water flooding methods and water injection in aqufer and injection in the well www.mpetro.ir به صورت اختصاصی از سایت را ه یاب نفت

1. In the name of God
WATERFLOODING

2. Presentation Summary
• Type of production
• History of waterflooding
• Why does (and doesn’t) waterflooding
work in various reservoir situations
• What are the optimum conditions for
waterflooding
• What are some common problems
associated with waterflooding
• Waterflooding in Iran and Saudi
Arabia

3. Calculating Original Oil in Place (OOIP)
• OOIP = 7,758*A*h* *(1-Sw)/Bo
• Where:
• OOIP = original oil in place, STB
• 7,758 = factor converting acre-feet to barrels
• A = reservoir area, acres
• h = average reservoir thickness, feet
• = average reservoir porosity, fraction bulk volume
• Sw = average water saturation, fraction pore volume
• Bo = oil formation volume factor, RB/STB

4. Primary Oil Production Methods
•Oil Compression Drive (0.1-2%
OOIP)
•Compaction Drive (0.1 – 2%
OOIP)
•Solution gas drive (1-10% OOIP)
•Gascap drive (1-20% OOIP)

9. History of waterflooding
• Accidental water injection in 1865(pennsylvania)
• ’’Circle Flooding’’(Center injector,work outward)
• First 5 spot pattern,Bradford field in 1924
• 1930’s waterflood in Texas and Oklahama
• Genral applicability in 1950’s

10. How does a waterflood work?
• Certain oil wells are converted to water injection
wells
• Other oil wells remain as producers
• The injected water displaces, or “pushes” oil
to the producing wells
• Waterflooding performs two perimary tasks:
• To maintain the reservoir pressure
• To drive the oil toward the wells

11. Waterflood Recovery(cold method)
• Depends strongly on a number of factors to be
discussed
• Can be as high as 60% of the OOIP in place in
some favorable situations
• May be much lower in other cases
• There are generally optimum reservoir types,
conditions and implementation strategies for
waterflooding to maximize potential oil recovery

12. TYPES OF WATERFLOOD
OPERATIONS

13. Natural Waterflooding

14. Infinite Aquifer Type Waterflood
1 m3
Out
1 m3
In

15. Limited Aquifer Type Waterflood
1 m3
Out
0.5 m3
In

16. Passive Aquifer Type Waterflood
1 m3
Out
0 m3
In

17. Modes of Natural Waterfloods
•Vertical drive (most effective)
•Edge or horizontal drive (less
effective)

18. Vertical Flood (Common in Reef Structures)

19. Edge Flood

20. ‘Induced’ Waterfloods

21. Common Induced Waterflood Types
• Edge drive (updip)
• Bottom drive (gravity stabilized)
• Line Drive
• Advancing line drive
• Staggered line drive
• Pattern
• Reservoir dictated

22. Updip Edge Drive

23. Vertically Stable Bottom Drive

24. Line Drive

25. Staggered Line Drive

26. Pattern Flooding – 5 Spot

27. Pattern Flooding – 7 Spot

28. Pattern Flooding – 9 Spot

29. Waterflood Requirements
#1 Suitable Reservoir
#2 Water!!!

30. Typical Water Sources
• Produced water(s) (Native and non native to
formation)
• Surface water (Rivers, lakes, etc)
• Shallow ground water
• Waste water streams
• Often a mixture of some of the above

36. Injection Water Quality Issues
• Sufficient volume for future requirements?
• Reliable year round source?
• Total suspended solids content (TSS)
• Oil and Grease Content (OGC)
• Total dissolved solids content (TDS)
• Scaling indexes
• Specific ionic composition
• salinity

37. Waterflood Progression

38. Waterflood Progression

39. Waterflood Progression

40. Waterflood Progression

41. Factors Impacting the
Displacement
Effectiveness of a
Waterflood

42. MACROSCALE EFFECTS
•Heterogeneity
•Permeability contrasts
•Reservoir continuity
•Faults and fractures

43. MICROSCALE EFFECTS
• Pore size distribution and geometry
• Capillary pressure
• Wettability
• Relative permeability character
• Advance rate
• Injection fluid induced damage

