9. Femoral head has 3 sources of arterial
supply
extracapsular arterial ring
medial circumflex femoral artery (main supply to the
head)
from profunda femoris
lateral circumflex femoral artery
ascending cervical branches
artery to the ligamentum teres
from the obturator artery or MCFA
supplies perifoveal area
10.
11.
12. Associated with hip dislocations
-- Anterior hip dislocation.
-- Posterior hip dislocation.
location and size of the fracture fragment
and degree of comminution depend on
the position of the hip at the time of
dislocation.
13. Impaction, avulsion or shear forces involved
unrestrained passenger MVA (knee against dashboard)
falls from height
sports injury
industrial accidents
5-15% of posterior hip dislocations are associated
with a femoral head fracture
because of contact between femoral head and
posterior rim of acetabulum
anterior hip dislocations usually associated
with impaction/indentation fractures of the
femoral head
14.
15. Pipkin Classification
Type I Fx below fovea/ligamentum (small)
Does not involve the weightbearing portion of the
femoral head
Type II Fx above fovea/ ligamentum (larger)
Involves the weightbearing portion of the femoral
head
Type III Type I or II with associated femoral neck fx
High incidence of AVN
Type IV Type I or II with associated acetabular fx
(usually posterior wall fracture)
16.
17. History
frontal impact MVA with knee striking dashboard
fall from height
Symptoms
localized hip pain
unable to bear weight
other symptoms associated with impact
Physical exam
inspection
shortened lower limb
with large acetabular wall fractures, little to no rotational
asymmetry is seen
posterior dislocation
limb is flexed, adducted, internally rotated
anterior dislocation
limb is flexed, abducted, externally rotated
neurovascular
may have signs of sciatic nerve injury
18. Radiographs
recommended views
AP pelvis, lateral hip and Judet views
both pre-reduction and post-reduction
inlet and outlet views
if acetabular or pelvic ring injury suspected
CT scan
indications
after reduction
to evaluate:
concentric reduction
loose bodies in the joint
acetabular fracture
femoral head or neck fracture
19. Nonoperative
hip reduction
indications
acute dislocations
reduce hip dislocation within 6 hours
technique
obtain post reduction CT
TDWB x 4-6 weeks, restrict adduction and internal
rotation
indications
Pipkin I
undisplaced Pipkin II with < 1mm step off
no interposed fragments
stable hip joint
technique
perform serial radiographs to document maintained
reduction
20. Operative
--ORIF
indications
Pipkin II with > 1mm step off
if performing removal of loose bodies in the joint
associated neck or acetabular fx (Pipkin type III and IV)
polytrauma
irreducible fracture-dislocation
Pipkin IV
treatment dictated by characteristics of acetabular
fracture
small posterior wall fragments can be treated
nonsurgically and suprafoveal fractures can then be
treated through an anterior approach
21. Arthroplasty
indicationsPipkin I, II (displaced), III, and IV
in older patients
Fractures that are significantly displaced,
osteoporotic or comminuted
22.
23. Mechanism
high energy in young patients
low energy falls in older patients
24. Osteology
normal neck shaft-angle 130 +/- 7 degrees
normal anteversion 10 +/- 7 degrees
Blood supply to femoral head
major contributor is medial femoral
circumflex (lateral epiphyseal artery)
some contribution to anterior and inferior head from
lateral femoral circumflex
some contribution from inferior gluteal artery
small and insignificant supply from artery of
ligamentum teres
displacement of femoral neck fracture will disrupt
the blood supply and cause an intracapsular
hematoma (effect is controversial)
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. Symptoms
impacted and stress fractures
slight pain in the groin or pain referred along the medial
side of the thigh and knee
displaced fractures
pain in the entire hip region
Physical exam
impacted and stress fractures
no obvious clinical deformity
minor discomfort with active or passive hip range of
motion, muscle spasms at extremes of motion
pain with percussion over greater trochanter
displaced fractures
leg in external rotation and abduction, with shortening
31. Radiographs
recommended views
obtain AP pelvis and cross-table lateral, and full length
femur film of ipsilateral side
consider obtaining dedicated imaging of uninjured hip
to use as template intraop
traction-internal rotation AP hip is best for defining
fracture type
Garden classification is based on AP pelvis
CT
helpful in determining displacement and degree
of comminution in some patients
32. Nonoperative
observation alone
indications
may be considered in some patients
who are non-ambulators, have minimal
pain, and who are at high risk for
surgical intervention
33. cannulated screw fixation
indications
nondisplaced transcervical fx
Garden I and II fracture patterns in the
physiologically elderly
displaced transcervical fx in young patient
considered a surgical emergency
achieve reduction to limit vascular insult
reduction must be anatomic, so open if necessary
34.
35.
