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HHyyddrroollooggiicc OOvveerrvviieeww && 
QQuuaannttiittiieess 
IItt iiss iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo uunnddeerrssttaanndd tthhee bbiigg 
ppiiccttuurree wwhheenn aatttteemmppttiinngg ttoo ffoorreeccaasstt.. 
TThhiiss iinncclluuddeess tthhee iinntteerraaccttiivvee 
ccoommppoonneennttss aanndd hhyyddrroollooggiicc qquuaannttiittiieess..
HHyyddrroollooggiicc CCyyccllee
The complexity of what wwee aarree ttrryyiinngg ttoo 
aaccccoommpplliisshh…….. 
Infiltration 
Evaporation & 
Condensation 
The Water 
Budget 
Photosynthesis & 
Respiration 
Antecedent 
Moisture 
Conditions 
Transpiration & 
Interception 
Variable Source 
Area 
Time of 
Concentration The “sphere” concept was borrowed 
from Dr. Peter Black: 
Watershed Hydrology – 2nd Edition, 
Peter Black, 1996, Ann Arbor Press 
(ISBN# 1-5704 027-1)
MMooddeellss ttrryy ttoo mmiimmiicc tthhiiss!! 
Basin Process 
Representation 
Infiltration 
Excess Precip. 
Interception 
Storage 
Time 
Series Time 
Series
FFrroomm AA BBaassiinn VViieeww 
Excess Precip. 
Excess Precip. 
Model 
Basin “Routing” 
Runoff 
Stream Hydrograph 
“Routing”
TThhee RRuunnooffff PPiiccttuurree 
• HHyyddrroollooggyy iiss lloonngg tteerrmm aanndd sshhoorrtt tteerrmm…….. 
• IInn tthhiiss ccoouurrssee wwee wwiillll mmaaiinnllyy ffooccuuss oonn tthhee 
sshhoorrtt tteerrmm:: 
• FFllooooddss && fflloooodd fflloowwss.. 
• GGeenneerraattiinngg rruunnooffff//hhiigghh fflloowwss.. 
• PPrreeddiiccttiinngg//ffoorreeccaassttiinngg fflloowwss.. 
• SSppaaccee//ttiimmee ssccaalleess..
RReecciippee((ss)) ffoorr aa FFlloooodd//HHiigghh 
FFlloowwss 
• WWhhaatt ccaauusseess aa fflloooodd // hhiigghh ffllooww?? 
• WWhhaatt aarree tthhee ccoonnddiittiioonnss?? 
• WWhhaatt aarree tthhee ttyyppeess ooff ffllooooddiinngg ssiittuuaattiioonnss?? 
• YYoouurr aarreeaa oorr ootthheerr aarreeaass……....
WWhhaatt AArree tthhee DDeeffiinniinngg 
CChhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss ooff aa FFlloooodd?? 
• TTiimmiinngg –– rriissee ttiimmee, rreecceessssiioonn, dduurraattiioonn.. 
• FFlloowwss –– ppeeaakk fflloowwss, mmaaggnniittuuddee 
((ssttaattiissttiiccaall)).. 
• PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn –– iinntteennssiittyy, dduurraattiioonn, 
ffrreeqquueennccyy……..
WWhhaatt CCoonnttrroollss tthhee TTiimmiinngg, FFllooww, 
aanndd PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn?? 
• TThhee hhyyddrroollooggyy –– sshhoorrtt tteerrmm aanndd lloonngg tteerrmm.. 
• TThhee mmeetteeoorroollooggyy –– sshhoorrtt tteerrmm 
((wweeaatthheerr//ssttoorrmm ttyyppee)) aanndd lloonngg tteerrmm 
((cclliimmaattee))..