44. Factors Affecting Waterflood Success
• Timing of flood – earlier is better
Higher primary depletion (lower pressure) increases gas
saturation
 High gas saturation decreases oil recovery
• Well spacing
 Tighter well spacing is better
 Increases Ea and Ev
 accelerates waterflood recovery
• Pattern selection
Balanced patterns improve Ea and WOR performance

45. MACROSCALE
ISSUES

46. Reservoir Heterogeneity

47. Reservoir Heterogeneity

48. Permeability Contrasts

49. Reservoir Continuity

50. Reservoir Continuity

51. Natural Fractures Parallel to the Line
of Flow

52. Primarily Dominated by Wettability Effects

53. What is Wettability?
• Preferential Attraction of a fluid to a solid
surface in the presence of one or more other
immiscible fluids

54. Wettability Types
• Water Wet
• Oil Wet
• Neutral Wet
• Mixed Wet
• Spotted Wet

55. Mixed Wettability
• A fairly common wettability type in which tight
microporosity is water saturated and water wet,
while oil saturated macropores are oil wet

56. Impact of Wettability on Relative
Permeability to Water and Oil

57. Impact of Wettability on Relative
Permeability to Water and Oil

58. Relative Permeability
Water Saturation - Fraction
RelativePermeability-Fraction
Swi 10%
Crossover 22% Sw
Krw = 0.88
Swi approx 25%
Crossover approx 68%
Krw = 0.08

59. General Impact of Wettability on Rel Perm
Factor Water
Wet
Oil Wet Neutral
Wet
Mixed Wet
Swi >15% <15% 10-20% >15%
Crossover
Point
> 50% Sw < 50% Sw Approx
50% Sw
< 50% Sw
Krw at Sor <0.2 >0.5 0.2-0.5 >0.5

60. Specific Impact of
Wettability on Waterflood
Performance

61. Favorable vs. Unfavorable Mobility
Ratio

62. Factors Improving Mobility
M = x Krw
w x Kro
Low Oil Visc Low Krw / Krg
High Displacing
Phase Visc
High Kro

63. Example – Waterflood in a Favorable
Mobility System (M=0.5)

64. Example – Waterflood in a Unfavorable
Mobility System (M=20)

65. Given this – What are the Optimum
Reservoir Wetting Conditions for a
Waterflood?

66. For Maximum Ease of Water Injection
Oil
Wet!

67. For Maximum Oil Recovery and Lowest
Residual Oil Saturation
Neutral/Mixed
Wet

68. For Most Rapid Oil Recovery and
Minimum Water Production
Water
Wet!

69. Optimum Conditions?
• In most cases, optimum economic recovery
efficiency is achieved when the wetting condition
is a strongly water wet as possible

70. Does This Mean if my Reservoir is NOT
Water Wet Waterflooding Will NOT be
Economic?
To Flood?
To Not to Flood?
???

71. Many Successful Waterfloods have
been Conducted in Oil Wet and Mixed
Wet Reservoirs
• Overall economic benefit may be less than if the
reservoir had been strongly water wet, but may
still represent substantial improvement over
straight primary depletion

72. Waterflood Screening
and Evaluation Process

73. General Process
Macroscale
Screening
Microscale
Screening
Water Source
And Quality
Evaluation
Simulation,
Implementation

74. Conclusions
• Waterflooding can result in significant
additional incremental oil recovery in many
reservoir situations
• Not all reservoirs are prime waterflood
candidates
• Macroscale features may control the
effectiveness of a waterflood
• Mobility dominates microscale sweep efficiency
• A detailed protocol for evaluation has been
presented

