This document provides an overview of organizational behavior and research methods. It defines organizational behavior as the study of human behavior in organizations. It discusses both natural and social sciences as they relate to organizational behavior. Key research methods covered include observation, questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The document also outlines different types of interviews, observations, and research designs such as experiments, case studies, and surveys.

1. ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOR
Chapter # 1
Natural And Social
Sciences
Prepared By:
Muhammad Riaz Khan
M.Com (Final)
Government College Of Management
Sciences Peshawar
Cell: +923139533123 1

2. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Definition:
“The
study of the human behavior with in the
Organization”.
“The
Study of structuring, Functioning and performing of
the organization and of the individual and groups within
them”. (it includes: Sociology, Psychology, Management,
Human Resource Management, Social psychology,
anthropology, Economics etc…)
“Organisation
Behaviour is concerned with the study of
what people do in an organisation and how that behaviour
affects the performance of the organisation.”
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3. WHAT IS HUMAN BEHAVIOR??
•The
capacity of mental, physical, emotional, and
social activities experienced during the five stages
of a human being's life i.e.- prenatal, infancy,
childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Includes
the behaviors as dictated by culture, society,
values, morals, ethics, and genetics.
•It includes the following:
Job satisfaction, Stress, Conflict, Job
environment, Organizational structure, group
etc…
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4. NATURAL SCIENCE
Definition:
“Natural sciences as disciplines that deal
only with natural events (i.e. independent and
dependent variables in nature) using scientific
methods“.
While the employment of scientific methods
is generally regarded as typical but not exclusive
of natural sciences, it is the focus on natural
events that distinguishes natural from social
science.
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5. NATURAL SCIENCE
 a):
Positive view:This states that we can study the behavior of
human like natural science through different
experiments i.e. wage/salary experiment
etc.
Apply different
Wage levels
High
To judge the
Moderate
Behavior of
Low
Employees
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6. NATURAL SCIENCE
 b):
Phenomenological view:
This view states that we can not study the
behavior of the human through natural sciences
because people change their behavior time to
time (or situation to situation).
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7. SOCIAL SCIENCES
 “The
research on the study of human behavior in
the society is called social sciences”.
 “Any
discipline or branch of science that deals
with the socio-cultural aspects of human
behavior. The social sciences generally include
cultural anthropology, economics, political
science, sociology, and social psychology”.
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8. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES
SOCIAL SCIENCES



Social sciences deals with the
intangible values of the human
like Motivation & perception.
In social sciences we can
measure the honesty and
loyalty level of the people by
different technique like
comparison, performance
appraisal etc.
In social sciences we can’t set
fixed & cleared laws, i.e. we
can not declare the whole
society as similar by studying
the behavior of a single
person.
NATURAL SCIENCES

Natural sciences deals with
only tangible values.

In natural sciences we can’t
study the honesty and loyalty
level of the people.

While in natural sciences we
can set fixed and cleared laws.
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9. Natural Sciences
Social Sciences
In social sciences we have
too many variables for the
study of the human
behavior.
 Repetition can not be done
in the social sciences in
respect of experiments.
 Different people have
different values, culture,
religion, tradition, attitudes,
ideology etc, that’s why we
can not generalize it.


While in natural sciences
there are not too much
variables.

While in natural sciences
we can repeat our
experimental process again
and again.

While in natural sciences
we can generalize the
experiments.
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10. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS
Research:



Research basically a technique on the basis of which we can collect
data.
Research is a systematic process through which we can collect data
to solve a specific problem.
A systematic investigation, testing and evaluation, designed to
develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.
Research Methods:




Observation
Questionnaire
Interview
Documentation analysis
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11. OBSERVATION


Watching and listening of specific situation to get information about
that situation is called observation
The act of careful watching and listening, the activity of paying close
attention to someone or something in order to get information.
Type of observation:
Following are the types of observation.
a)
Obtrusive Observation:
"Obtrusive observation" means you interact with test users, e.g.
by asking questions. With obtrusive observation you learn more
about the usefulness and acceptance of the system. (hidden
microphones or cameras observing behavior)
b)
Participative Observation:
Participant observation refers to a form of observation in which
the researcher takes on a role in the social situation under
observation. OR
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12. Participant observation is a way of studying and observing
peoples behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs through immersing
yourself in their activities. For example, you can gain knowledge
about how effective salesmen work through participant observation
c) Non participative Observation:
Non-participant observation is a research technique whereby the
researcher watches the subjects of his or her study, with their
knowledge, but without taking an active part in the situation under
scrutiny..
d)
Qualitative Observation:
A qualitative observation is an observation about essential
attributes of an object. For example, color, shape, texture, etc.
e)
Quantitative Observation:
A quantitative observation is an observation that can be described
or measured in concrete numerical quantity. For example, weight,
temperature, height, length, and mass
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13. QUESTIONNAIRE




List of a research or survey questions asked to
respondents, and designed to extract specific
information. It serves four basic purposes: to
(1) collect the appropriate data,
(2) make data comparable to analysis,
(3) minimize bias in formulating and asking question, and
(4) to make questions engaging and varied.
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14. INTERVIEW
i.
An interview is a conversation between two or more people where
questions are asked by one person (called interviewer) to elicit
facts or statements from the other person (called interviewee).
ii.
A formal discussion between a hirer and an applicant or
candidate, in which information is exchanged, with the intention of
establishing the applicant’s suitability for a position.
iii.
A formal meeting at which someone is asked questions in order to
find out whether he/she is suitable for a job.
iv.
A formal meeting in person, especially one arranged for the
assessment of the qualifications of an applicant.
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15. Types Of Interview
Following are the two major types of interview
Structured Interviews
Unstructured Interviews
The Structured Interview is a
data-gathering methodology that
involves a standard set of
questions asked in the same
manner and order. This method
usually results in a higher
response rate. This is also used
in recruitment to screen job
candidates.
Unstructured interviews are the
opposite to structured
interviews. Unstructured
interviews are more like an
everyday conversation. They
tend to be more informal, open
ended, flexible and free flowing.
Questions are not pre-set,
although there are usually
certain topics that the
researchers wish to cover. This
gives the interview some
structure and direction.
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16. DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
 Document
analysis is a social research method
and is an important research tool in its own right.
Documentary work involves reading lots of
written material (it helps to scan the documents
onto a computer and use a qualitative analysis
package). A document is something that we can
read and which relates to some aspect of the
social world. Official documents are intended to
be read as objective statements of fact but they
are themselves socially produced.
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17. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN
“A Research Design is a strategy or overall approach for
solving a research question or problem”.
Following are three main types of research design.
Experiments.
Case studies
Surveys
a) Experiments:
Experiments are tool which used to measure the effect
of one variable on another. For example we want to study
the effect of salary or wages on employees or workers
performance. For experimental purpose we increase the
remuneration of the employees. As a result, we see the
improvement in the performance of the employees.
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18. b) Case Studies:
The detailed investigation of individuals, groups, or
departments in an organization, or a whole organization is
called Case Studied. In Case Studies the researcher
establishes a relationship between causes and effect in past
occurred events and also record the time sequence for
those past events. Case Studies have been widely used in
organizational research. Case Studies of those
organizations that have introduce valuable investigations in
technology, organization design, and in human resource
policies are very helpful for other organizations.
c) Surveys:
It is the most popular social science research method,
and tends to be equated in the public mind with social
research. Surveys can be based on interview, questionnaire,
observation or document collection and analysis methods
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