2. Microbiology is the science of living organism that are
only visible under the microscope
-micro=tiny, -bio=alive, -logy=science
In general; we call this part of the science : Microbiology
and the organisms called Microorganisms
These microorganisms are widley distributed in nature
and some of them are beneficial to man and some of
them are harmful (pathogenic; cause diseaes).
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3. Medical microbiology deals with the causative agents
of infectious disease of man,his reaction to such
infection,the ways in which they produce disease and
the methods for their diagnosis
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4. Some Facts about microbes
There are > 5 x 1030 types Microbes in the world
•Humans have intimate relation with Microbes > 90%
of the cells in our Body are Microbes
Your body has more microbial cells than human cells
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5. Atleast 1200 different types of bacteria live in your
mouth.most are either benign or protect you from
infection,but some are bad and cause tooth decay bad
breath and gum disease
And no two people have the exact same mix of
microbes
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7. The harmful microbes (agents) called pathogens
Thus; the agents of human infecious diseases belong
to 5 major groups:
1- Viruses
2- Bacteria
3- Fungi
4- Protozoa
5- Helminths
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12. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agents of
infectious disease of man,his reaction to such infection,the
ways in which they produce disease and the methods for
their diagnosis
--DR CP BAVEJA
Microbiology is a science which deals with organisms
which cause infectious disease in humans,mechanism of
sdisease causation,the host response to such infections and
different methods available for diagnosis
--Dr suchitra Shenoy
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13. Louis Pasteur He was trained chemist of france
His studies on fermentation led him to take interest in
microbiology. He established that fermentation was
caused by microbial agents
Important Contributions:-
Development of methods and technique of
bacteriology
Proved coclusively that all forms of life,even
microbes ,arose only from their like and do not de
novo
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15. Why does beer sometimes spoil?
He made a discovery that beer is alive with large
round yeast cells he spotted something smaller
Pasteur has discovered bacteria and he concluded
that bacteria causing spoilage
Next he asked himself simple but brilliant
question, if bactereia could make beer sick,could
they do samething to the people
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16. Intoduced sterilisation techniques and development of
steam sterilizer,
autoclave and hot air oven
Studies on anthrax,chicken cholera amd
hydrophobia….during studies on rabies,though
pasteur could not isolate any mirorganism from man
and dog,he suggested that the causative agent is too
small to be seen by microscope
Live Vaccine:chicken cholera,anthrax
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17. Pasteur also had to face challenges from pouchet who
was a proponent of sponatneous generation theory.
pasteur disproved the view by demonstrating the
ubiquity of microorganisms in the air by his
experiments performed in swan necked flasks
Pasteurs development of a vaccine for hydrophobia
marked a mile stone inimmunisation of medicine
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18. Spontaneous generation
Is an obsolete body of thought on the
ordinary formation of living
organisms without decents from
similar organisms.typically the idea
was the certain forms such as fleas
could arise from matter such as dust
and maggots arise from dead flesh
Louis pasteur designed an experiment
to test whether sterile nutrient broath
could spontaneously generate
microbial life
Dust particles----cloudy -----microbial life
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19. ROBERT KOCH
He was a german general practitioner
Contributions:-
Perfected bacteriological techniques and intoduced
methods for isolation of pure strains of bacteria
Introduced methods of obtaining bacteria in pure
cultures using solid media
Introduced staining techniques
Discovered anthrax bacillus ,tubercle bacillus,and
cholera vibrios
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20. KOCH’S POSTULATES:-
According to koch’s postulates a microorganism can be accepted as
the causative agent of an infectious disease only if the following
conditions are fulfilled
The organism shoud be constantly associated with
the lesion of the disease
It should be possible to isolate the organism in pure
culture from the lesion of the disease
The isolated organism when inoculated in suitable
laboratory animals shoukd be produce a similar
disease
It should be possible to re-isolate the organism in
pure culture from the lesions produced in
experimental animals
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21. An additional criterion intoduced subsequently requires
that specific antibodies to the organisms should be
demonstrable in the serum of the patient
These postulates have proved to be usefull in confirming
doubtfull claims made regarding the causative agents of
infectious disease
An important example of not fullfillimg the Koch’s
postulates is LEPRA BACILLUS
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22. KOCH’S PHENOMENON:-
Koch observed that guinae pigs already infected
with tubercle bacillus responded with an
exaggerated inflamatory response when injected
with tubercle bacillus or its protein.This
hypersensitivity reaction is called KOCH’S
PHENOMENON
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23. PAUL EHLRICH
German Scientist
Contributions:-
Applied stains to cells and tissues for study of their
functions
Reported the acid-fast nature of tubercle bacillus
Proposed side chain theory of antibody production
Dicovered Salvarsan an arsenical compound {magic
bullet}.it was capable of destroying spirochaetes of
syphilis.Later he discovered Neosalvarsan and thus created a
new branch of medicine known as chemotherapy
Introduced methods of standardising toxin and toxin
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24. JOSEPH LISTER
He was a professor of surgery
He applied Pastuers work and introduced
antiseptic techniques in surgery (1867)
Effecting a pronounced drop in mortality
and morbidity due to surgical sepsis
His antiseptic surgery involved the use of
carbolic acid
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25. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
Nurses play an important role in collection,labelling
transportation of specimens to the laboratary,if proper
precautions are taken in collection anmd transport of
clinical specimes,it results in quality examination and
appropriate reporting and thus contributes in proper
patient care
Health care associated infections or nosocomial
infection are of great concern in hospitals they can help in
prevention of nosocomial infections by providing sterile
instruments,dressings,surgical gloves face masks and
implementing hand hygiene after any procedure involving
care of the patiemt
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26. Microbiology helps in basic understanding of
sterilization and disinfection procedures
Maintanance of vaccines is another aspect which
nurses may contribute with the help of
microbiology
Microbiology helps to understand about various
microrganisms
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27. QUESTIONS:-
1. DEFINE MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
2. JOSEPH LISTER
3. LOUIS PASTEUR
4. ROBERT KOCH
5. KOCHS POSTULATES
6. KOCH PHENOMENON
7. IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
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