75. Part 2:Waterflooding in Iran and Saudi
Arabia

76. waterflooding in iran
•‫میانگین‬‫یق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫آب‬‫به‬‫میدانهای‬،‫ود‬‫ر‬‫دو‬،‫سلمان‬،‫بالل‬،‫سیوند‬‫دنا‬‫و‬‫اسفند‬‫در‬‫سال‬93‫حدود‬٢٩۶
‫ار‬‫ز‬‫ه‬‫بشکه‬‫در‬‫ز‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫بوده‬‫که‬‫از‬‫این‬‫ان‬‫ز‬‫می‬‫بیشترین‬‫حجم‬‫یق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫آب‬‫به‬‫ترتیب‬‫به‬‫میدانهای‬،‫ود‬‫ر‬‫دو‬‫اسفند‬
‫و‬‫سلمان‬‫بوده‬‫است‬.
•‫مطالعات‬‫جدید‬‫نشان‬‫می‬‫دهد‬‫که‬‫بیش‬‫از‬۴٠‫صد‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫نفت‬‫ن‬‫مخاز‬‫فالت‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫قا‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫در‬‫ه‬‫ز‬‫حو‬‫خلیج‬‫س‬‫ر‬‫فا‬
‫می‬‫توان‬‫به‬‫ش‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫یق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫آب‬(‫با‬‫توجه‬‫به‬‫منابع‬‫آبی‬‫اوان‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫و‬‫ی‬ ‫دسترس‬‫آسان‬)‫برداشت‬‫کرد‬.
•‫بخش‬‫قابل‬‫توجهی‬‫از‬‫تولید‬‫این‬‫شرکت‬(‫حدود‬١۵‫صد‬‫ر‬‫د‬)‫از‬‫طریق‬‫ی‬‫ر‬‫آو‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫گاز‬‫در‬‫چاهها‬‫انجام‬‫می‬
‫شود‬.
•‫هم‬‫ن‬‫اکنو‬‫یق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫گاز‬‫و‬‫یق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬،‫آب‬‫دو‬‫ش‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫اصلی‬‫دیاد‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫برداشت‬‫از‬‫ن‬‫مخاز‬‫نفتی‬‫ر‬‫کشو‬‫است؛‬‫ا‬‫گرچه‬
‫در‬‫مناطق‬‫خشکی‬،‫ر‬‫کشو‬‫یق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫گاز‬‫به‬‫عنوان‬‫اصلی‬‫ترین‬‫ش‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫دیاد‬‫ز‬‫ا‬‫برداشت‬‫در‬‫اولویت‬‫ق‬‫ار‬‫ر‬‫می‬
‫گیرد‬(‫در‬‫برخی‬‫میدانهای‬‫نفتی‬‫مناطق‬‫نفت‬‫خیز‬،‫جنوب‬‫یق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫آب‬‫همچنان‬‫ادامه‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫دا‬)‫اما‬‫در‬‫ف‬‫الت‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫قا‬
‫ان‬‫ر‬‫ای‬‫به‬‫دلیل‬‫ی‬ ‫دسترس‬‫آسان‬‫به‬،‫آب‬‫یق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫آب‬‫در‬‫اولویت‬‫ار‬‫ر‬‫ق‬‫می‬‫گیرد‬.

77. Waterflooding in Saudi Arabia
•‫ی‬‫سخنگو‬‫شرکت‬‫امکو‬‫ر‬‫آ‬‫در‬‫سال‬۲۰۰۶‫اعالم‬‫کرد‬‫که‬‫نرخ‬‫افت‬‫توليد‬‫ميادين‬‫نفتی‬‫ب‬‫الغ‬
‫عربستان‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ن‬‫بدو‬‫انجام‬‫هيچ‬‫اقدام‬،‫جديدی‬۸‫صد‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫است‬‫که‬‫های‬‫فعاليت‬‫امکو‬‫ر‬‫آ‬
‫اين‬‫ان‬‫ز‬‫می‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫به‬۲‫صد‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫کاهش‬‫خواهد‬‫داد‬.‫در‬‫واقع‬‫عربستان‬‫سعی‬‫کند‬‫می‬‫تا‬‫از‬‫دو‬
،‫طريق‬‫تأثیر‬‫افت‬‫توليد‬‫بر‬‫ی‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫ظرفيت‬‫توليد‬‫خود‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫کاهش‬‫دهد؛‬‫نخست‬‫به‬‫ی‬‫کارگیر‬
‫بهترين‬‫و‬‫جديدترين‬‫های‬‫ی‬‫ژ‬‫تکنولو‬‫موجود‬‫در‬‫ميادين‬‫توليدی‬‫و‬‫دوم‬‫توسعه‬‫م‬‫يادين‬
‫جديد‬.
•‫اين‬‫ر‬‫کشو‬‫از‬‫اواسط‬‫دهه‬۱۹۵۰‫جهت‬‫حفظ‬‫فشار‬‫ميادين‬،‫توليدی‬‫ع‬‫و‬‫شر‬‫به‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬
‫گاز‬‫اه‬‫ر‬‫هم‬‫نفت‬‫کرد‬.‫اولین‬‫واحد‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫گاز‬‫در‬‫سال‬۱۹۵۴‫در‬‫ميدان‬‫آبقيق‬‫و‬‫دومین‬
‫واحد‬‫در‬‫سال‬۱۹۵۹‫در‬‫ميدان‬‫دار‬‫عین‬‫احداث‬‫شد‬.‫پس‬‫از‬‫چندی‬‫به‬‫دليل‬‫اينکه‬
‫يق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫گاز‬‫نتوانست‬‫به‬‫ر‬‫طو‬‫کامل‬‫از‬‫افت‬‫فشار‬‫ن‬‫مخاز‬‫ی‬‫جلوگیر‬،‫کند‬‫به‬‫تز‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫آب‬
‫ی‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫دند‬‫ر‬‫آو‬.