SShhoorrtt TTeerrmm 
WWeeaatthheerr ((ssttoorrmm ttyyppee)) && ““ccuurrrreenntt hhyyddrroollooggiicc 
ccoonnddiittiioonnss””
Watershed CChhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss 
• AArreeaa 
• SSllooppee 
• LLaanndd UUssee 
• SSooiillss 
• GGeeoollooggyy 
• CClliimmaattee 
• GGeeoommoorrpphhoollooggyy
SSoommee ooff tthhee ““RRiigghhtt”” 
CCoommbbiinnaattiioonnss…….. 
• PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn ––vvss..-- iinnffiillttrraattiioonn 
– PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn iinntteennssiittyy >> iinnffiillttrraattiioonn rraattee 
– PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn ttoottaall >> iinnffiillttrraattiioonn ccaappaacciittyy 
– ““SSttoorraaggee”” iinn tthhee ssyysstteemm iiss ffuullll 
– HHuummaann iinndduucceedd hhiigghh wwaatteerr oorr fflloowwss 
– NNaattuurraall aalltteerraattiioonnss ttoo tthhee wwaatteerrsshheedd
OOuurr FFooccuuss -- FFoorreeccaassttiinngg 
• MMuusstt bbee bbootthh sshhoorrtt && lloonngg tteerrmm.... 
• TThhee ccoommbbiinnaattiioonn((ss)) ooff pprreecciippiittaattiioonn aanndd 
hhyyddrroollooggiicc ccoonnddiittiioonnss tthhaatt lleeaadd ccrreeaattee aa 
ppootteennttiiaall ffllooooddiinngg ssiittuuaattiioonn…… 
• ““bbaassiinn hhyyddrroollooggyy”” –– bbaassiinn hhyyddrroollooggyy llooookkss 
aatt tthhee hhyyddrroollooggiicc bbuuddggeett iinn bbootthh tthhee sshhoorrtt 
aanndd lloonngg tteerrmm..
How much wwaatteerr iiss tthheerree?? 
DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn ooff EEaarrtthh''ss WWaatteerrss aanndd RReessiiddeennccee 
TTiimmeess........ 
Location of 
Storage 
Total Water 
(acre-feet) 
Percent of 
Total 
Percent of 
Fresh 
Residence 
Time 
(years) 
Total water on 
earth 
1.033 x 1015 100.0 
Oceans 1.0 x 1015 96.8 
Total Fresh 
Water 
3.314 x 1013 3.2 100.0 6977 
Ice and 
Glaciers 
2.475 x 1013 75.4 5210 
Groundwater 
Deep 
4.62 x 1012 14.0 973 
Groundwater 
Shallow 
3.63 x 1012 11.0 764 
Lakes 9.9 x 1010 0.3 21 
Biosphere 8.1 x 1010 0.24 17.1 
Soil Moisture 1.98 x 1010 0.06 4.17 
Atmosphere 1.155 x 1010 0.035 2.43 
Rivers 9.9 x 1010 0.003 2.1
Units && PPrrooppeerrttiieess ooff 
WWaatteerr 
Property Symbol Value Comments 
Density 
r  ~1.94 slugs/ft3 
(mass/volume) 
~ 1.0 g/cm3 
Slug = lb*s2/ft 
Specific Weight 
(weight/volume) 
g  62.4 Lbs/ft3 
9.81 kN/m3 
g = rg 
Specific Volume n  n = 1/r  
Specific Gravity s.g. 1.0 for water 
@ 32.9o F 
s.g.fluid = 
gfluid/gwater 
Vapor Pressure ~0.4 psi Vapor pressure of 
the fluid - not the 
atmosphere
SSoommee CCoommmmoonn UUnniitt CCoonnvveerrssiioonnss 
AArreeaa 
• 11 aaccrree == 4433,,556600 fftt22 
• 11 mmii22 == 664400 aaccrreess 
• 11 hheeccttaarree == 110000mm xx 110000mm == 22..447711 aaccrreess == 1100,,000000 
mm22 
• 11 kkmm22 == 00..338866 mmii22
VVoolluummee 
• 11 aaccrree--ffoooott == 11 aacc--fftt == 11 aaccrree ooff wwaatteerr xx 11 ffoooott ddeeeepp 
== 4433,,556600 xx 11 == 4433,,556600 fftt33 
• 11 aacc--iinncchh == 11 aaccrree xx 11 iinncchh ddeeeepp == 4433,,556600 xx 11//1122 == 
33,,663300 fftt33 
• 11 fftt33 == 77..4488 ggaalllloonnss 
• 11 ggaalllloonn HH22OO ~~ 88..3344 llbbss..
