As user interactions have become more central to specific classes of information systems, design theorizing must expand to support the processes of interaction and the evolution of information systems. This theorizing goes beyond user-aided, participatory design to consider users as designers in their own right during the ongoing creation and recreation of information systems. Recent theorizing about an emerging class of tailorable systems proposes that such systems undergo an initial, primary design process where features are built in prior to general release. Following implementation, people engage in a secondary design process where functions and content emerge during interaction, modification, and embodiment of the system in use. This case study reveals that people are engaged designers, framed by dualities in behaviors including planned and emergent behaviors, and participatory and reifying behaviors. We contribute to design science research by extending work on tailorable systems, investigating processes of secondary design in a highly interactive system suited to support user engagement. We also contribute more broadly to design science research by explicitly extending behavioral aspects associated with the use of information system artifacts.

1. Secondary Design: A Case
of Behavioral Design
Science Research
Shahid
Cungen

2. Outline
Design Science Research
Secondary Design Research
Behavioral Design Science Research
A Case Study: an Example of Wikipedia
Conclusion

3. Design Science Research
Design Science Research
The process of developing artifacts (systems)
Excluding people or elements of organization;
Excluding the process by which artifacts evolve.

4. Secondary Design Research
Secondary Design
Tasks and contexts of system will change
To accommodate greater competencies of using
systems
To build artifacts through application of learned use
patterns
behaviorally-oriented systems should not over-
specify and determine anticipated use patterns

5. Secondary Design Research
Multi-level process:
Functional layer
Organizations and the public mash-up systems and
services in the creation of new and unknown
couplings of seemingly disparate services.
Content layer
Adjustment to the manner of representations and
embodiments of system

6. Behavioral Design Science Research
Behavioral perspectives to secondary design:
Framing: Embodied Interaction
 technology shapes people’s activities and in turn, is shaped
by people’s activities.
Framing: Dualities of Secondary Design
Planned/Emergent
Participation/Reification(representing)

7. A Case Study about Wikipedia
 Planned/Emergent

8. A Case Study about Wikipedia
 Participation/Reification

9. conclusion
Secondary design is a mix of embodiment and
emergence
Design theorizing must incorporate the
processes for construction of meaning,
embodied users’ interactions, and the manner
in which the system may evolve.
Behavioral perspective is important for
studying information systems needing
secondary design.

10. Thank You

11. Questions
 Which principles are crucial to changing design perspective from Primary to
Secondary and vice versa? Which one has the most importance any why? (664)
 How to tranform an exisiting primary design in to secondary design? Any
examples from organizational perspective? (664-665)
 What are the limitations of secondary design at content layer?