assignment polymer

1. KEJ4604 POLIMER DAN ALAM
SEKITAR
Tahun 3 [Semester 6]
Kumpulan 4
UK31701 MOHAMAD ZARIF BIN ABDULLAH
SHOKRI
UK31514 ABDUL MUN'IM BIN RAMLI
Date : 25/04/16

3. World Synthetic Polymers Production
in 2007

4. World Plastics Production 1950 - 2007

5. Why are Additives added to Polymers?
Three Functional Classes for Additives:
• 1) Additives which are essential to fabrication
of parts
• 2) Those which improve properties
• 3) Those which correct problems caused by
the other additives !

6. Compounding of Additives into
Polymers

7. Example of Additives used in Plastics
• Mineral Reinforcement/Fillers: improve stiffness, surface hardness, cost
reduction
• Dyes and Pigments: color & appearance
• Antioxidants & stabilizers: delay/prevent oxidation during
processing/application
• UV Stabilizers: interfere with light-induced degradation, weathering
• Blowing Agents: production of foams, weight reduction
• Lubricants: improvement in processing, release properties
• Coupling Agents: impart compatibility between polymer & additives
• Antistats/Conductives: prevent electrostatic discharge, improve
conductivity
• Antimicrobials: prevent microbiological attack and property degradation
• Impact Modifiers: enhance toughness of material to impact
• Optical Brighteners: enhance appearance, off-set yellow color
• Fire Retardants: prevent ignition & flame spread, prolong escape time

8. What are Fire Retardants?
• Fire retardants are chemicals which are added
to many materials to increase their fire safety.
For example, many plastics are highly
flammable and therefore their fire resistance
is increased by adding flame retardants in
order to reduce the risk of fire.

9. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI)

10. Fire Retardant Selection Criteria
• Efficiency/Cost
• Ease of Compounding
• Adequate Thermal Stability
• Corrosivity Issues
• Physical Properties
• Appearance
• Compatibility (Migration?)
• Environment/Toxicity
• UV Stability/Weathering
• Electrical Properties
• Combustion Products (corrosives, toxics, smoke)

11. Example Structure of Fire Retardants

12. Ignition Inhibitors
• An important way of inhibiting the ignition of
polymeric materials is to increase the
formation of carbonaceous ‘chars’ at the
expense of combustible fuels.
• Ammonium phosphate has been used for
many years as a flame retardant for cotton
and is known to work by catalyzing the
formation of carbon and water

13. Cont.
• effective in poly(urethane) foams which form
a major component of much domestic
upholstery
• Ammonium polyphosphate appears to cross-
link the polymer at high temperatures, thus
increasing the probability of carbon-carbon
bond formation in the condensed phase

14. Vapour Phase Retarders
• Bromine compounds and to a lesser extent
chlorine compounds are known to be
inhibitors of the branching radical chain
reactions that occur in flames
• H+ + 02 - *O+ + *OH
• *OH + CO - H* + CO2

15. Cont.
• Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide
both inhibit these reactions by being
converted into the relatively unreactive
halogen atoms (X.) and may be looked upon as
high temperature chain-breaking antioxidants
• H* + HX ------+ H2 + X*
• *OH + HX - H20 + X.

16. • Hydrogen halides have to be released over a wide
temperature range for maximum effectiveness
• and this is achieved using the synergist,
antimony triode (Sb,O,) which, although
ineffective by itself,
• increases the effectiveness of bromine-containing
flame retardants almost three times.
• It is believed that more thermally stable antimony
bromides are formed
• which partially replace hydrogen bromide in the
gas phase:
• SbBr3 + H* - SbBr2 + HBr

17. Inert Gas Generators
• Water vapour is an excellent flame
extinguisher because it vaporises with the
absorption of heat and then excludes oxygen
from the site of the fire
• A similar principle has been developed by
incorporating hydrated metal oxides that
liberate water under combustion conditions

18. Global Consumption of Flame
Retardants (2007)

19. Global Flame Retardant Market
• Recent BCC Research Study: the global market for flame retardant chemicals will
grow to $6.1 B in 2014 (Compound annual growth rate of 7%).