RRuunnooffff VVoolluummee 
• 11--iinncchh ooff rruunnooffff oovveerr 11 ssqquuaarree mmiillee :: 
• 11//1122 ffeeeett xx 11 mmii22 xx 664400 aaccrreess//mmii22 xx 4433,,556600 
fftt22//mmii22 == 22,,332233,,220000 fftt33
DDiisscchhaarrggee 
• 11 ccffss == 11 ccuubbiicc ffoooott ppeerr sseeccoonndd 
• 11 ccffss xx 77..4488 ggaall//fftt33 xx 33660000 sseecc//hhrr xx 2244 hhrrss//ddaayy == 
664466,,227722 ggppdd == 00..664466 MMGGDD 
• 11 ccffss xx 33660000 sseecc//hhrr xx 2244 hhrrss//ddaayy == 8866,,440000 ccffss//ddaayy 
• 8866,,440000 ccffss//ddaayy xx 11 aacc--fftt//4433,,556600 fftt33 == 11..998833 aacc--fftt//ddaayy 
((~~ 22 aacc--fftt//ddaayy)) 
• 11..998833 aacc--fftt//ddaayy xx 1122 iinncchheess//fftt xx 11 ddaayy//2244 hhrrss == 
00..999922 aacc--iinn//hhrr 
• 11 aacc--iinn//hhrr xx 4433,,556600 fftt33//aacc--fftt xx 11 hhrr//33660000 sseecc xx 11 fftt//1122 
iinncchheess == 11..000088 ccffss
PPoowweerr 
• HHpp == gHHQQ//555500 
• 11 hhpp == 555500 fftt**llbb//sseecc == 00..77554477 kkiilloowwaattttss 
g = weight of water 
H = head or elevation difference 
Q = flow 
Hydropower wants a lot of flow and 
a full reservoir…..

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2 hydrology overview_quantities

  • 1. HHyyddrroollooggiicc OOvveerrvviieeww && QQuuaannttiittiieess IItt iiss iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo uunnddeerrssttaanndd tthhee bbiigg ppiiccttuurree wwhheenn aatttteemmppttiinngg ttoo ffoorreeccaasstt.. TThhiiss iinncclluuddeess tthhee iinntteerraaccttiivvee ccoommppoonneennttss aanndd hhyyddrroollooggiicc qquuaannttiittiieess..
  • 3. The complexity of what wwee aarree ttrryyiinngg ttoo aaccccoommpplliisshh…….. Infiltration Evaporation & Condensation The Water Budget Photosynthesis & Respiration Antecedent Moisture Conditions Transpiration & Interception Variable Source Area Time of Concentration The “sphere” concept was borrowed from Dr. Peter Black: Watershed Hydrology – 2nd Edition, Peter Black, 1996, Ann Arbor Press (ISBN# 1-5704 027-1)
  • 4. MMooddeellss ttrryy ttoo mmiimmiicc tthhiiss!! Basin Process Representation Infiltration Excess Precip. Interception Storage Time Series Time Series
  • 5. FFrroomm AA BBaassiinn VViieeww Excess Precip. Excess Precip. Model Basin “Routing” Runoff Stream Hydrograph “Routing”
  • 6. TThhee RRuunnooffff PPiiccttuurree • HHyyddrroollooggyy iiss lloonngg tteerrmm aanndd sshhoorrtt tteerrmm…….. • IInn tthhiiss ccoouurrssee wwee wwiillll mmaaiinnllyy ffooccuuss oonn tthhee sshhoorrtt tteerrmm:: • FFllooooddss && fflloooodd fflloowwss.. • GGeenneerraattiinngg rruunnooffff//hhiigghh fflloowwss.. • PPrreeddiiccttiinngg//ffoorreeccaassttiinngg fflloowwss.. • SSppaaccee//ttiimmee ssccaalleess..
