4. WHY STUDY CAUSE/EFFECT?
• Certain words and phrases signal CAUSE/EFFECT
relationships.
• When reading a selection, understanding the
relationship between MAIN EVENTS can help you
comprehend the selection better.
5. WHY STUDY CAUSE/EFFECT?
• Certain words and phrases signal CAUSE/EFFECT
relationships.
• When reading a selection, understanding the
relationship between MAIN EVENTS can help you
comprehend the selection better.
• Ifyou understand how to use signal words/phrases, your
summary of the selection helps others understand
what’s going on in the selection.
8. CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
• Coordinators - For
• The buffalo were important to the Plains Indians, for this one animal
provided them with everything they needed.
9. CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
• Coordinators - For
• The buffalo were important to the Plains Indians, for this one animal
provided them with everything they needed.
• Subordinators - because, since, as
10. CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
• Coordinators - For
• The buffalo were important to the Plains Indians, for this one animal
provided them with everything they needed.
• Subordinators - because, since, as
• The buffalo were important since they provided everything the
Plains Indians needed.
13. CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
• Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of
14. CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
• Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of
• The buffalo’s disappearance resulted from overhunting.
15. CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
• Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of
• The buffalo’s disappearance resulted from overhunting.
• Buffalo nearly disappeared due to overhunting.
16. CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
• Others - resulted from/was the result of, due to/because of, effect of
• The buffalo’s disappearance resulted from overhunting.
• Buffalo nearly disappeared due to overhunting.
• One effect of overhunting was the disappearance of nearly all the
buffalo.
19. EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
• Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently
• Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters
killed buffalo by the thousands.
20. EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
• Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently
• Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters
killed buffalo by the thousands.
• The US Army needed meat; consequently, hunters killed buffalo
by the thousands.
21. EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
• Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently
• Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters
killed buffalo by the thousands.
• The US Army needed meat; consequently, hunters killed buffalo
by the thousands.
• Coordinators - so
22. EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
• Transitions Words & Phrases - therefore, thus, consequently
• Workers building the railroads needed meat; therefore, hunters
killed buffalo by the thousands.
• The US Army needed meat; consequently, hunters killed buffalo
by the thousands.
• Coordinators - so
• Plains Indians traded with settlers for goods, so they began killing
buffalo in larger numbers.
24. EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
• Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for
25. EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
• Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for
• Overhunting resulted in the near extinction of buffalo.
26. EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
• Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for
• Overhunting resulted in the near extinction of buffalo.
• Low numbers of buffalo had an effect on the lives of the Plains
Indians.
27. EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
• Others - result in, caused, have an effect, the cause/reason for
• Overhunting resulted in the near extinction of buffalo.
• Low numbers of buffalo had an effect on the lives of the Plains
Indians.
• The rescue of buffalo from extinction is a cause of celebration.
29. PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a
fish and does not let go.
Hands bloodied.
30. PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly
Hands bloodied. pear root.
31. PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
Cause
FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly
Hands bloodied. pear root.
32. PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
Cause Effect
FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly
Hands bloodied. pear root.
33. PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
Cause Effect
FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly
Hands bloodied. pear root.
• Arliss’s hand was wrapped in a poultice, for holding onto a fish with
bare hands causes a fish to cut flesh with it’s fins.
34. PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
Cause Effect
FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly
Hands bloodied. pear root.
• Arliss’s hand was wrapped in a poultice, for holding onto a fish with
bare hands causes a fish to cut flesh with it’s fins.
• Mother wrapped his hand in a poultice because Arliss got finned
by a fish.
35. PRACTICE CAUSE SIGNAL WORDS
Cause Effect
FYI/ME - Arliss holds on to a FYI/ME - Mother wraps his
fish and does not let go. hands in poultice of prickly
Hands bloodied. pear root.
• Arliss’s hand was wrapped in a poultice, for holding onto a fish with
bare hands causes a fish to cut flesh with it’s fins.
• Mother wrapped his hand in a poultice because Arliss got finned
by a fish.
• Arliss’s bloody hands were due to holding on to a fish.
38. PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and
useless. returned to the Fox.
39. PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
Cause
ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and
useless. returned to the Fox.
40. PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
Cause Effect
ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and
useless. returned to the Fox.
41. PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
Cause Effect
ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and
useless. returned to the Fox.
• Uncle called Wong Ming-Chung useless; consequently, his feelings
were hurt and Wong Ming-Chung returned to the Fox.
42. PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
Cause Effect
ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and
useless. returned to the Fox.
• Uncle called Wong Ming-Chung useless; consequently, his feelings
were hurt and Wong Ming-Chung returned to the Fox.
• Uncle said some hurtful thing so Wong Ming-Chung cried and went
back to the Fox.
43. PRACTICE EFFECT SIGNAL WORDS
Cause Effect
ME - Uncle called WMC EM/ME - WMC cried and
useless. returned to the Fox.
• Uncle called Wong Ming-Chung useless; consequently, his feelings
were hurt and Wong Ming-Chung returned to the Fox.
• Uncle said some hurtful thing so Wong Ming-Chung cried and went
back to the Fox.
• The cause of Wong-Ming-Chung returning to the Fox was Uncle’s
hurtful words.