20. Fire Retardants Consumption by
Region global consumption

21. Global FR Uses by Polymers all
applications

22. Fire Retardant Consumption by final
application

23. Concerns about Fire Retardants
• findings of certain brominated flame
retardants in the environment, biota, humans
• some concern about certain phosphate esters
in indoor air
• source of endocrine disruption ?
• FR Persistence, Bioaccumulation, Toxicity (PBT)
?
• risk assessments, scientific studies for
materials of concern

24. Ignition Source in contact with Household
Appliances (non-Fire Retardant)

26. Conclusion
• Plastics are widely used in our society. The global
consumption of plastic materials is increasing. New
materials and applications are being developed.
• It is necessary to add Fire Retardants to some plastics
(dependent on application).
• Fire retardant consumption is growing globally due to
increased standard of living and fire safety
requirements..
• There is a trend towards more environmentally
compatible
• Fire Retardants additives are beneficial to prevent
ignition, flame spread & prolong escape time.

27. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
POLYMER ADDITIVES

28. Introduction
additive (in polymer)-Substance added to a polymer.
Polymer Additive - A chemical or other material added to a
polymer formulation in order to change the end property or
properties of the polymer product.

29. Introduction
polymer additive is usually a minor component of the mixture
formed and usually modifies the properties of the polymer.
Examples of polymer additives are antioxidants, plasticizers,
flame retardants, processing aids, other polymers, colorants,
UV absorbers, and extenders.

30. Main functions of polymer additives
Main function Agents
Polymerisation/chemical modification
aids
• Accelerators
• Cross-linking agents
• Chain growth regulators
• Promoters
• Compatibilisers
Improvement in processability and
productivity (transformation aids)
• Defoaming and blowing agents
• Flow promoters
• Plasticisers
• Thixotropic agents, thickening agents
• Processing aids
• Release agents
Increased resistance to degradation
during processing or application
• Acid scavengers
• Metal deactivators
• Biostabilisers Processing/thermal
• Stabilisers
• Light/UV stabilisers

31. Main functions of polymer additives
Improvement/modification of mechanical
properties
• Compatibilisers
• Impact modifiers (elastomers)
• Cross-linking agents
• Nucleating agents
• Fibrous reinforcements (glass, carbon)
• Plasticisers or flexibilisers
• Fillers and particle reinforcements
Improvement of product performance • Antistatic agents
• Friction agents
• Blowing agents
• Odour modifiers
• EMI shielding agents
• Plasticisers
• Flame retardants
• Smoke suppressants

32. Main functions of polymer additives
Improvement of surface properties • Adhesion promoters
• Lubricants Antifogging agents
• Slip and antiblocking agents
• Antistatic agents
• Surfactants
• Antiwear additives
• Wetting agents
• Coupling agents
Improvement of optical properties • Nucleating agents
• Pigments and colorants
• Optical brighteners
Reduction of formulation cost • Diluents and extenders
• Particulate fillers

33. Needs of Polymers Additives
• improve performance and/or durability.
• Polypropylene is an outstanding example
showing how polymer additives can change a
vulnerable and unstable macromolecular material
into a high-volume market product.
• Increase resistance to heat, light , flame
retardancy, electrical conductivity,
• Higher service temperature, dynamic and
mechanical strength, stronger resistance against
chemicals or radiation, and odourless
formulations.

34. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
POLYMER ADDITIVES
• arylamine antioxidants for rubber were toxic.
example is a-naphthylamine
A carcinogen, which was frequently found as a
minor impurity (up to 50 ppm) in commercial aryl
naphthylamines; notably, the widely used tyre
antioxidant phenyl-P-naphthylamine, PBN.

35. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
POLYMER ADDITIVES
• very long induction period before overt signs of
cancer began to appear.

36. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
POLYMER ADDITIVES
• the intermediate aldehydes and quinones formed
from phenols (Scheme 3.10), are known to be
potentially toxic to animals

37. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF
POLYMER ADDITIVES

38. • Problem with pvc plasticiser

39. Health implications of DEHP Plasticiser

40. Reference
• Jan C.J. Bart. (2005). Additives in polymers :
industrial analysis and application. DSM Research,
The Netherlands : John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Scott Lambert. (2013). Environmental Risk of
Polymers and their Degradation
Products.University of York
• GERALD SCOTT. (1999). POLYMERS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT. The Royal Society of Chemistry

41. Thank You