18.
• Incapacitation Effect
– The idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their committing further offenses – One in every one hundred American adults in behind bars – Due to policy implications there have been periods of time where increases in incarceration rates increased while overall crime was decreasing © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Incapacitation
19.
Policy Implications of
Choice Theory © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
20.
Policy Implications of
Choice Theory • Effects of arrest quickly decay and may actually escalate the frequency of repeat domestic violence – Initial fear of arrest did not result in severe punishment – Fear may be replaced with anger and violent intent toward the abused mate • “Three-strikes and you’re out” laws – Appeals to public sentiments but may be a © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. premature method
21.
Policy Implications of
Choice Theory © Copyright Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. • Death Penalty – Is it a deterrent? – Wrongful convictions
Editor's Notes
LO 1: Describe the development of rational choice theory.
LO 2: Explore the concepts of rational choice.
LO 2: Explore the concepts of rational choice.
LO 2: Explore the concepts of rational choice.
LO 2: Explore the concepts of rational choice.
LO 3: Know what is meant by the term “seductions of crime.”
LO 4: Discuss the elements of situational crime prevention.
LO 4: Discuss the elements of situational crime prevention.
LO 4: Discuss the elements of situational crime prevention.
LO 5: Analyze the elements of general deterrence.
LO 5: Analyze the elements of general deterrence.
LO 5: Analyze the elements of general deterrence. .
LO 6: Discuss the basic concepts of specific deterrence.
LO 6: Discuss the basic concepts of specific deterrence.
LO 1: Describe the development of rational choice theory.
LO 2: Explore the concepts of rational choice.
LO 5: Analyze the elements of general deterrence. LO 6: Discuss the basic concepts of specific deterrence.
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