36. sliding hip screw or cephalomedullary nail
indications
basicervical fracture
vertical fracture pattern in a young patient
biomechanically superior to cannulated screws
consider placement of additional cannulated screw above
sliding hip screw to prevent rotation
hemiarthroplasty
indications
debilitated elderly patients
metabolic bone disease
total hip arthoplasty
indications
older active patients
patients with preexisting hip osteoarthritis
more predictable pain relief and better functional outcome than
hemiarthroplasty
arthroplasty for Garden III and IV in patient < 85 years
43. elderly
low energy falls in osteoporotic patients
young
high energy trauma
44. intertrochanteric area exists between greater and
lesser trochanters
made of dense trabecular bone
calcar femorale
vertical wall of dense bone that extends from
posteromedial aspect of femoral shaft to posterior
portion of femoral neck
Determines stability
48. Radiographs
recommended views
AP pelvis
AP of hip, cross table lateral
full length femur radiographs
CT or MRI
useful if radiographs are negative but physical
exam consistent with fracture
49. sliding hip compression screw
indications
stable intertrochanteric fractures
outcomes
equal outcomes when compared to intramedullary hip screws
for stable fracture patterns
intramedullary hip screw (cephalomedullary nail)
indications
stable fracture patterns
unstable fracture patterns
reverse obliquity fractures
56% failure when treated with sliding hip screw
subtrochanteric extension
lack of integrity of femoral wall
associated with increased displacement and collapse when
treated with sliding hip screw
50.
51.
52.
53.
54. Arthroplasty
indications
severely comminuted fractures
preexisting symptomatic degenerative arthritis
osteoporotic bone that is unlikely to hold
internal fixation
salvage for failed internal fixation
55. Subtrochanteric typically defined as area
from lesser trochanter to 5cm distal
fractures with an associated
intertrochanteric component may be called
intertrochanteric fracture with
subtrochanteric extension
peritrochanteric fracture
56.
57.
58. Symptoms
hip and thigh pain
inability to bear weight
Physical exam
pain with motion
typically associated with obvious deformity
(shortening and varus alignment)
flexion of proximal fragment may threaten
overlying skin
59. Radiographs
views
AP and lateral of the hip
AP pelvis
full length femur films including the knee
additional views
traction views may assist with defining fragments in
comminuted patterns but is not required
findings
bisphosphonate-related fractures have
lateral cortical thickening
transverse fracture orientation
medial spike
lack of comminution
60.
61. Nonoperative
observation with pain management
indications
non-ambulatory patients with medical co-morbidities that would
not allow them to tolerate surgery
limited role due to strong muscular forces displacing fracture and
inability to mobilize patients without surgical intervention
Operative
intramedullary nailing (usually cephalomedullary)
indications
historically Russel-Taylor type I fractures
newer design of intramedullary nails has expanded indications
most subtrochanteric fractures treated with IM nail
fixed angle plate
indications
surgeon preference
associated femoral neck fracture
narrow medullary canal
pre-existing femoral shaft deformity
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68. Growth centers of the proximal
femurproximal femoral epiphysis
accounts for 13-15% of leg length
accounts for 30% length of femur
proximal femoral physis grows 3 mm/yr
entire lower limb grows 23 mm/yr
trochanteric apophysis
traction apophysis
contributes to femoral neck growth
disordered growth
injury to the GT apophysis leads to shortening of the
GT and coxa valga
overgrowth of the GT apophysis leads to coxa vara
69.
70. Nonoperative
--spica cast in abduction, weekly radiographs for 3wks
indications
Type IA, II, III, IV, nondisplaced, <4yrs
71.
72. Operative emergent ORIF, capsulotomy, or joint aspiration
indications
open hip fracture
vessel injury where large vessel repair is required
concomitant hip dislocation or significant displacement, especially type I
may decrease the rate of AVN (supporting data equivocal)
closed reduction internal fixation (CRIF)/ percutaneous pinning
(CRPP)
indications
Type II, displaced
postop spica (abduction and internal rotation) x 6-12wk
Type III and IV, displaced and older children
open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)
indications
Type IB
pediatric hip screw / DHS
indications
Type IV
73. Definition. femoral shaft fracture is defined as a fracture of
the diaphysis occurring between 5 cm distal to the lesser
trochanter and 5 cm proximal to the adductor tubercle
High energy injuries frequently associated with life-
threatening conditions
74. Traumatic
high-energy
most common in younger population
often a result of high-speed motor vehicle accidents
low-energy
more common in elderly
often a result of a fall from standing
gunshot
75. largest and strongest bone in the body
femur has an anterior bow
linea aspera
rough crest of bone running down middle third of
posterior femur
attachment site for various muscles and fascia
acts as a compressive strut to accommodate
anterior bow to femur
81. Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) should be initiated
Symptoms
pain in thigh
Physical exam
inspection
tense, swollen thigh
blood loss in closed femoral shaft fractures is 1000-1500ml
for closed tibial shaft fractures, 500-1000ml
blood loss in open fractures may be double that of closed
fractures
affected leg often shortened
tenderness about thigh
motion
examination for ipsilateral femoral neck fracture often difficult
secondary to pain from fracture
neurovascular
must record and document distal neurovascular status
82. recommended views
AP and lateral views of entire femur
AP and lateral views of ipsilateral hip
important to rule-out coexisting femoral neck
fracture
AP and lateral views of ipsilateral knee
83. Nonoperative
long leg cast
indications
nondisplaced femoral shaft fractures in patients with multiple
medical comorbidities
Operative
antegrade intramedullary nail with reamed technique
indications
gold standard for treatment of diaphyseal femur fractures
outcomes
stabilization within 24 hours is associated with
decreased pulmonary complications (ARDS)
decreased thromboembolic events
improved rehabilitation
decreased length of stay and cost of hospitalization
exception is a patient with a closed head injury
critical to avoid hypotension and hypoxemia
consider provisional fixation (damage control)
84. Retrograde intramedullary nail with
reamed technique
indications
ipsilateral femoral neck fracture
floating knee (ipsilateral tibial shaft fracture)
use same incision for tibial nail
ipsilateral acetabular fracture
does not compromise surgical approach to acetabulum
multiple system trauma
bilateral femur fractures
avoids repositioning
morbid obesity
85.