78. Waterflooding in Saudi Arabia
•‫اولین‬‫تجربه‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫آب‬‫به‬‫سال‬۱۹۵۶‫در‬‫ميدان‬‫آبقيق‬‫باز‬‫گردد‬‫می‬‫که‬‫به‬‫دليل‬‫آمی‬‫موفقيت‬‫ز‬
‫بودن‬‫اين‬،‫عمليات‬‫در‬‫اوايل‬‫دهه‬۱۹۶۰‫کار‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫به‬‫ميدان‬‫قوار‬‫قبل‬‫از‬‫افت‬‫فشار‬‫اين‬
‫ميدان‬‫آغاز‬‫شد‬.‫در‬‫سال‬۱۹۹۸‫معادل‬۱۲‫ن‬‫ميليو‬‫بشکه‬‫در‬‫ز‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫به‬‫دو‬‫ميدان‬‫قوار‬‫و‬‫آبقيق‬
‫آب‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫مي‬‫شد‬.
•‫بر‬‫اساس‬‫های‬‫ش‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫گ‬‫شرکت‬‫سعودی‬،‫امکو‬‫ر‬‫آ‬‫در‬‫حال‬‫حاضر‬‫انه‬‫ز‬‫و‬‫ر‬۱۲‫ن‬‫ميليو‬‫بشکه‬‫آب‬‫به‬
۳‫ميدان‬،‫قوار‬‫آبقيق‬‫و‬‫ی‬‫بر‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫شود‬‫می‬‫که‬۷‫ن‬‫ميليو‬‫بشکه‬‫آن‬‫از‬‫تصفيه‬‫آب‬،‫يا‬‫ر‬‫د‬۳
‫ن‬‫ميليو‬‫بشکه‬‫از‬‫واحدهای‬‫ی‬‫جداساز‬‫نفت‬‫و‬‫گاز‬‫و‬۳‫ن‬‫ميليو‬‫بشکه‬‫نیز‬‫از‬‫های‬‫سفره‬‫آب‬
‫مينی‬‫ز‬‫ير‬‫ز‬‫تأمین‬‫شود‬‫می‬.
•‫از‬‫مجموع‬۱۲‫ن‬‫ميليو‬،‫بشکه‬۸‫ن‬‫ميليو‬‫بشکه‬‫به‬‫ميدان‬‫قوار‬‫و‬۴‫ن‬‫ميليو‬‫بشکه‬‫به‬‫ميادين‬
‫ی‬‫بر‬‫و‬‫آبقيق‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫شود‬‫می‬.‫شرکت‬‫امکو‬‫ر‬‫آ‬‫با‬‫وجود‬‫گذشت‬۴‫دهه‬‫از‬‫ع‬‫و‬‫شر‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫تز‬‫آب‬‫به‬
‫ن‬‫مخاز‬،‫نفتی‬‫ز‬‫هنو‬‫هم‬‫از‬‫اين‬‫عمليات‬‫س‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫گیرد‬‫می‬.

79. Thanks for Your Attention!