  • 7. RReecciippee((ss)) ffoorr aa FFlloooodd//HHiigghh FFlloowwss • WWhhaatt ccaauusseess aa fflloooodd // hhiigghh ffllooww?? • WWhhaatt aarree tthhee ccoonnddiittiioonnss?? • WWhhaatt aarree tthhee ttyyppeess ooff ffllooooddiinngg ssiittuuaattiioonnss?? • YYoouurr aarreeaa oorr ootthheerr aarreeaass……....
  • 8. WWhhaatt AArree tthhee DDeeffiinniinngg CChhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss ooff aa FFlloooodd?? • TTiimmiinngg –– rriissee ttiimmee, rreecceessssiioonn, dduurraattiioonn.. • FFlloowwss –– ppeeaakk fflloowwss, mmaaggnniittuuddee ((ssttaattiissttiiccaall)).. • PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn –– iinntteennssiittyy, dduurraattiioonn, ffrreeqquueennccyy……..
  • 9. WWhhaatt CCoonnttrroollss tthhee TTiimmiinngg, FFllooww, aanndd PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn?? • TThhee hhyyddrroollooggyy –– sshhoorrtt tteerrmm aanndd lloonngg tteerrmm.. • TThhee mmeetteeoorroollooggyy –– sshhoorrtt tteerrmm ((wweeaatthheerr//ssttoorrmm ttyyppee)) aanndd lloonngg tteerrmm ((cclliimmaattee))..
  • 10. SShhoorrtt TTeerrmm WWeeaatthheerr ((ssttoorrmm ttyyppee)) && ““ccuurrrreenntt hhyyddrroollooggiicc ccoonnddiittiioonnss””
  • 11. Watershed CChhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss • AArreeaa • SSllooppee • LLaanndd UUssee • SSooiillss • GGeeoollooggyy • CClliimmaattee • GGeeoommoorrpphhoollooggyy
  • 12. SSoommee ooff tthhee ““RRiigghhtt”” CCoommbbiinnaattiioonnss…….. • PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn ––vvss..-- iinnffiillttrraattiioonn – PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn iinntteennssiittyy >> iinnffiillttrraattiioonn rraattee – PPrreecciippiittaattiioonn ttoottaall >> iinnffiillttrraattiioonn ccaappaacciittyy – ““SSttoorraaggee”” iinn tthhee ssyysstteemm iiss ffuullll – HHuummaann iinndduucceedd hhiigghh wwaatteerr oorr fflloowwss – NNaattuurraall aalltteerraattiioonnss ttoo tthhee wwaatteerrsshheedd
  • 13. OOuurr FFooccuuss -- FFoorreeccaassttiinngg • MMuusstt bbee bbootthh sshhoorrtt && lloonngg tteerrmm.... • TThhee ccoommbbiinnaattiioonn((ss)) ooff pprreecciippiittaattiioonn aanndd hhyyddrroollooggiicc ccoonnddiittiioonnss tthhaatt lleeaadd ccrreeaattee aa ppootteennttiiaall ffllooooddiinngg ssiittuuaattiioonn…… • ““bbaassiinn hhyyddrroollooggyy”” –– bbaassiinn hhyyddrroollooggyy llooookkss aatt tthhee hhyyddrroollooggiicc bbuuddggeett iinn bbootthh tthhee sshhoorrtt aanndd lloonngg tteerrmm..