86.
87.
88. ORIF with plate
indications
ipsilateral neck fracture requiring screw fixation
fracture at distal metaphyseal-diaphyseal
junction
inability to access medullary canal
89.
90.
91.
92. Defined as fxs from articular surface to 5cm
above metaphyseal flare
Mechanism
young patients
high energy with significant displacement
older patients
low energy in osteoporotic bone with less
displacement
93. anatomical axis of distal femur is 6-7 degrees
of valgus
lateral cortex of femur slopes ~10 degrees,
medial cortex slopes ~25 degrees
96. Radiographs
obtain standard AP and Lat
traction views
AP, Lat, and oblique traction views can help characterize injury
CT
obtain with frontal and sagittal reconstructions
useful for
establish intra-articular involvement
identify separate osteochondral fragments in the area of the
intercondylar notch
identify coronal plane fx (Hoffa fx)
38% incidence of Hoffa fx's in Type C fractures
preoperative planning
Angiography
indicated when diminished distal pulses after gross
alignment restored
97. open reduction internal fixation
indications
displaced fracture
intra-articular fracture
nonunion
goals
need anatomic reduction of joint
stable fixation of articular component to shaft
preserve vascularity
technique (see below)
postoperative
early ROM of knee important
non-weight bearing or touch toe weight-bearing for 6-8
weeks
quadriceps and hamstring strength exercises
105. • retrograde IM nail
• indications
• good for supracondylar fx without significant
comminution
• preferred implant in osteoporotic bone
• distal femoral replacement
• indications
• unreconstructable fracture
• fracture around prior total knee arthroplasty with
loose component
106.
107. correlated with age due to the increasing
thickness of the cortical shaft during skeletal
growth and maturity
falls most common cause in toddlers
high energy trauma is responsible for second
peak in adolescents
MVC or ped vs vehicle
fractures after minor trauma can be the
result of a pathologic process
bone tumors, OI, osteopenia, etc.
108. Descriptive classification
characteristics of the fracture
transverse
comminuted
spiral etc.
integrity of soft-tissue envelope
open
closed fracture
Stability
length stable fractures
are typically transverse or short oblique
length unstable fractures
are spiral or comminuted fractures
109. Based on age and size of patient and fracture
pattern
Guidelines provided by AAOS
110.
111.
112. Physeal considerations of the knee general
assumptions
leg growth continues until
16 yrs in boys
14 yrs in girls
growth contribution
leg grows 23 mm/year, with most of that coming
from the knee (15 mm/yr)
proximal femur - 3 mm / yr (1/8 in)
distal femur - 9 mm / yr (3/8 in)
proximal tibia - 6 mm / yr (1/4 in)
distal tibia - 5 mm / yr (3/16 in)
113. Symptoms
unable to bear weight
Physical exam
pain and swelling
tenderness along the physis in the presence of a
knee effusion
may see varus or valgus knee instability on exam
114. MRI or ultrasound is now the diagnositic
modality of choice when confirmation of a
physeal fracture is needed
follow up radiographs after 2-3 weeks of
casting can be used as treatment if physeal
injury is likely but not identifiable on injury
films
stress radiographs to look for opening of the
physis were indicated in the past if there was
suspicion of physeal injury
115.
116. Nonoperative
long leg casting
indications
stable nondisplaced fractures
close clinical followup is mandatory
117. Operative
closed reduction and percutaneous pinning
followed by casting
indications
displaced Salter-Harris I or II fractures
displaced fractures successfully reduced with closed
methods should still be pinned (undulating physis
makes unstable following reduction)
technique
avoid multiple attempts at reduction
avoid physis with hardware if possible
if physis must be crossed (SH I and SH II with small
Thurston-Holland fragments), use smooth k-wires
SH II fracture, if possible, should be fixed with lag screws
across the metaphyseal segment avoiding the physis
postoperatively follow closely to monitor for deformity
118. indications
Salter-Harris III and IV in order to anatomically
reduce articular surface
irreducible SHI and SHII fractures
reduction often blocked by periosteum infolding into
fracture site
techniques
If anatomic reduction cannot be obtained via
closed techniques, incision over the displaced
physis to remove interposed periosteum is
necessary.