Business and Management, HR, Culture, Globalization

1. Presented by: Rizwan Qamar

2. The View on Cultural Change from
Globalization Frameworks
Hyperglobalizers: homogenization of world
under American popular culture or Western
consumerism
Political Sceptics: thinness of global culture
relative to national cultures. Cultural differences
and conflicts along geopolitical faultlines.
Transformationalists: intermingling of cultures
and peoples: hybrids and new forms

3. What is Culture?
Social construction, articulation ad reception of
meaning (Held, et al 1998)
The arts
Commodified output of the culture industries (Film,
TV, Music)
Spontaneous expressions of everyday life
Complex interactions between all of these

4. What is Culture?
Religion
Ethnicity
Nationalism
Language
Other forms of Identity
The importance of forms of Communication

5. Cultural Globalization-concepts
Cultural globalization: the transmission of culture
globally
Facilitated by the movement of people, objects, signs
and symbols.
Travel
Movement of books and cultural artifacts
Key: forms of communication and transportation

6. Cultural Globalization-Concepts
Stretching
Diffusion
Deepening: wearing the groove deeper
Diverse encounters:
Homogenization
Contestation
Hybridization
Indifference

7. Cultural Globalization-Concepts
Is it all Coercion?
Proselytism
Evangelism
Empire
Better: “Modes of interaction”
Imposition
Emulation
Diffusion: hierarchical, contagious, relocation

8. Cultural Globalization-Concepts
Infrastructures and Institutionalization:
regularized and embedded change
Transportation and communication technologies
Social organization and systems: shipbuilding,
mapmaking, shipping companies, international
satellite companies, regulatory regimes, TV
programming
Languages: educational systems, training of teachers

9. Cultural Globalization: Historical Perspective
World Religions
Empires
Modern national cultures
Transnational secular ideologies
Contemporary cultural globalization

10. Cultural Globalization: Historical Perspective
World Religions: Christianity, Islam,
Confucianism, Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhismnone is present everywhere
Some odd pockets
1 million Japanese Shintoists in Brazil
Goan Catholics on west coast of India
Religious/Political/Military Power
Christianity
Islam
No proselytizing: Confusionism/Hinduism

13. Cultural Globalization: Historical Perspective
By 3 C. bce: Buddhism and Hinduism had their
contemporary spread
700 ce: Islam in core regions
16th/17th C. :Christianity reaches global presence
(Books)
World religions have given religious and political
elites immense power and resources, ability to
mobilize armies, and “governance”

15. Empires
Role of cultural power in creating and maintaining
political empires
Difficult to enforce rule at a distance
Armies and governments are expensive
Indirect rule: Universal ruling class
Kinship, belief, religion
 Political divisions become vertical between classes

Diffusion of culture provides cohesion

16. Roman Empire
Capacity to deploy political power.
Accomplished through innovations:
Logistical capabilities and civil engineering
Political community
Class solidarity
Shared cultural beliefs, rituals and aesthetics
Literacy was key among ruling class
Drama and poetry were used to build allegiance

17. The British Empire
Most global of any formal empire: “the sun never sets
on the British Empire”
Imperial educational policy
English medium schools in India, etc.
Elites went to Oxford and Cambridge
Imperial communications infrastructure
Telegraph to India by 1870

18. Modern National Cultures
Nation: cross-class community, whose shared
sense of identity, solidarity and interest is rooted
in an national identity ad common historical
experience (real, imagined or interpreted) and
whose central political project is the possession of
a distinctive state in a bounded territory.
Nationalism: Psychological and cultural affiliation
creating a connection with the community of the
nation
 Ethnic nationalism
 Civic nationalism
National culture: complex bodies of real and
imagined practice, belief, ritual and attitude

19. Modern National Cultures
Non existent before 18th century: Treaty of
Westphalia
National cultures invented and developed over
time
Cultural preconditions:
Literacy
National histories, myths and rituals,
Importance of state powers of taxation and
conscription

20. National Cultures
Task undertaken by diverse institutions
 Official language
 National schooling system
 Postal service and Communications structures (NBC,
ABC etc.) National press
 Standing army
Suppression or eradication of competing identities
and peripheral nationalisms
Key factors
 Memories/histories/myths
 Role of land/landscapes/places:
 Monuments
 National Parks
 sites of battle

21. Transnational Secular Ideologies
European modern culture is secular
Socialism and Marxism
Enlightenment ideologies:
Modern scientific worldview
liberal political discourse:
civil and political rights
 Limited government
 Self-determination

Capitalism
Globalism?

22. World Languages

23. Language Tree

24. Cultural Globalization/Global Culture Markets
Technologically driven
Economic liberalization driven: mergers and
acquisitions,deregulation, free trade barriers
reducedconcentration of ownership
Dominated by US, but Japanese, UK, and others are
present (see chart)

25. Global Media
Radio and the music industry
Political instrument: Voice of America, Radio
Venceremos
Instrument of Localism
Major source of communication in developing
countries for community/political/entertainment
Music is highly compatible with globalization: no need
for translation
Musical diaspora: religious, African, American
Modern forms are more mixed: Orquesta de Luz, El
Vez, World Music

26. Cinema and Television
US Dominates Film
Increasing growth of new film industries
Other industries: see chart
Television: more recent, higher level of individual
capital investment
Public quality initially, now Satellite and Cable have
changed control to private.

27. Tourism
Issues:
Expanding Awareness
Sex Tourism
Ecotourism and Rural Tourism: Contradictions?
Cultural Survival:
Who controls the production of culture?
 Tourism as an economic generator


28. Tourism
1950: 25.3 million tourists/$2 Billion
1995: 561 million tourists/$380 Billion
International Tourists:
Country
% of Tourists
 Europe
 Americas
 Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Korea)
 Africa
 Middle East
 South Asia
53%,
17%
17%
2.5%
1.2%
0.6%

29. Conclusion