  • 14. How much wwaatteerr iiss tthheerree?? DDiissttrriibbuuttiioonn ooff EEaarrtthh''ss WWaatteerrss aanndd RReessiiddeennccee TTiimmeess........ Location of Storage Total Water (acre-feet) Percent of Total Percent of Fresh Residence Time (years) Total water on earth 1.033 x 1015 100.0 Oceans 1.0 x 1015 96.8 Total Fresh Water 3.314 x 1013 3.2 100.0 6977 Ice and Glaciers 2.475 x 1013 75.4 5210 Groundwater Deep 4.62 x 1012 14.0 973 Groundwater Shallow 3.63 x 1012 11.0 764 Lakes 9.9 x 1010 0.3 21 Biosphere 8.1 x 1010 0.24 17.1 Soil Moisture 1.98 x 1010 0.06 4.17 Atmosphere 1.155 x 1010 0.035 2.43 Rivers 9.9 x 1010 0.003 2.1
  • 15. Units && PPrrooppeerrttiieess ooff WWaatteerr Property Symbol Value Comments Density r ~1.94 slugs/ft3 (mass/volume) ~ 1.0 g/cm3 Slug = lb*s2/ft Specific Weight (weight/volume) g 62.4 Lbs/ft3 9.81 kN/m3 g = rg Specific Volume n n = 1/r Specific Gravity s.g. 1.0 for water @ 32.9o F s.g.fluid = gfluid/gwater Vapor Pressure ~0.4 psi Vapor pressure of the fluid - not the atmosphere
  • 16. SSoommee CCoommmmoonn UUnniitt CCoonnvveerrssiioonnss AArreeaa • 11 aaccrree == 4433,,556600 fftt22 • 11 mmii22 == 664400 aaccrreess • 11 hheeccttaarree == 110000mm xx 110000mm == 22..447711 aaccrreess == 1100,,000000 mm22 • 11 kkmm22 == 00..338866 mmii22
  • 17. VVoolluummee • 11 aaccrree--ffoooott == 11 aacc--fftt == 11 aaccrree ooff wwaatteerr xx 11 ffoooott ddeeeepp == 4433,,556600 xx 11 == 4433,,556600 fftt33 • 11 aacc--iinncchh == 11 aaccrree xx 11 iinncchh ddeeeepp == 4433,,556600 xx 11//1122 == 33,,663300 fftt33 • 11 fftt33 == 77..4488 ggaalllloonnss • 11 ggaalllloonn HH22OO ~~ 88..3344 llbbss..
  • 18. RRuunnooffff VVoolluummee • 11--iinncchh ooff rruunnooffff oovveerr 11 ssqquuaarree mmiillee :: • 11//1122 ffeeeett xx 11 mmii22 xx 664400 aaccrreess//mmii22 xx 4433,,556600 fftt22//mmii22 == 22,,332233,,220000 fftt33
  • 19. DDiisscchhaarrggee • 11 ccffss == 11 ccuubbiicc ffoooott ppeerr sseeccoonndd • 11 ccffss xx 77..4488 ggaall//fftt33 xx 33660000 sseecc//hhrr xx 2244 hhrrss//ddaayy == 664466,,227722 ggppdd == 00..664466 MMGGDD • 11 ccffss xx 33660000 sseecc//hhrr xx 2244 hhrrss//ddaayy == 8866,,440000 ccffss//ddaayy • 8866,,440000 ccffss//ddaayy xx 11 aacc--fftt//4433,,556600 fftt33 == 11..998833 aacc--fftt//ddaayy ((~~ 22 aacc--fftt//ddaayy)) • 11..998833 aacc--fftt//ddaayy xx 1122 iinncchheess//fftt xx 11 ddaayy//2244 hhrrss == 00..999922 aacc--iinn//hhrr • 11 aacc--iinn//hhrr xx 4433,,556600 fftt33//aacc--fftt xx 11 hhrr//33660000 sseecc xx 11 fftt//1122 iinncchheess == 11..000088 ccffss
  • 20. PPoowweerr • HHpp == gHHQQ//555500 • 11 hhpp == 555500 fftt**llbb//sseecc == 00..77554477 kkiilloowwaattttss g = weight of water H = head or elevation difference Q = flow Hydropower wants a lot of flow and a full reservoir…..